Reaktive und neoplastische histiozytäre Erkrankungen beim Hund

Zusammenfassung

Beim Hund unterscheidet man verschiedene histiozytäre Erkrankungen, die durch eine Proliferation histiozytärer Zellen (Makrophagen und myeloisch-dendritische Zellen) entstehen. Differenziert werden neoplastische (kutaner Histiozytomkomplex, histiozytäres Sarkom, dendritische Leukämie) von reaktiven Formen (reaktive Histiozytose, hämophagozytäres Syndrom). Alle Unterformen des kutanen Histiozytomkomplexes (kutanes Histiozytom, metastasierendes Histiozytom und Langerhans-Zell-Histiozytose) gehen von Langerhans-Zellen aus. Das als solitärer Hauttumor bei jungen Hunden auftretende kutane Histiozytom zeigt zumeist eine spontane Regression. Zum Teil kommt es zur Metastasierung in die Lymphknoten (metastasierendes Histiozytom). Die nur einmal beschriebene Langerhans-Zell-Histiozytose erforderte die Euthanasie des betroffenen Hundes. Das von myeloisch-dendritischen Zellen ausgehende histiozytäre Sarkom (HS) wird in eine lokalisierte (LHS) und eine disseminierte Form (DHS) unterteilt. Das hämophagozytäre histiozytäre Sarkom (HHS) geht von Makrophagen aus. Das HS zeigt einen sehr aggressiven klinischen Verlauf und hat eine schlechte Prognose. Für das DHS und das HHS bestehen Rassedispositionen für den Berner Sennenhund, den Rottweiler und verschiedene Retrieverrassen. Die reaktive Histiozytose (kutane, systemische Form) ist eine reaktive Proliferation interstitiell-dendritischer Zellen. Für die systemische Form gelten ähnliche Rassedispositionen wie für das HS. Das hämophagozytäre Syndrom stellt eine Proliferation aktivierter Makrophagen in verschiedenen Organen dar. Die Prognose ist mäßig und richtet sich nach der auslösenden Grunderkrankung.

Summary

There are different histiocytic diseases in dogs that are characterized by the proliferation of histiocytic cells (macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells). Histiocytic diseases can be devided into neoplastic (cutaneous histiocytoma complex, histiocytic sarcoma, dendritic cell leukaemia) and reactive forms (reactive histiocytosis, haemophagocytic syndrome). All subtypes of the cutaneous histiocytoma complex (cutaneous histiocytoma, metastatic histiocytoma and Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis) are of Langerhans’ cell origin. Histiocytoma, which is a solitary tumour of the skin in young dogs, shows spontaneous regression in most cases. Occasionally, metastasis to lymph nodes can be seen (metastatic histiocytoma). Only one dog with Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis has been described and was euthanized. Histiocytic sarcoma, which arises from myeloid dendritic cells, can be classified as localised histiocytic sarcoma or disseminated histiocytic sarcoma. Another form of histiocytic sarcoma – haemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma – is derived from macrophages. Histiocytic sarcoma displays a very aggressive clinical course and has a poor prognosis. Breed predispositions have been reported for the disseminated and haemophagocytic form of histiocytic sarcoma in Bernese mountain dogs, Rottweilers and varoiusretrievers. In contrast, reactive histiocytosis (cutaneous and systemic forms) develops by reactive proliferation of interstitial dendritic cells. In systemic histiocytosis, breed predilections are similar to histiocytic sarcoma. Haemophagocytic syndrome develops as a consequence of proliferation of activated macrophages in different tissues. Prognosis in general is moderate to poor and depends on the origin of the underlying disease process.

Schlüsselwörter

Berner Sennenhund - kutanes Histiozytom - histiozytäres Sarkom - hämophagozytäres Syndrom - maligne Histiozytose - dendritische Leukämie

Key words

Bernese mountain dog - cutaneous histocytoma - histiocytic sarcoma - haemophagocytic syndrome - malignant histiocytosis - dendritic cell leukaemia

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