Diagnosis and Staging of Lymphedema

Arin K. Greene; Jeremy A. Goss

doi:10.1055/s-0038-1635117

Seminars in Plastic Surgery, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Semin Plast Surg 2018; 32(01): 012-016
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1635117

Review Article

Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Diagnosis and Staging of Lymphedema

Arin K. Greene

¹Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Lymphedema Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

,

Jeremy A. Goss

¹Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Lymphedema Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

› Institutsangaben

Abstract

Lymphedema often is confused with other causes of extremity edema and enlargement. Understanding the risk factors and physical examination signs of lymphedema can enable the health care practitioner to accurately diagnose patients ∼90% of the time. Confirmatory diagnosis of the disease is made using lymphoscintigraphy. It is important to correctly diagnose patients with lymphedema so that they can be managed appropriately.

Keywords

extremity - lymphedema - lymphoscintigraphy - diagnosis - staging

Volltext

Referenzen

References
1 Smeltzer DM, Stickler GB, Schirger A. Primary lymphedema in children and adolescents: a follow-up study and review. Pediatrics 1985; 76 (02) 206-218
2 Schook CC, Mulliken JB, Fishman SJ, Grant FD, Zurakowski D, Greene AK. Primary lymphedema: clinical features and management in 138 pediatric patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011; 127 (06) 2419-2431
3 Schook CC, Mulliken JB, Fishman SJ, Alomari AI, Grant FD, Greene AK. Differential diagnosis of lower extremity enlargement in pediatric patients referred with a diagnosis of lymphedema. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011; 127 (04) 1571-1581
4 Maclellan RA, Couto RA, Sullivan JE, Grant FD, Slavin SA, Greene AK. Management of primary and secondary lymphedema: analysis of 225 referrals to a center. Ann Plast Surg 2015; 75 (02) 197-200
5 Brorson H, Svensson H. Liposuction combined with controlled compression therapy reduces arm lymphedema more effectively than controlled compression therapy alone. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998; 102 (04) 1058-1067 , discussion 1068
6 Brorson H, Ohlin K, Olsson G, Karlsson MK. Breast cancer-related chronic arm lymphedema is associated with excess adipose and muscle tissue. Lymphat Res Biol 2009; 7 (01) 3-10
7 International Society of Lymphology. The diagnosis and treatment of peripheral lymphedema: 2013 Consensus Document of the International Society of Lymphology. Lymphology 2013; 46 (01) 1-11
8 Petrek JA, Senie RT, Peters M, Rosen PP. Lymphedema in a cohort of breast carcinoma survivors 20 years after diagnosis. Cancer 2001; 92 (06) 1368-1377
9 Gärtner R, Mejdahl MK, Andersen KG, Ewertz M, Kroman N. Development in self-reported arm-lymphedema in Danish women treated for early-stage breast cancer in 2005 and 2006--a nationwide follow-up study. Breast 2014; 23 (04) 445-452
10 Mendoza N, Li A, Gill A, Tyring S. Filariasis: diagnosis and treatment. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2009; 22 (06) 475-490
11 Greene AK, Grant FD, Slavin SA. Lower-extremity lymphedema and elevated body-mass index. N Engl J Med 2012; 366 (22) 2136-2137
12 Greene AK, Grant FD, Slavin SA, Maclellan RA. Obesity-induced lymphedema: clinical and lymphoscintigraphic features. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 135 (06) 1715-1719
13 Bagheri S, Ohlin K, Olsson G, Brorson H. Tissue tonometry before and after liposuction of arm lymphedema following breast cancer. Lymphat Res Biol 2005; 3 (02) 66-80
14 Stemmer R. Ein klinisches Zeichen zur Früh- und Differential- diagnose des Lymphödems [A clinical symptom for the early and differential diagnosis of lymphedema]. Vasa 1976; 5 (03) 261-262
15 Brouillard P, Boon L, Vikkula M. Genetics of lymphatic anomalies. J Clin Invest 2014; 124 (03) 898-904
16 Shaw AC, Kalidas K, Crosby AH, Jeffery S, Patton MA. The natural history of Noonan syndrome: a long-term follow-up study. Arch Dis Child 2007; 92 (02) 128-132
17 Welsh J, Todd M. Incidence and characteristics of lymphedema in Turner's syndrome. Lymphology 2006; 39 (03) 152-153
18 Gloviczki P, Calcagno D, Schirger A. , et al. Noninvasive evaluation of the swollen extremity: experiences with 190 lymphoscintigraphic examinations. J Vasc Surg 1989; 9 (05) 683-689 , discussion 690
19 Szuba A, Shin WS, Strauss HW, Rockson S. The third circulation: radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy in the evaluation of lymphedema. J Nucl Med 2003; 44 (01) 43-57
20 Hassanein AH, Maclellan RA, Grant FD, Greene AK. Diagnostic accuracy of lymphoscintigraphy for lymphedema and analysis of false-negative tests. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2017; 5 (07) e1396
21 Maclellan RA, Zurakowski D, Voss S, Greene AK. Correlation between lymphedema disease severity and lymphoscintigraphic findings: a clinical-radiologic study. J Am Coll Surg 2017; 225 (03) 366-370
22 Maclellan RA, Greene AK. Lymphedema. Semin Pediatr Surg 2014; 23 (04) 191-197
23 Chang DW, Masia J, Garza III R, Skoracki R, Neligan PC. Lymphedema: surgical and medical therapy. Plast Reconstr Surg 2016; 138 (3, Suppl): 209S-218S
24 Weiss M, Burgard C, Baumeister R. , et al. Magnetic resonance imaging versus lymphoscintigraphy for the assessment of focal lymphatic transport disorders of the lower limb: first experiences. Nucl Med (Stuttg) 2014; 53 (05) 190-196
25 Akita S, Mitsukawa N, Kazama T. , et al. Comparison of lymphoscintigraphy and indocyanine green lymphography for the diagnosis of extremity lymphoedema. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2013; 66 (06) 792-798