Download PDF
Adipositas - Ursachen, Folgeerkrankungen, Therapie 2013; 07(01): 5-11
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1618802
Originalarbeit
Schattauer GmbH

„Obesogenic environments“

Kann der Wohnort ein Risikofaktor für Adipositas sein?“Obesogenic environments”Can neighbourhood be a risk factor for obesity?
S. Schneider
1   Mannheimer Institut für Public Health, Sozial- and Präventivmedizin (MIPH) Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg
,
K. Diehl
1   Mannheimer Institut für Public Health, Sozial- and Präventivmedizin (MIPH) Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg
,
J. Gruber
2   Institut für Verkehrsforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Berlin; Department für Geographie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
21 December 2017 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Zusammenfassung

Zielsetzung In der aktuellen Diskussion über die Auswirkungen des Wohnumfeldes auf die Gesundheit von Bewohnern wird die Existenz sogenannter “obesogenic environments” konstatiert. Diese Studie untersucht am Beispiel der Stadt Köln, ob sozial benachteiligte Wohngegenden tatsächlich ein besseres Angebot an ungesunden Nahrungsmitteln und ein schlechteres Angebot an gesunden Nahrungsmitteln aufweisen.

Design/Aufbau Diese ökologische Studie wurde in vier Stadtteilen Kölns mit 18 Sozialräumen (Wohnvierteln) und insgesamt 92 000 Einwohnern durchgeführt. Dabei wurde die Gesamtanzahl aller Verkaufsstellen für Fast Food und Obst und Gemüse erfasst, mittels eines Geographischen Informationssystems kartiert und deren Verteilung statistisch mit einem Einkommensindikator korreliert.

Ergebnisse Im gesamten Untersuchungsraum wurden 67 Points of Sale (PoS) für Fast Food und 41 PoS für Obst und Gemüse identifiziert. Je statusniedriger der Sozialraum, desto besser war das Angebot sowohl ungesunder als auch gesunder Nahrungsmittel.

Schlussfolgerungen Das lokale Fast Food-Angebot stellt einen potenziellen kontextuellen Einflussfaktor auf Adipositas im Sinne von “obesogenic environments” dar. Die locale Versorgungssituation mit frischem Obst und Gemüse ist in sozial benachteiligten Wohnvierteln allerdings ebenfalls besser, was der “Obesogenic environments”-These widerspricht. Somit eröffnet sich eine Möglichkeit zielgruppen- und settingbezogener Interventionen vor Ort.

Summary

Objective The current discussion regarding “place effects on health” has identified the existence of so called “obesogenic environments”. On the basis of investigations conducted in the German city of Cologne, our study examines whether socially deprived residential areas have indeed a better supply of unhealthy and a worse supply of healthy foods.

Design This ecological study was conducted in four districts of Cologne featuring 18 social areas (residential neighbourhoods) with a total of 92,000 inhabitants. In doing so, the total number of fast food and fruits & vegetables outlets was recorded and mapped using a geographic information system. In addition to that, their distribution was correlated statistically with an income indicator.

Results In the total investigation area, 67 fast food and 41 fruits & vegetables outlets were identified. The provision of both unhealthy and healthy food was significantly positively associated with the deprivation level of a social area.

Conclusions The local availability of fast food can be seen to have a contextual influence on adiposity in the sense of “obesogenic environments”. However, the local supply with fresh fruits and vegetables has revealed to be better in socially deprived neighborhoods as well, which contradicts the thesis of “obesogenic environments”. As a consequence, new possibilities of local target group and setting specific interventions are revealed.

Schlüsselwörter

Fast Food - Obst & Gemüse - Umgebungseinfluss - ökologische und Umgebungsphänomene

Keywords

Fast food - fruits & vegetables - environmental impact - ecological and environmental phenomena
 

  • Literatur

  • 1 Mohnen SM. Neighborhood Context and Health: How Neighborhood Social Capital Affects Individual Health. Utrecht: ICS-Dissertation; 2012
    Google Scholar
  • 2 Diez AVRoux, Mair C. Neighborhoods and health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2010; 1186: 125-145.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Patterson JM, Eberly LE, Ding Y, Hargreaves M. Associations of smoking prevalence with individual and area level social cohesion. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2004; 58: 692-697.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 van Lenthe FJ. Aggregate deprivation and effects on health. In: Siegrist J, Marmot M. Hrsg. Social Inequalities in Health: New evidence and policy implications. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006: 167-192.
    Google Scholar
  • 5 Sellström E, Bremberg S. The significance of neighbourhood context to child and adolescent health and well-being: A systematic review of multilevel studies. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 2006; 34 (05) 544-554.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Ezzati M, Hoorn SV, Rodgers A, Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Murray CJ, Group CRAC. Estimates of global and regional potential health gains from reducing multiple major risk factors. Lancet 2003; 362 9380 271-280.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 van Lenthe FJ, Mackenbach JP. Neighbourhood deprivation and overweight: the GLOBE study. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 2002; 26 (02) 234-240.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Hyland A, Travers MJ, Cummings KM, Bauer J, Alford T, Wieczorek WF. Tobacco Outlet Density and Demographics in Erie County, New York. American Journal of Public Health 2003; 93 (07) 1075-1076.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Laws MB, Whitman J, Bowser DM, Krech L. Tobacco availability and point of sale marketing in demographically contrasting districts of Massachusetts. Tobacco Control 2002; 11: ii71-ii73.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Siahpush M, Jones PR, Singh GK, Timsina LR, Martin J. Association of availability of tobacco products with socio-economic and racial/ethnic characteristics of neighbourhoods. Public Health 2010; 124 (09) 525-529.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Siahpush M, Jones PR, Singh GK, Timsina LR, Martin J. The association of tobacco marketing with median income and racial/ethnic characteristics of neighbourhoods in Omaha, Nebraska. Tobacco Control 2010; 19 (03) 256-258.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Yu D, Peterson NA, Sheffer MA, Reid RJ, Schnieder JE. Tobacco outlet density and demographics: Analysing the relationships with a spatial regression approach. Public Health 2010; 124 (07) 412-416.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Chuang YC, Cubbin C, Ahn D, Winkleby MA. Effects of neighbourhood socioeconomic status and convenience store concentration on individual level smoking. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2005; 59 (07) 568-573.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Schneider S, Gruber J, Yamamoto S, Weidmann C. What Happens After the Implementation of Electronic Locking Devices for Adolescents at Cigarette Vending Machines? A Natural Longitudinal Experiment From 2005 to 2009 in Germany. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2011; 13 (08) 732-740.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Duncan SC, Duncan TE, Strycker LA. A Multilevel Analysis of Neighborhood Context and Youth Alcohol and Drug Problems. Prevention Science 2002; 03 (02) 125-133.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Berke EM, Tanski SE, Demidenko E, Alford-Teaster J, Shi X, Sargent JD. Alcohol Retail Density and Demographic Predictors of Health Disparities: A Geographic Analysis. American Journal of Public Health 2010; 100 (10) 1967-1971.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Ogneva-Himmelberger Y, Ross L, Burdick W, Simpson SA. Using geographic information systems to compare the density of stores selling tobacco and alcohol: youth making an argument for increased regulation of the tobacco permitting process in Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. Tobacco Control 2010; 19 (06) 475-480.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Moore LV, Diez AVRoux, Nettleton JA, Jacobs DR, Franco M. Fast-Food Consumption, Diet Quality, and Neighborhood Exposure to Fast Food. American Journal of Epidemiology 2009; 170 (01) 29-36.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Moore LV, Diez AVRoux. Associations of Neighborhood Characteristics With the Location and Type of Food Stores. American Journal of Public Health 2006; 96 (02) 325-331.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Larson NI, Story MT, Nelson MC. Neighborhood Environments: Disparities in Access to Healthy Foods in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2009; 36 (01) 74-81.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Pearce J, Blakely T, Witten K, Bartie P. Neighborhood Deprivation and Access to Fast-Food Retailing: A National Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2007; 32 (05) 375-382.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Pearce J, Day P, Witten K. Neighbourhood Provision of Food and Alcohol Retailing and Social Deprivation in Urban New Zealand. Urban Policy and Research 2008; 26 (02) 213-227.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Schuleri-Hartje U-K, Floeting H, Reimann B. Ethnische Ökonomie - Integrationsfaktor und Integrationsmaßstab. Darmstadt / Berlin: SchaderStiftung / Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik; 2005
    Google Scholar
  • 24 Heymann H-K. Sozialraumanalyse in Köln. In: Riege M, Schubert H. Hrsg. Sozialraumanalyse: Grundlagen - Methoden - Praxis. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften; 2005: 241-259.
    Google Scholar
  • 25 Stadt Köln. Erläuterung der Sozialraumdaten. Köln: Amt für Kinder, Jugend und Familie 2005
    PubMed
  • 26 Sommer B, Sommer R. A Practical Guide to Behavioral Research: Tools and Techniques. New York: Oxford University Press; 2002
    Google Scholar
  • 27 Anselin L, Rey SJ. Perspectives on Spatial Data Analysis. Berlin: Springer; 2010
    Google Scholar
  • 28 Anselin L, Syabri I, Kho Y. An introduction to spatial data analysis. Geographical Analysis 2006; 38: 5-22.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Lake A, Townshend T, Alvanides S. Obesogenic Environments - Complexities, Perceptions and Objective Measures. New York: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010
    Google Scholar
  • 30 Barnett R, Pearce J, Moon G. Community inequality and smoking cessation in New Zealand, 1981-2006. Social Science & Medicine 2009; 68 (05) 876-884.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Dunn J, Frohlich K, Ross N. Role of Geography in Inequalities in Health and Human Development. In: Heymann J, Hertzman C, Barer ML, Evans RG. Hrsg. Healthier Societies: From Analysis to Action. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006
    Google Scholar
  • 32 Morland K, Wing S, Diez AVRoux, Poole C. Neighborhood characteristics associated with the location of food stores and food service places. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2002; 22 (01) 23-29.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Cummins S, Smith DM, Taylor M, Dawson J, Marshall D, Sparks L, Anderson AS. Variations in fresh fruit and vegetable quality by store type, urban-rural setting and neighbourhood deprivation in Scotland. Public Health Nutrition 2009; 12 (11) 2044-2050.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Cummins S, Smith DM, Aitken Z, Dawson J, Marshall D, Sparks L, Anderson AS. Neighbourhood deprivation and the price and availability of fruit and vegetables in Scotland. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2010; 23 (05) 494-501.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Black C, Ntani G, Kenny R, Tinati T, Jarman M, Lawrence W, Barker M, Inskip H, Cooper C, Moon G, Baird J. Variety and quality of healthy foods differ according to neighbourhood deprivation. Health & Place 2012; 18 (06) 1292-1299.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Mirsch L, Dimitri C. Access to Sustainably Produced Food: An Investigation of Organic Food Availability in Manhattan, New York. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development. 2012
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Smith DM, Cummins S, Taylor M, Dawson J, Marshall D, Sparks L, Anderson AS. Neighbourhood food environment and area deprivation: spatial accessibility to grocery stores selling fresh fruit and vegetables in urban and rural settings. International Journal of Epidemiology 2010; 39 (01) 277-284.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Mercille G, Richard L, Gauvin L, Kestens Y, Payette H, Daniel M. Comparison of Two Indices of Availability of Fruits/Vegetable and Fast Food Outlets. Journal of Urban Health. 2012
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Ward M, Gleditsch K. Spatial Regression Models. Los Angeles, CA: Sage; 2008
    Google Scholar
  • 40 Schulz A, Northridge ME. Social Determinants of Health: Implications for Environmental Health Promotion. Health Education & Behavior 2004; 31 (04) 455-471.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Schneider JE, Reid RJ, Peterson NA, Lowe JB, Hughey J. Tobacco Outlet Density and Demographics at the Tract Level of Analysis in Iowa: Implications for Environmentally Based Prevention Initiatives. Prevention Science 2005; 06 (04) 319-325.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Harrington DW, Elliott SJ. Weighing the importance of neighbourhood: A multilevel exploration of the determinants of overweight and obesity. Social Science & Medicine 2009; 68 (04) 593-600.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Pearce J, Hiscock R, Moon G, Barnett R. The neighbourhood effects of geographical access to tobacco retailers on individual smoking behaviour. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2009; 63 (01) 69-77.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar