Download PDF
Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2010; 38(05): 285-292
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1621614
Original Article
Schattauer GmbH

Exhaust expulsion of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) through ultrasound machines

An experimental studyAusstoß des PRRS-Virus durch UltraschallgeräteEine experimentelle Studie
J. Kauffold
1   Department of Clinical Studies – New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, U.S.A.
,
A. Wehrend
2   Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
,
B.-A. Schwarz
3   Official Laboratory for Public and Veterinary Health Saxony, Leipzig, Germany
,
D. Knauf
2   Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
,
R. Willig
4   Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
,
G. Schagemann
5   Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
,
F. Schmoll
6   Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Eingegangen:15 February 2010

Akzeptiert nach Revision:13 August 2010

Publication Date:
08 January 2018 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

Summary:

Objective: Three experiments (EXP) were conducted to investigate if air contaminated with PRRS virus (Ingelvac PRRS MLV vaccine containing the North American strain) can be sucked into ultrasound machines and then expelled back into an infected (EXP-1) or a clean environment (EXP-3) through the action of ventilation fans, and if covering the machines prevents exhaust expulsion of the virus (EXP-2). Materials and methods: The experimental apparatus basically comprised of a plastic chamber, an ultrasound unit HS 1201, a device that allowed for virus aerosolization and a pipe system that allowed the air to return into the chamber (EXP-1) or to be expelled into the atmosphere (EXP-3), or was blocked by using a rubber membrane (EXP-2). In EXP-1, different virus concentrations were tested (i. e. 104, 105 and 106 TCID50, each concentration in three replicates and two runs). In EXP-2, the highest concentration, i. e. 106 TCID50 was used (three replicates and two runs). EXP-3 immediately followed EXP-2 without introduction of new virus (two runs). Virus exhaust expulsion was monitored by swabbing the pipe system with the swabs being subjected to RT-nPCR and culture. Results: In EXP-1, 106 TCID50 PRRSV, but none of the other concentrations, gave constantly virus-positive results by RT-nPCR. In EXP-2, covering completely prevented virus exhaust expulsion. In EXP-3, two out of eight swabs were positive by RT-nPCR. Cell culture of positive swabs was negative. Conclusion: The study suggests exhaust expulsion of PRRSV through ultrasound machines equipped with a ventilator fan into an infected and a clean environment, but failed to demonstrate infectivity of the expelled virus. Preventing exhaust air expulsion by complete covering prevents the expulsion of the virus.

Zusammenfassung:

Gegenstand und Ziel: Untersucht wurde, ob mit PRRS-Virus kontaminierte Luft von Ultraschallgeräten über eingebaute Ventilatoren angesaugt und in einer infizierten (EXP-1) oder PRRSV-freien Umgebung (EXP-3) abgegeben wird und ob sich die Virusabgabe durch Umhüllung des Geräts unterbinden lässt (EXP-2). Material und Methoden: Das Ultraschallgerät befand sich in einer Plastikbox. Sein Ventilator war an ein Rohrsystem angeschlossen, das die ausgestoßene Luft an die Außenluft abgab (EXP-3) oder in die Box zurückführte (EXP-1). Bei EXP-2 erfolgte eine Blockade dieser Rückfuhr. Aerolisiertes Impfvirus wurde mit PRRSV-freiem Stallstaub vermischt und dieser mit 100 mg je Viruskonzentration in die Box eingebracht. Im EXP-1 wurden die Viruskonzentrationen 104, 105 und 106 TCID50, im EXP-2 nur die 106 TCID50 verwendet. In beiden EXP erfolgten für jede Konzentration drei Tests hintereinander in zwei separaten Versuchsdurchgängen. EXP-3 schloss sich unmittelbar EXP-2 an und wurde zweimal wiederholt. Zwischen beiden EXP erfolgte eine Reinigung und Desinfektion aller Gerätschaften. Neues Virus wurde nicht eingebracht. Zum Nachweis von Virus in der vom Ventilator abgegebenen Luft wurden Tupfer aus dem Rohrsystem genommen und mittels RT-nPCR und Zellkultur untersucht. Ergebnisse: EXP-1: In der RT-nPCR waren fast alle Tupfer bei der Konzentration 106 TCID50 positiv, während sich bei 104 und 105 TCID50 nur vereinzelt Virus nachweisen ließ. EXP-2: Durch Blockade des Rohrsystems wurde der Ausstoß von PRRSV komplett unterbunden. EXP-3: Zwei der acht Tupfer waren in der RT-nPCR viruspositiv. Virus konnte in keinem Fall angezüchtet werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Es ist anzunehmen, dass durch Ultraschallgeräte mit Ventilatoren PRRSV an die Umgebung abgegeben wird. Abzuklären bleibt, ob das abgegebene Virus infektiös ist. Umhüllungen der Geräte, die eine Abgabe von Luft an die Umgebung komplett unterbinden, verhindern auch die Abgabe von Virus.

Key words:

Swine - ultrasound machines - RPRSV - aerosol spread

Schlüsselwörter:

Schwein - Ultraschallgeräte - PRRSV - aerogene Verbreitung
 

  • References

  • 1 Benson JE, Yaeger MJ, Christopher-Hennings J, Lager K, Yoon K-J. A comparison of virus isolation, immunohistochemistry, fetal serology, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for the identification of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus transplacental infection in the fetus. J Vet Diag Invest 2002; 14: 8-14.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Bloemraad M, de Kluijver EP, Petersen A, Burkhardt GE, Wensvoort G. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome: temperature and pH stability of Lelystad virus and its survival in tissue specimens from viraemic pigs. Vet Microbiol 1094; 42: 361-371.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Cho JG, Dee SA. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Theriogenology 2006; 66: 655-662.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Cho JG, Deen J, Dee SA. Influence of isolate pathogenicity on aerosol transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory virus. Can J Vet Res 2007; 71: 23-27.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Dee S, Deen J, Rossow K, Wiese C, Eliason R, Otake S, Joo HS, Pijoan C. Mechanical transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus throughout a coordinated sequence of events during warm weather. Can J Vet Res 2003; 67: 12-19.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Dee SA, Deen J, Jacobson L, Rossow KD, Mahlum C, Pijoan C. Laboratory model to evaluate the role of aerosols in the transport of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Rec 2005; 156: 501-504.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Dee SA, Batista L, Deen J, Pijoan C. Evaluation of systems for reducing the transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by aerosol. Can J Vet Res 2006; 70: 28-33.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Hartung J, Seedorf J, Trickl T, Gronauer H. Emission of particulates from a pig farm with central air exhaust in the pig stall. Dtsch Tieraerztl Wochenschr 1998; 105: 244-245.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Heber AJ, Lim TT, Ni JQ, Tao PC, Schmidt AM, Koziel JA, Hoff SJ, Jacobson LD, Zhang Y, Baughman GB. Quality-assured measurements of animal building emissions: particulate matter concentrations. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2006; 56: 1642-1648.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Hermann JR, Hoff S, Muñoz-Zanzi C, Yoon K, Roof M, Burkhardt A, Zimmerman J. Effect of temperature and relative humidity on the stability of infectious porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in aerosols. Vet Res 2007; 38: 81-93.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Hermann JR, Zimmerman JJ. Analytic sensitivity of air samplers based on uniform point-source exposure to airborne porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and swine influence virus. Can J Vet Res 2008; 72: 440-443.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Hermann JR, Muñoz-Zanzi CA, Zimmerman JJ. A method to provide improved dose-response estimates for airborne pathogens in animals: an example using porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Microbiol 2009; 133: 297-302.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Kauffold J, Beckjunker J, Scheller R, Schwarz B-A, Beynon N, Sobiraj A. Effects of type of machine and covering on viruses and microorganisms recovered from dust in ultrasound machines used in German swine production operations. J Swine Health Prod 2005; 13: 72-80.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Kauffold J, Althouse GC. An update on the use of B-mode ultrasonography in female pig reproduction. Theriogenology 2007; 67: 901-911.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Liebmann K. Der Einfluss von Stallstaub und Ammoniak auf den Atmungsapparat von Absatzferkeln. Doctoral Thesis 1992; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig Germany:
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Mardassi L, Wilson S, Mounir S, Dea S. Detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and efficient differentiation between Canadian and European strains by reverse transcription and PCR amplification. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32: 2197-2203.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Neumann EJ, Kliebenstein JB, Johnson CD, Mabry JW, Bush EJ, Seitzinger AH, Green AL, Zimmerman JJ. Assessment of the economic impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome on swine production in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 227: 385-392.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Pesch S. Etablierung einer Nachweismethode für die zwei Genotypen von dem Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) und ein Beitrag zu seiner molekularen Epidemiologie. Doctoral Thesis 2003; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig Germany.:
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Pirtle EC, Beran GW. Stability of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in the presence of fomites commonly found on farms. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 208: 390-392.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Pitkin A, Deen J, Dee S. Use of a production region model to assess the airborne spread of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Microbiol 2009; 136: 1-7.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Truyen U, Wilhelm S, Genzow M, Schagemann G. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV): A ring test performed in Germany to assess RT-PCR detection methods. J Vet Med B 2006; 53: 68-74.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar