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Semin Liver Dis 2017; 37(02): 128-140
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1602763
Review Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

The Human Gut Microbiome in Liver Diseases

Brian C. Davis
1   Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
,
Jasmohan S. Bajaj
1   Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
31 May 2017 (online)

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Abstract

Recent advances in culture-independent laboratory techniques and bioinformatics have contributed to enriched characterizations of the gut microbiota and microbiome in chronic liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and cirrhosis. In this review, the authors focus on studies characterizing and modulating the gut microbiota and microbiome in humans. The majority of studies that characterized microbiota involved a small number of patients using 16S ribosomal RNA genetic sequencing. Few studies applied whole-genome shotgun sequencing and metagenomics analyses. The majority of clinical trials on modulating the microbiome have focused on probiotics or antibiotics in small groups of patients with cirrhosis versus healthy controls. Several trials are underway using fecal microbial transplantation in alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and cirrhosis. Future research is needed on understanding the viral and fungal microbiome and developing user-friendly microbiome tools.

Keywords

gastrointestinal microbiome - alcoholic liver disease - nonalcoholic liver disease - primary sclerosis cholangitis - primary biliary cholangitis - cirrhosis - probiotics - antibiotics
 

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