Diabetes mellitus – eine häufige Erkrankung mit Systemcharakter

Zusammenfassung

Der Diabetes mellitus ist eine häufige Erkrankung, aus der mikro- und makrovaskuläre Folgeerkrankungen resultieren. Im Vordergrund stehen dabei die diabetische Nephround Retinopathie, die koronare und zerebrovaskuläre Arteriosklerose sowie das diabetische Fußsyndrom. Wenig Aufmerksamkeit wurde bislang der Assoziation des Diabetes mellitus mit einer Vielzahl von rheumatischen Manifestationen geschenkt.

Summary

Diabetes mellitus is a frequent disease which can result in micro- and macrovascular complications such as diabetic nephro- and retinopathy, coronary and cerebrovascular disease as well as the diabetic foot syndrome. There is little awareness regarding the association of diabetes mellitus and rheumatic manifestation.

Schlüsselwörter

Diabetes mellitus - Therapie - Komplikationen - Prognose

Keywords

Diabetes mellitus - therapy - complications - outcome

• Literatur

• 1 Abbott RD, Donahue RP, Kannel WB, Wilson PW. The impact of diabetes on survival following myocardial infarction in men vs women. The Framing-ham Study. JAMA 1988; 260: 3456-3460.
• 2 Adler AI, Stevens RJ, Manley SE. et al. Development and progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS 64). Kidney Int 2003; 63: 225-232.
• 3 Alberti G. A desktop guide to Type 2 diabetes mellitus. European Diabetes Policy Group 1998-1999. International Diabetes Federation European Region. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1999; 107: 390-420.
• 4 Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 1998; 15: 539-553.
• 5 Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. New diagnostic criteria and classification of diabetes – again?. Diabet Med 1998; 15: 535-536.
• 6 Amos AF, McCarty DJ, Zimmet P. The rising global burden of diabetes and its complications: estimates and projections to the year 2010. Diabet Med 1997; 14 (Suppl. 05) Suppl S1-S85.
• 7 Bagust A, Hopkinson PK, Maslove L, Currie CJ. The projected health care burden of Type 2 diabe-tes in the UK from 2000 to 2060. Diabet Med 2002; 19 (Suppl. 04) Suppl 1-5.
• 8 Balci N, Balci MK, Tuzuner S. Shoulder adhesive capsulitis and shoulder range of motion in type I I diabetes mellitus: association with diabetic complications. J Diabetes Complications 1999; 13: 135-140.
• 9 Balkau B, Eschwege E, Tichet J, Marre M. Proposed criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes: evidence from a French epidemiological study (D.E.S.I.R.). Diabetes Metab 1997; 23: 428-434.
• 10 Balkau B, Pyorala M, Shipley M. et al. Non-cardiovascular disease mortality and diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1997; 350: 1680.
• 11 Barrett-Connor E, Ferrara A. Isolated post challenge hyperglycemia and the risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in older women and men. The Rancho Bernardo Study. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 1236-1239.
• 12 Boulton AJ, Jude EB. Therapeutic footwear in diabetes: the good, the bad, and the ugly?. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1832-1833.
• 13 Brun E, Nelson RG, Bennett PH. et al. Diabetes duration and cause-specific mortality in the Verona Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 1119-1123.
• 14 Cagliero E. Rheumatic manifestations of diabetes mellitus. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2003; 5: 189-194.
• 15 Cagliero E, Apruzzese W, Perlmutter GS, Nathan DM. Musculoskeletal disorders of the hand and shoulder in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 2002; 112: 487-490.
• 16 Chan A, Beach KW, Martin DC, Strandness Jr DE .. Carotid artery disease in NIDDM diabetes. Diabetes Care 1983; 6: 562-569.
• 17 Curb JD, Pressel SL, Cutler JA. et al. Effect of diuretic-based antihypertensive treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in older diabetic patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program Cooperative Research Group. JAMA 1996; 276: 1886-1892.
• 18 Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2004; 27 (Suppl. 01) Suppl S5-S10.
• 19 Dunstan DW, Zimmet PZ, Welborn TA. et al. The rising prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 829-834.
• 20 Effect of intensive therapy on the microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2002; 287: 2563-2569.
• 21 Elhadd TA, Kennedy G, Hill A. et al. Abnormal markers of endothelial cell activation and oxidative stress in children, adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes with no clinical vascular disease. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 1999; 15: 405-411.
• 22 European Diabetes Policy Group 1998. A desktop guide to Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 1999; 16: 253-266.
• 23 Fabrin J, Larsen K, Holstein PE. Long-term follow-up in diabetic Charcot feet with spontaneous onset. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 796-800.
• 24 Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N. et al. Multi factorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 383-393.
• 25 Genuth S, Alberti KG, Bennett P. et al. Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 3160-3167.
• 26 Gray A, Raikou M, McGuire A. et al. Cost effectiveness of an intensive blood glucose control policy in patients with type 2 diabetes: economic analysis alongside randomized controlledtrial (UKPDS 41). United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group. BMJ 2000; 320: 1373-1378.
• 27 Hauner H, Koster I, von Ferber L. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Germany 1998-2001. Secondary data analysis of a health insurance sample of the AOK in Hesse/KV in Hesse. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2003; 128: 2632-2637.
• 28 Hunger-Dathe W, Mosebach N, Sämann A. et al. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance 6 years after gestational diabetes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2006; 114: 11-17.
• 29 Icks A, Moebus S, Feuersenger A. et al. Diabetes prevalence and association with social status--widening of asocial gradient? German national health surveys 1990-1992. and 1998. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007; 78: 293-297.
• 30 Icks A, Trautner C, Haastert B. et al. Blindnessdue to diabetes: population-based age- and sex-specific incidence rates. Diabet Med 1997; 14: 571-575.
• 31 Janka HU, Standl E, Mehnert H. Peripheral vascular disease in diabetes mellitus and its relation to cardiovascular risk factors: screening with the Doppler ultrasonic technique. Diabetes Care 1980; 3: 207-213.
• 32 Krolewski AS, Warram JH, Valsania P. et al. Evolving natural history of coronaryartery disease in diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 1991; 90: 56S-61S.
• 33 Kronsbein P, Jörgens V, Mühlhauser I. et al. Evaluation of a structured treatment and teaching programmeonnon-insulin-dependent diabetes. Lancet 1988; 2: 1407-1411.
• 34 Larsen JR, Sjoholm H, Berg TJ. et al. Eighteen years of fair glycemic control preserves cardiac autonomic function in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 963-966.
• 35 Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M. Predictors of stroke in middle-aged patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Stroke 1996; 27: 63-68.
• 36 Miao J, Brismar K, Nyren O. et al. Elevated hip fracture risk in type 1 diabetic patients: a population-based cohort study in Sweden. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2850-2855.
• 37 Morrish NJ, Wang SL, Stevens LK. et al. Mortality and causes of death in the WHO Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetes. Diabetologia 2001; 44 (Suppl. 02) Suppl S14-S21.
• 38 Mühlhauser I, Sawicki PT, Didjurgeit U. et al. Evaluation of a structured treatment and teaching programme on hypertension in general practice. Clin Exp Hypertens 1993; 15: 125-142.
• 39 Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY. et al. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2643-2653.
• 40 Neu A, Ehehalt S, Willasch A. et al. Rising incidence of type 1 diabetes in Germany: 12-year trend analysis in children 0–14. years of age. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 785-786.
• 41 Nicodemus KK, Folsom AR. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes and incident hip fractures in post-menopausal women. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 1192-1197.
• 42 Panzram G, Zabel-Langhennig R. Prognosis of diabetes mellitus in a geographically defined population. Diabetologia 1981; 20: 587-591.
• 43 Rathmann W, Haastert B, Icks A. et al. High prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus in Southern Germany: target populations for efficient screening. The KORA survey 2000. Diabetologia 2003; 46: 182-189.
• 44 Reichard P, Nilsson BY, Rosenqvist U. The effect of long-term intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 304-309.
• 45 Rendell M, Kimmel DB, Bamisedun O. et al. The health care status of the diabetic population as reflected by physician claims to a major insurer. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 1360-1366.
• 46 Rosenbauer J, Icks A, Giani G. Incidence and prevalence of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus in Germany–model-based national estimates. JP ediatr Endocrinol Metab 2002; 15: 1497-1504.
• 47 Rosenbauer J, Icks A, Schmitter D, Giani G. Incidence of childhood Type I diabetes mellitus is increasing at all ages in Germany. Diabetologia 2002; 45: 457-458.
• 48 Sawicki PT, Muhlhauser I, Didjurgeit U, Berger M. Improvement of hypertension care by a structured treatment and teaching programme. J Hum Hypertens 1993; 7: 571-573.
• 49 Schwenger V, Mussig C, Hergesell O. et al. Incidence and clinical characteristics of renal in sufficiency in diabetic patients. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2001; 126: 1322-1326.
• 50 Sustained effect of intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus on development and progression of diabetic nephropathy: the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study. JAMA 2003; 290: 2159-2167.
• 51 The absence of a glycemic threshold for the development of long-term complications: the perspective of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes 1996; 45: 1289-1298.
• 52 The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Re-search Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977-986.
• 53 Thefeld W. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the adult German population. Gesundheitswesen 1999; 61 Spec No S85-89.
• 54 Trautner C, Haastert B, Giani G, Berger M. Incidence of lower limb amputations and diabetes. Diabetes Care 1996; 19: 1006-1009.
• 55 Trautner C, Icks A, Haastert B. et al. Incidence of blindness in relation to diabetes. A population-based study. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 1147-1153.
• 56 UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998; 352: 837-853.
• 57 UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with met for min on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 1998; 352: 854-865.
• 58 von Ferber L, Koster I, Hauner H. Medical costs of diabetic complications total costs and excess costs by age and type of treatment results of the German Co Di M Study. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2007; 115: 97-104.
• 59 Weets I, De Leeuw IH, Du Caju MV. et al. The incidence of type 1 diabetes in the age group 0–39. years has not increased in Antwerp (Belgium)between 1989and 2000; evidence for earlier disease manifestation. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 840-846.
• 60 Weijers RN, Bekedam DJ, Smulders YM. Determinants of mild gestational hyperglycemia and gestational diabetes mellitus in a large dutch multiethnic cohort. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 72-77.
• 61 Wild S, Roglic G, Green A. et al. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1047-1053.
• 62 Wingard DL, Barrett-Connor EL, Ferrara A. Is insulin really a heart disease risk factor. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 1299-1304.
• 63 Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J. et al. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 145-153.