RSS-Feed abonnieren
Bitte kopieren Sie die angezeigte URL und fügen sie dann in Ihren RSS-Reader ein.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/de/10.1055-s-00000071.xml
PDF herunterladen
Semin Neurol 2017; 37(02): 118-126
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1601888
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1601888
Review Article
Diagnosis and Management of Parkinson's Disease
Weitere Informationen
Publikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
16. Mai 2017 (online)
Abstract
Despite numerous efforts to identify specific and sensitive biomarkers, the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is still based on clinical criteria that include the presence of a combination of cardinal motor features (tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability), other motor features (including freezing of gait and abnormal postures), and numerous nonmotor features. In addition, the presence of atypical features may suggest an alternative diagnosis. Levodopa therapy remains the gold standard in the management of motor features of PD. New formulations of levodopa and novel delivery systems are currently being evaluated and gradually introduced in clinical practice in an attempt to prevent or treat levodopa-related motor complications. Dopamine agonists also play an important role as monotherapy in mild or adjunctive therapy in moderately advanced disease. As the disease progresses and patients develop complications from levodopa therapy, specifically motor fluctuations and dyskinesias, deep brain stimulation becomes an alternative therapeutic option. Clinical trials of experimental therapeutics are currently fueling the PD therapeutic pipeline.
-
References
- 1 Parkinson J. An Essay on the Shaking Palsy. London, England: Sherwood, Neely and Jones; 1817
- 2 Berg D, Postuma RB, Adler CH , et al. MDS research criteria for prodromal Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2015; 30 (12) 1600-1611
- 3 Jankovic J. Parkinson's disease: clinical features and diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79 (4) 368-376
- 4 Postuma RB, Berg D, Stern M , et al. MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2015; 30 (12) 1591-1601
- 5 Rizzo G, Copetti M, Arcuti S, Martino D, Fontana A, Logroscino G. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of Parkinson disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology 2016; 86 (6) 566-576
- 6 Jellinger KA. Neuropathology of sporadic Parkinson's disease: evaluation and changes of concepts. Mov Disord 2012; 27 (1) 8-30
- 7 McCann H, Cartwright H, Halliday GM. Neuropathology of α-synuclein propagation and braak hypothesis. Mov Disord 2016; 31 (2) 152-160
- 8 Berg D, Lang AE, Postuma RB , et al. Changing the research criteria for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease: obstacles and opportunities. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12 (5) 514-524
- 9 Thenganatt MA, Jankovic J. Parkinson disease subtypes. JAMA Neurol 2014; 71 (4) 499-504
- 10 Nutt JG. Motor subtype in Parkinson's disease: Different disorders or different stages of disease?. Mov Disord 2016; 31 (7) 957-961
- 11 Rosenberg-Katz K, Herman T, Jacob Y, Kliper E, Giladi N, Hausdorff JM. Subcortical volumes differ in Parkinson's disease motor subtypes: new insights into the pathophysiology of disparate symptoms. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10: 356
- 12 Simuni T, Caspell-Garcia C, Coffey C, Lasch S, Tanner C, Marek K ; PPMI Investigators. How stable are Parkinson's disease subtypes in de novo patients: analysis of the PPMI cohort?. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 28: 62-67
- 13 Sánchez-Ferro Á, Elshehabi M, Godinho C , et al. New methods for the assessment of Parkinson's disease (2005 to 2015): A systematic review. Mov Disord 2016; 31 (9) 1283-1292
- 14 Godinho C, Domingos J, Cunha G , et al. A systematic review of the characteristics and validity of monitoring technologies to assess Parkinson's disease. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2016; 13: 24
- 15 Espay AJ, Bonato P, Nahab FB , et al; Movement Disorders Society Task Force on Technology. Technology in Parkinson's disease: challenges and opportunities. Mov Disord 2016; 31 (9) 1272-1282
- 16 Wu Y, Le W, Jankovic J. Preclinical biomarkers of Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 2011; 68 (1) 22-30
- 17 Noyce AJ, Lees AJ, Schrag AE. The prediagnostic phase of Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2016; 87 (8) 871-878
- 18 Jankovic J, Sherer T. The future of research in Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol 2014; 71 (11) 1351-1352
- 19 Gibbons CH, Garcia J, Wang N, Shih LC, Freeman R. The diagnostic discrimination of cutaneous α-synuclein deposition in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2016; 87 (5) 505-512
- 20 Donadio V, Incensi A, Piccinini C , et al. Skin nerve misfolded α-synuclein in pure autonomic failure and Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 2016; 79 (2) 306-316
- 21 Berardelli A, Rothwell JC, Thompson PD, Hallett M. Pathophysiology of bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2001; 124 (Pt 11): 2131-2146
- 22 Bologna M, Fabbrini G, Marsili L, Defazio G, Thompson PD, Berardelli A. Facial bradykinesia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013; 84 (6) 681-685
- 23 Srivanitchapoom P, Pandey S, Hallett M. Drooling in Parkinson's disease: a review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014; 20 (11) 1109-1118
- 24 Thenganatt MA, Jankovic J. The relationship between essential tremor and Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 22 (Suppl. 01) S162-S165
- 25 Cochrane GD, Rizvi S, Abrantes A, Crabtree B, Cahill J, Friedman JH. Internal tremor in Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and essential tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 21 (10) 1145-1147
- 26 Jankovic J. How do i examine for re-emergent tremor?. Mov Disord Clin Pract (Hoboken) 2016; 3: 216-217
- 27 Chang YT, Chang WN, Tsai NW , et al. Clinical features associated with frozen shoulder syndrome in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsons Dis 2015; 2015: 232958
- 28 Ha AD, Jankovic J. Pain in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2012; 27 (4) 485-491
- 29 Patel N, Jankovic J, Hallett M. Sensory aspects of movement disorders. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13 (1) 100-112
- 30 Morris JGL, Jankovic J. Neurological Clinical Examination: A Concise Guide. 3rd ed. London, England: Hodder Arnold; 2012: 1-128
- 31 Kim SD, Allen NE, Canning CG, Fung VS. Postural instability in patients with Parkinson's disease. Epidemiology, pathophysiology and management. CNS Drugs 2013; 27 (2) 97-112
- 32 Adkin AL, Frank JS, Jog MS. Fear of falling and postural control in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2003; 18 (5) 496-502
- 33 Nonnekes J, Goselink R, Weerdesteyn V, Bloem BR. The retropulsion test: a good evaluation of postural instability in Parkinson's disease?. J Parkinsons Dis 2015; 5 (1) 43-47
- 34 Valkovic P, Brozová H, Bötzel K, Růzicka E, Benetin J. Push-and-release test predicts Parkinson fallers and nonfallers better than the pull test: comparison in OFF and ON medication states. Mov Disord 2008; 23 (10) 1453-1457
- 35 Visser M, Marinus J, Bloem BR, Kisjes H, van den Berg BM, van Hilten JJ. Clinical tests for the evaluation of postural instability in patients with parkinson's disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003; 84 (11) 1669-1674
- 36 Amboni M, Stocchi F, Abbruzzese G , et al; DEEP Study Group. Prevalence and associated features of self-reported freezing of gait in Parkinson disease: the DEEP FOG study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 21 (6) 644-649
- 37 Schaafsma JD, Balash Y, Gurevich T, Bartels AL, Hausdorff JM, Giladi N. Characterization of freezing of gait subtypes and the response of each to levodopa in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 2003; 10 (4) 391-398
- 38 Ashoori A, Eagleman DM, Jankovic J. Effects of auditory rhythm and music on gait disturbances in Parkinson's disease. Front Neurol 2015; 6: 234
- 39 Jankovic J. Camptocormia, head drop and other bent spine syndromes: heterogeneous etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinsonian deformities. Mov Disord 2010; 25 (5) 527-528
- 40 Ashour R, Jankovic J. Joint and skeletal deformities in Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, and progressive supranuclear palsy. Mov Disord 2006; 21 (11) 1856-1863
- 41 Aarsland D, Kramberger MG. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease. J Parkinsons Dis 2015; 5 (3) 659-667
- 42 Lenka A, Hegde S, Jhunjhunwala KR, Pal PK. Interactions of visual hallucinations, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 22: 1-8
- 43 Marras C, Chaudhuri KR. Nonmotor features of Parkinson's disease subtypes. Mov Disord 2016; 31 (8) 1095-1102
- 44 Mukherjee A, Biswas A, Das SK. Gut dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22 (25) 5742-5752
- 45 Rana AQ, Ahmed US, Chaudry ZM, Vasan S. Parkinson's disease: a review of non-motor symptoms. Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 15 (5) 549-562
- 46 Storch A, Schneider CB, Wolz M , et al. Nonmotor fluctuations in Parkinson disease: severity and correlation with motor complications. Neurology 2013; 80 (9) 800-809
- 47 Braak H, Del Tredici K, Rüb U, de Vos RA, Jansen Steur EN, Braak E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2003; 24 (2) 197-211
- 48 Hawkes C. Olfactory testing in parkinsonism. Lancet Neurol 2004; 3 (7) 393-394
- 49 Rodríguez-Violante M, Gonzalez-Latapi P, Camacho-Ordoñez A, Martínez-Ramírez D, Morales-Briceño H, Cervantes-Arriaga A. Low specificity and sensitivity of smell identification testing for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2014; 72 (1) 33-37
- 50 Beiske AG, Loge JH, Rønningen A, Svensson E. Pain in Parkinson's disease: Prevalence and characteristics. Pain 2009; 141 (1-2): 173-177
- 51 Sixel-Döring F, Zimmermann J, Wegener A, Mollenhauer B, Trenkwalder C. The evolution of REM sleep behavior disorder in early Parkinson disease. Sleep 2016; 39 (9) 1737-1742
- 52 Postuma RB, Arnulf I, Hogl B , et al. A single-question screen for rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: a multicenter validation study. Mov Disord 2012; 27 (7) 913-916
- 53 Munhoz RP, Teive HA. REM sleep behaviour disorder: how useful is it for the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism?. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2014; 127: 71-74
- 54 Aarsland D, Brønnick K, Alves G , et al. The spectrum of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with early untreated Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009; 80 (8) 928-930
- 55 Aarsland D, Marsh L, Schrag A. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2009; 24 (15) 2175-2186
- 56 Wolters ECh, van der Werf YD, van den Heuvel OA. Parkinson's disease-related disorders in the impulsive-compulsive spectrum. J Neurol 2008; 255 (Suppl. 05) 48-56
- 57 Ishihara L, Brayne C. A systematic review of depression and mental illness preceding Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2006; 113 (4) 211-220
- 58 Aarsland D, Andersen K, Larsen JP, Lolk A, Nielsen H, Kragh-Sørensen P. Risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease: a community-based, prospective study. Neurology 2001; 56 (6) 730-736
- 59 Riedel O, Klotsche J, Spottke A , et al. Cognitive impairment in 873 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Results from the German Study on Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease with Dementia (GEPAD). J Neurol 2008; 255 (2) 255-264
- 60 Biundo R, Weis L, Facchini S , et al. Cognitive profiling of Parkinson disease patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014; 20 (4) 394-399
- 61 Leroi I, McDonald K, Pantula H, Harbishettar V. Cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease: impact on quality of life, disability, and caregiver burden. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2012; 25 (4) 208-214
- 62 Pfeiffer RF. Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2012; 12 (6) 697-706
- 63 Massano J, Bhatia KP. Clinical approach to Parkinson's disease: features, diagnosis, and principles of management. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012; 2 (6) a008870
- 64 Benamer TS, Patterson J, Grosset DG , et al. Accurate differentiation of parkinsonism and essential tremor using visual assessment of [123I]-FP-CIT SPECT imaging: the [123I]-FP-CIT study group. Mov Disord 2000; 15 (3) 503-510
- 65 Eshuis SA, Jager PL, Maguire RP, Jonkman S, Dierckx RA, Leenders KL. Direct comparison of FP-CIT SPECT and F-DOPA PET in patients with Parkinson's disease and healthy controls. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36 (3) 454-462
- 66 Waln O, Wu Y, Perlman R, Wendt J, Van AK, Jankovic J. Dopamine transporter imaging in essential tremor with and without parkinsonian features. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122 (11) 1515-1521
- 67 Segovia F, Illán IA, Górriz JM, Ramírez J, Rominger A, Levin J. Distinguishing Parkinson's disease from atypical parkinsonian syndromes using PET data and a computer system based on support vector machines and Bayesian networks. Front Comput Neurosci 2015; 9: 137
- 68 Hernandez DG, Reed X, Singleton AB. Genetics in Parkinson disease: Mendelian versus non-Mendelian inheritance. J Neurochem 2016; 139 (Suppl. 01) 59-74
- 69 Deng HX, Shi Y, Yang Y , et al. Identification of TMEM230 mutations in familial Parkinson's disease. Nat Genet 2016; 48 (7) 733-739
- 70 Farrer M, Maraganore DM, Lockhart P , et al. alpha-Synuclein gene haplotypes are associated with Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2001; 10 (17) 1847-1851
- 71 Lotia M, Jankovic J. New and emerging medical therapies in Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17 (7) 895-909
- 72 Uhrbrand A, Stenager E, Pedersen MS, Dalgas U. Parkinson's disease and intensive exercise therapy—a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Neurol Sci 2015; 353 (1-2): 9-19
- 73 LeWitt PA, Fahn S. Levodopa therapy for Parkinson disease: a look backward and forward. Neurology 2016; 86 (14) (Suppl. 01) S3-S12
- 74 Vijayakumar D, Jankovic J. Drug-induced dyskinesia, part 1: treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Drugs 2016; 76 (7) 759-777
- 75 Schrag A, Quinn N. Dyskinesias and motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. A community-based study. Brain 2000; 123 (Pt 11): 2297-2305
- 76 Pahwa R, Lyons KE, Hauser RA , et al; APEX-PD Investigators. Randomized trial of IPX066, carbidopa/levodopa extended release, in early Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014; 20 (2) 142-148
- 77 Olanow CW, Kieburtz K, Odin P , et al; LCIG Horizon Study Group. Continuous intrajejunal infusion of levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel for patients with advanced Parkinson's disease: a randomised, controlled, double-blind, double-dummy study. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13 (2) 141-149
- 78 Nyholm D. Duodopa® treatment for advanced Parkinson's disease: a review of efficacy and safety. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012; 18 (8) 916-929
- 79 Lang AE, Rodriguez RL, Boyd JT , et al. Integrated safety of levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel from prospective clinical trials. Mov Disord 2016; 31 (4) 538-546
- 80 LeWitt PA, Hauser RA, Grosset DG , et al. A randomized trial of inhaled levodopa (CVT-301) for motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2016; 31 (9) 1356-1365
- 81 Tran T, Brophy JM, Suissa S, Renoux C. Risks of cardiac valve regurgitation and heart failure associated with ergot- and non-ergot-derived dopamine agonist use in patients with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review of observational studies. CNS Drugs 2015; 29 (12) 985-998
- 82 Boyle A, Ondo W. Role of apomorphine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. CNS Drugs 2015; 29 (2) 83-89
- 83 Oertel W, Schulz JB. Current and experimental treatments of Parkinson disease: A guide for neuroscientists. J Neurochem 2016; 139 (Suppl. 01) 325-337
- 84 Fox SH, Katzenschlager R, Lim SY , et al. The Movement Disorder Society evidence-based medicine review update: treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2011; 26 (Suppl. 03) S2-S41
- 85 Sampaio C, Ferreira JJ. Parkinson disease: adjunctive entacapone therapy increases risk of dyskinesia. Nat Rev Neurol 2010; 6 (11) 590-591
- 86 Caslake R, Macleod A, Ives N, Stowe R, Counsell C. Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors versus other dopaminergic agents in early Parkinson's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; (4) CD006661
- 87 Macleod AD, Counsell CE, Ives N, Stowe R. Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors for early Parkinson's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; (3) CD004898
- 88 Crosby N, Deane KH, Clarke CE. Amantadine in Parkinson's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; (1) CD003468
- 89 da Silva-Júnior FP, Braga-Neto P, Sueli Monte F, de Bruin VM. Amantadine reduces the duration of levodopa-induced dyskinesia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2005; 11 (7) 449-452
- 90 Jankovic J. Atomoxetine for freezing of gait in Parkinson disease. J Neurol Sci 2009; 284 (1-2): 177-178
- 91 Jankovic J. Gait disorders. Neurol Clin 2015; 33 (1) 249-268
- 92 Moreau C, Delval A, Defebvre L , et al; Parkgait-II study group. Methylphenidate for gait hypokinesia and freezing in patients with Parkinson's disease undergoing subthalamic stimulation: a multicentre, parallel, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2012; 11 (7) 589-596
- 93 Perez-Lloret S, Negre-Pages L, Damier P , et al. Prevalence, determinants, and effect on quality of life of freezing of gait in Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol 2014; 71 (7) 884-890
- 94 Jankovic J. Movement disorders in 2016: progress in Parkinson disease and other movement disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 13 (2) 76-78
- 95 Jankovic J, Goodman I, Safirstein B, Schenk D, Kinney GG, Koller M, Ness DK, Griffith SG, Grundman M, Soto J, Ostrowitzki S, Boess FG, Martin-Facklam MG, Quinn JF, Isaacson SH, Jennings D, Omidvar O, Ellenbogen A Results from a phase 1b multiple ascending-dose study of PRX002, an anti–alpha-synuclein monoclonal antibody, in patients with Parkinson's disease. Presented at the 13th International Conference on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease, Vienna, Austria, 4/2/2017