Download PDF
Am J Perinatol 2017; 34(10): 0935-0957
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1599149
Review Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Maternal, Labor, Delivery, and Perinatal Outcomes Associated with Placental Abruption: A Systematic Review

Katheryne L. Downes
1   Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
2   Maternal and Child Health Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
3   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Research in Reproduction and Women's Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
,
Katherine L. Grantz
1   Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
,
Edmond D. Shenassa
2   Maternal and Child Health Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
4   Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
5   Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

24 August 2016

09 January 2017

Publication Date:
22 March 2017 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Objective Risk factors for placental abruption have changed, but there has not been an updated systematic review investigating outcomes.

Methods We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and CINAHL for publications from January 1, 2005 through December 31, 2016. We reviewed English-language publications reporting estimated incidence and/or risk factors for maternal, labor, delivery, and perinatal outcomes associated with abruption. We excluded case studies, conference abstracts, and studies that lacked a referent/comparison group or did not clearly characterize placental abruption.

Results A total of 123 studies were included. Abruption was associated with elevated risk of cesarean delivery, postpartum hemorrhage and transfusion, preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction or low birth weight, perinatal mortality, and cerebral palsy. Additional maternal outcomes included relaparotomy, hysterectomy, sepsis, amniotic fluid embolism, venous thromboembolism, acute kidney injury, and maternal intensive care unit admission. Additional perinatal outcomes included acidosis, encephalopathy, severe respiratory disorders, necrotizing enterocolitis, acute kidney injury, need for resuscitation, chronic lung disease, infant death, and epilepsy.

Conclusion Few studies examined outcomes beyond the initial birth period, but there is evidence that both mother and child are at risk of additional adverse outcomes. There was also considerable variation in, or absence of, the reporting of abruption definitions.

Keywords

delivery - labor - neonatal - perinatal - placental abruption

Note

K.L. Grantz is an employee of the federal government. This research was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.


 

  • References

  • 1 Ananth CV, VanderWeele TJ. Placental abruption and perinatal mortality with preterm delivery as a mediator: disentangling direct and indirect effects. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 174 (01) 99-108
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Boisramé T, Sananès N, Fritz G. , et al. Placental abruption: risk factors, management and maternal-fetal prognosis. Cohort study over 10 years. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014; 179: 100-104
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Dars S, Sultana F, Akhter N. Abruptio placentae: Risk factors and maternal outcomes at a tertiary care hospital. J Liaquat Univ Med Health Sci 2013; 12: 198-202
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Fong A, Leake J, Pan D, Ogunyemi D. Demographic, institutional and obstetrical risk factors for postpartum haemorrhage mortality. J Obstet Gynaecol 2010; 30 (05) 470-475
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Tikkanen M. Placental abruption: epidemiology, risk factors and consequences. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2011; 90 (02) 140-149
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Hossain N, Khan N, Sultana SS, Khan N. Abruptio placenta and adverse pregnancy outcome. J Pak Med Assoc 2010; 60 (06) 443-446
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Pitaphrom A, Sukcharoen N. Pregnancy outcomes in placental abruption. J Med Assoc Thai 2006; 89 (10) 1572-1578
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Tikkanen M, Nuutila M, Hiilesmaa V, Paavonen J, Ylikorkala O. Clinical presentation and risk factors of placental abruption. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006; 85 (06) 700-705
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Ananth CV, Oyelese Y, Prasad V, Getahun D, Smulian JC. Evidence of placental abruption as a chronic process: associations with vaginal bleeding early in pregnancy and placental lesions. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2006; 128 (1-2): 15-21
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The Human Placenta Project. 2015 Available at: https://www.nichd.nih.gov/research/HPP/Pages/default.aspx . Accessed July 6, 2015
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Oyelese Y, Ananth CV. Placental abruption. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108 (04) 1005-1016
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J. , et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ 2009; 339: b2700 . Doi: 10.1136/bmj.b2700
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Riihimäki O, Metsäranta M, Ritvanen A. , et al. Increased prevalence of major congenital anomalies in births with placental abruption. Obstet Gynecol 2013; 122 (2, Pt 1): 268-274
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Tucker Edmonds B, Fager C, Srinivas S, Lorch S. Predictors of cesarean delivery for periviable neonates. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 118 (01) 49-56
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Pariente G, Wiznitzer A, Sergienko R, Mazor M, Holcberg G, Sheiner E. Placental abruption: critical analysis of risk factors and perinatal outcomes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011; 24 (05) 698-702
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 do Nascimento MI, Cunha AdeA, Oliveira SR. Clinical management of the induction of labor in intrauterine fetal death: evaluation of incidence of cesarean section and related conditions. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2014; 17 (01) 203-216
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Morikawa M, Yamada T, Cho K, Yamada T, Sato S, Minakami H. Prospective risk of abruptio placentae. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2014; 40 (02) 369-374
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Räisänen S, Gissler M, Kramer MR, Heinonen S. Influence of delivery characteristics and socioeconomic status on giving birth by caesarean section - a cross sectional study during 2000-2010 in Finland. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14: 120. Doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-120
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Janoudi G, Kelly S, Yasseen A, Hamam H, Moretti F, Walker M. Factors associated with increased rates of cesarean section in women of advanced maternal age. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2015; 37 (06) 517-526
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Macheku GS, Philemon RN, Oneko O. , et al. Frequency, risk factors and feto-maternal outcomes of abruptio placentae in Northern Tanzania: a registry-based retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015; 15: 242 . Doi: 10.1186/s12884-015-0678-x
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Spiegel E, Kessous R, Sergienko R, Sheiner E. Risk factors predicting an emergency cesarean delivery for the second twin after vaginal delivery of the first twin. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015; 292 (03) 531-536
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Lindqvist PG, Happach C. Risk and risk estimation of placental abruption. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2006; 126 (02) 160-164
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Hasegawa J, Nakamura M, Hamada S. , et al. Capable of identifying risk factors for placental abruption. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014; 27 (01) 52-56
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Gul S, Abrar S, Jamal T, e Rana G, Anam Majid, Iqbal M. Association between placental abruption and caesarean section among patients at Kyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2016; 28 (01) 172-174
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Furukawa S, Doi K, Furuta K, Sameshima H. The effect of placental abruption on the outcome of extremely premature infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 28 (06) 705-708
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Gedikbasi A, Akyol A, Asar E. , et al. Re-laparotomy after cesarean section: operative complications in surgical delivery. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2008; 278 (05) 419-425
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Kessous R, Danor D, Weintraub YA. , et al. Risk factors for relaparotomy after cesarean section. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25 (11) 2167-2170
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Levin I, Rapaport AS, Salzer L, Maslovitz S, Lessing JB, Almog B. Risk factors for relaparotomy after cesarean delivery. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2012; 119 (02) 163-165
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Bodelon C, Bernabe-Ortiz A, Schiff MA, Reed SD. Factors associated with peripartum hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 114 (01) 115-123
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Friedman AM, Wright JD, Ananth CV, Siddiq Z, D'Alton ME, Bateman BT. Population-based risk for peripartum hysterectomy during low- and moderate-risk delivery hospitalizations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 215 (05) 640.e1-640.e8
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Chen M, Zhang L, Wei Q, Fu X, Gao Q, Liu X. Peripartum hysterectomy between 2009 and 2010 in Sichuan, China. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2013; 120 (02) 183-186
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Kolås T, Øian P, Skjeldestad FE. Risks for perioperative excessive blood loss in cesarean delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2010; 89 (05) 658-663
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Skjeldestad FE, Oian P. Blood loss after cesarean delivery: a registry-based study in Norway, 1999-2008. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 206 (01) 76.e1-76.e7
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Mehrabadi A, Hutcheon JA, Lee L, Kramer MS, Liston RM, Joseph KS. Epidemiological investigation of a temporal increase in atonic postpartum haemorrhage: a population-based retrospective cohort study. BJOG 2013; 120 (07) 853-862
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Cortet M, Maucort-Boulch D, Deneux-Tharaux C. , et al. Severity of post-partum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery is not predictable from clinical variables available at the time post-partum hemorrhage is diagnosed. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2015; 41 (02) 199-206
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Ekin A, Gezer C, Solmaz U, Taner CE, Dogan A, Ozeren M. Predictors of severity in primary postpartum hemorrhage. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015; 292 (06) 1247-1254
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Ehrenthal DB, Chichester ML, Cole OS, Jiang X. Maternal risk factors for peripartum transfusion. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2012; 21 (07) 792-797
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Suzuki S, Hiraizumi Y, Miyake H. Risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage requiring transfusion in cesarean deliveries for Japanese twins: comparison with those for singletons. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286 (06) 1363-1367
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Mhyre JM, Shilkrut A, Kuklina EV. , et al. Massive blood transfusion during hospitalization for delivery in New York State, 1998-2007. Obstet Gynecol 2013; 122 (06) 1288-1294
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Wikkelsø AJ, Hjortøe S, Gerds TA, Møller AM, Langhoff-Roos J. Prediction of postpartum blood transfusion--risk factors and recurrence. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014; 27 (16) 1661-1667
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Abenhaim HA, Azoulay L, Kramer MS, Leduc L. Incidence and risk factors of amniotic fluid embolisms: a population-based study on 3 million births in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 199 (01) 49.e1-49.e8
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Spiliopoulos M, Puri I, Jain NJ, Kruse L, Mastrogiannis D, Dandolu V. Amniotic fluid embolism-risk factors, maternal and neonatal outcomes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 22 (05) 439-444
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Fong A, Chau CT, Pan D, Ogunyemi DA. Amniotic fluid embolism: antepartum, intrapartum and demographic factors. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 28 (07) 793-798
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Ananth CV, Lavery JA, Vintzileos AM. , et al. Severe placental abruption: clinical definition and associations with maternal complications. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214 (02) 272.e1-272.e9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Jacobsen AF, Skjeldestad FE, Sandset PM. Incidence and risk patterns of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy and puerperium--a register-based case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198 (02) 233.e1-233.e7
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Bentata Y, Housni B, Mimouni A, Azzouzi A, Abouqal R. Acute kidney injury related to pregnancy in developing countries: etiology and risk factors in an intensive care unit. J Nephrol 2012; 25 (05) 764-775
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Madan I, Puri I, Jain NJ, Grotegut C, Nelson D, Dandolu V. Characteristics of obstetric intensive care unit admissions in New Jersey. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 22 (09) 785-790
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Ananth CV, Smulian JC, Srinivas N, Getahun D, Salihu HM. Risk of infant mortality among twins in relation to placental abruption: contributions of preterm birth and restricted fetal growth. Twin Res Hum Genet 2005; 8 (05) 524-531
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Levy A, Fraser D, Katz M, Mazor M, Sheiner E. Maternal anemia during pregnancy is an independent risk factor for low birthweight and preterm delivery. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005; 122 (02) 182-186
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Ananth CV, Vintzileos AM. Maternal-fetal conditions necessitating a medical intervention resulting in preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195 (06) 1557-1563
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Lo CC, Hsu JJ, Hsieh CC, Hsieh TT, Hung TH. Risk factors for spontaneous preterm delivery before 34 weeks of gestation among Taiwanese women. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 46 (04) 389-394
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Burton A, Ananth CV. Contributions of ischaemic placental disease to preterm birth in twin gestations. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010; 23 (10) 1183-1186
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Gargano JW, Holzman CB, Senagore PK. , et al. Evidence of placental haemorrhage and preterm delivery. BJOG 2010; 117 (04) 445-455
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Auger N, Le TU, Park AL, Luo ZC. Association between maternal comorbidity and preterm birth by severity and clinical subtype: retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2011; 11: 67. Doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-11-67
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Tikkanen M, Riihimäki O, Gissler M. , et al. Decreasing incidence of placental abruption in Finland during 1980-2005. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012; 91 (09) 1046-1052
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Räisänen S, Gissler M, Saari J, Kramer M, Heinonen S. Contribution of risk factors to extremely, very and moderately preterm births - register-based analysis of 1,390,742 singleton births. PLoS One 2013; 8 (04) e60660 . Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060660
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Bassil KL, Yasseen III AS, Walker M. , et al. The association between obstetrical interventions and late preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 210 (06) 538.e1-538.e9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Trønnes H, Wilcox AJ, Lie RT, Markestad T, Moster D. Risk of cerebral palsy in relation to pregnancy disorders and preterm birth: a national cohort study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2014; 56 (08) 779-785
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Fallahi S, Norouzi S, Aslavi N, Najafian A, Azad M. Investigating the reasons of preterm labor among visitors of Shariati Hospital in Bandar Abbas during 2012 and 2013. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical. Biol Chem Sci 2015; 6: 1844-1850
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Nath CA, Ananth CV, DeMarco C, Vintzileos AM. ; New Jersey-Placental Abruption Study Investigators. Low birthweight in relation to placental abruption and maternal thrombophilia status. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198 (03) 293.e1-293.e5
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Ofori BD, Le Tiec M, Bérard A. Risk factors associated with preterm birth according to gestational age at birth. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2008; 17 (06) 556-564
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Joseph KS, Fahey J, Shankardass K. , et al. Effects of socioeconomic position and clinical risk factors on spontaneous and iatrogenic preterm birth. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14: 117 . Doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-117
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Leal MDC, Esteves-Pereira AP, Nakamura-Pereira M. , et al. Prevalence and risk factors related to preterm birth in Brazil. Reprod Health 2016; 13 (Suppl. 03) 127 . Doi: 10.1186/s12978-016-0230-0
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Ananth CV, Smulian JC, Vintzileos AM. Ischemic placental disease: maternal versus fetal clinical presentations by gestational age. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010; 23 (08) 887-893
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Romero R, Kusanovic JP, Chaiworapongsa T, Hassan SS. Placental bed disorders in preterm labor, preterm PROM, spontaneous abortion and abruptio placentae. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2011; 25 (03) 313-327
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Ananth CV, Vintzileos AM. Medically indicated preterm birth: recognizing the importance of the problem. Clin Perinatol 2008; 35 (01) 53-67 , viii
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Ticconi C, Arpino C, Longo B, Mapfumo M. Prevalence and risk factors for low birth weight in Northern Zimbabwe. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2005; 88 (02) 146-147
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Ananth CV, Getahun D, Peltier MR, Smulian JC. Placental abruption in term and preterm gestations: evidence for heterogeneity in clinical pathways. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107 (04) 785-792
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Crippa I, Locatelli A, Consonni S. , et al. Infants weighing <1500 g: better born too small or too soon?. Am J Perinatol 2012; 29 (09) 693-698
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Anderson NH, Sadler LC, Stewart AW, Fyfe EM, McCowan LM. Independent risk factors for infants who are small for gestational age by customised birthweight centiles in a multi-ethnic New Zealand population. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2013; 53 (02) 136-142
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Kobayashi A, Minami S, Tanizaki Y. , et al. Adverse perinatal and neonatal outcomes in patients with chronic abruption-oligohydramnios sequence. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2014; 40 (06) 1618-1624
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Kurtyka K, Gaur S, Mehrotra N, Chandwani S, Janevic T, Demissie K. Adverse outcomes among Asian Indian singleton births in New Jersey, 2008–2011. J Immigr Minor Health 2015; 17 (04) 1138-1145
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Salihu HM, Bekan B, Aliyu MH, Rouse DJ, Kirby RS, Alexander GR. Perinatal mortality associated with abruptio placenta in singletons and multiples. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 193 (01) 198-203
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Getahun D, Ananth CV, Kinzler WL. Risk factors for antepartum and intrapartum stillbirth: a population-based study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196 (06) 499-507
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Stringer EM, Vwalika B, Killam WP. , et al. Determinants of stillbirth in Zambia. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117 (05) 1151-1159
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Ohana O, Holcberg G, Sergienko R, Sheiner E. Risk factors for intrauterine fetal death (1988-2009). J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011; 24 (09) 1079-1083
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Faiz AS, Demissie K, Rich DQ, Kruse L, Rhoads GG. Trends and risk factors of stillbirth in New Jersey 1997-2005. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25 (06) 699-705
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Hu IJ, Chen PC, Jeng SF. , et al. A nationwide survey of risk factors for stillbirth in Taiwan, 2001-2004. Pediatr Neonatol 2012; 53 (02) 105-111
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Vogel JP, Souza JP, Mori R. , et al; WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health Research Network. Maternal complications and perinatal mortality: findings of the World Health Organization Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health. BJOG 2014; 121 (Suppl. 01) 76-88
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Aagaard-Tillery KM, Holmgren C, Lacoursiere DY. , et al. Factors associated with nonanomalous stillbirths: the Utah Stillbirth Database 1992-2002. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 194 (03) 849-854
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Shaaban LA, Al-Saleh RA, Alwafi BM, Al-Raddadi RM. Associated risk factors with ante-partum intra-uterine fetal death. Saudi Med J 2006; 27 (01) 76-79
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Helgadottir LB, Skjeldestad FE, Jacobsen AF, Sandset PM, Jacobsen EM. Incidence and risk factors of fetal death in Norway: a case-control study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2011; 90 (04) 390-397
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Brailovschi Y, Sheiner E, Wiznitzer A, Shahaf P, Levy A. Risk factors for intrapartum fetal death and trends over the years. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 285 (02) 323-329
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Al-Kadri HM, Tamim HM. Factors contributing to intra-uterine fetal death. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 286 (05) 1109-1116
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Kidanto H, Msemo G, Mmbando D, Rusibamayila N, Ersdal H, Perlman J. Predisposing factors associated with stillbirth in Tanzania. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2015; 130 (01) 70-73
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 McDonald SD, Vermeulen MJ, Ray JG. Risk of fetal death associated with maternal drug dependence and placental abruption: a population-based study. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2007; 29 (07) 556-559
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Engel PJ, Smith R, Brinsmead MW, Bowe SJ, Clifton VL. Male sex and pre-existing diabetes are independent risk factors for stillbirth. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2008; 48 (04) 375-383
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Hossain N, Khan N, Khan NH. Obstetric causes of stillbirth at low socioeconomic settings. J Pak Med Assoc 2009; 59 (11) 744-747
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Bhattacharya S, Prescott GJ, Black M, Shetty A. Recurrence risk of stillbirth in a second pregnancy. BJOG 2010; 117 (10) 1243-1247
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Sarkar S, Barks JD, Bapuraj JR. , et al. Does phenobarbital improve the effectiveness of therapeutic hypothermia in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy?. J Perinatol 2012; 32 (01) 15-20
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 De Lange TE, Budde MP, Heard AR, Tucker G, Kennare R, Dekker GA. Avoidable risk factors in perinatal deaths: a perinatal audit in South Australia. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2008; 48 (01) 50-57
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Oliveira LC, Costa AA. Fetal and neonatal deaths among cases of maternal near miss. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2013; 59 (05) 487-494
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Ogawa M, Matsuda Y, Kanda E. , et al. Survival rate of extremely low birth weight infants and its risk factors: case-control study in Japan. ISRN Obstet Gynecol 2013; 2013: 873563. . Doi: 10.1155/2013/873563
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Tikkanen M, Luukkaala T, Gissler M. , et al. Decreasing perinatal mortality in placental abruption. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 92 (03) 298-305
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Patel S, Clark EAS, Rodriguez CE, Metz TD, Abbaszadeh M, Yoder BA. Effect of umbilical cord milking on morbidity and survival in extremely low gestational age neonates. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 211 (05) 519.e1-519.e7
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Cetinkaya SE, Okulu E, Soylemez F. , et al. Perinatal risk factors and mode of delivery associated with mortality in very low birth weight infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014; 28: 1-6
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Nkwabong E, Kamgnia Nounemi N, Sando Z, Mbu RE, Mbede J. Risk factors and placental histopathological findings of term born low birth weight neonates. Placenta 2015; 36 (02) 138-141
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Andreani M, Locatelli A, Assi F. , et al. Predictors of umbilical artery acidosis in preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 197 (03) 303.e1-303.e5
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Sabol BA, Caughey AB. Acidemia in neonates with a 5-minute Apgar score of 7 or greater - What are the outcomes?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 215 (04) 486.e1-486.e6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Nelson DB, Lucke AM, McIntire DD, Sánchez PJ, Leveno KJ, Chalak LF. Obstetric antecedents to body-cooling treatment of the newborn infant. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 211 (02) 155.e1-155.e6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Locatelli A, Incerti M, Paterlini G. , et al. Antepartum and intrapartum risk factors for neonatal encephalopathy at term. Am J Perinatol 2010; 27 (08) 649-654
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Nasiell J, Papadogiannakis N, Löf E, Elofsson F, Hallberg B. Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in newborns linked to placental and umbilical cord abnormalities. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 29 (05) 721-726
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Dani C, Poggi C, Bertini G. , et al. Method of delivery and intraventricular haemorrhage in extremely preterm infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010; 23 (12) 1419-1423
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Chen H-J, Wei K-L, Zhou C-L. , et al. Incidence of brain injuries in premature infants with gestational age ≤ 34 weeks in ten urban hospitals in China. World J Pediatr 2013; 9 (01) 17-24
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Gouyon JB, Ribakovsky C, Ferdynus C, Quantin C, Sagot P, Gouyon B. ; Burgundy Perinatal Network. Severe respiratory disorders in term neonates. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2008; 22 (01) 22-30
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Luig M, Lui K. ; NSW & ACT NICUS Group. Epidemiology of necrotizing enterocolitis--Part II: Risks and susceptibility of premature infants during the surfactant era: a regional study. J Paediatr Child Health 2005; 41 (04) 174-179
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Lee JW, McElrath T, Chen M. , et al. Pregnancy disorders appear to modify the risk for retinopathy of prematurity associated with neonatal hyperoxemia and bacteremia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26 (08) 811-818
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Stroustrup A, Trasande L. Demographics, clinical characteristics and outcomes of neonates diagnosed with fetomaternal haemorrhage. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2012; 97 (06) F405-F410
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Arcinue R, Kantak A, Elkhwad M. Acute kidney injury in ELBW infants (< 750 grams) and its associated risk factors. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2015; 8 (04) 349-357
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Távora AC, Castro AB, Militão MAM, Girão JE, Ribeiro KdeC, Távora LGF. Risk factors for nosocomial infection in a Brazilian neonatal intensive care unit. Braz J Infect Dis 2008; 12 (01) 75-79
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Akinloye O, O'Connell C, Allen AC, El-Naggar W. Post-resuscitation care for neonates receiving positive pressure ventilation at birth. Pediatrics 2014; 134 (04) e1057-e1062
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Hjern A, Thorngren-Jerneck K. Perinatal complications and socio-economic differences in cerebral palsy in Sweden - a national cohort study. BMC Pediatr 2008; 8: 49. . Doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-8-49
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Stelmach T, Pisarev H, Talvik T. Ante- and perinatal factors for cerebral palsy: case-control study in Estonia. J Child Neurol 2005; 20 (08) 654-660
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Thorngren-Jerneck K, Herbst A. Perinatal factors associated with cerebral palsy in children born in Sweden. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108 (06) 1499-1505
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Kułak W, Okurowska-Zawada B, Sienkiewicz D, Paszko-Patej G, Krajewska-Kułak E. Risk factors for cerebral palsy in term birth infants. Adv Med Sci 2010; 55 (02) 216-221
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Hasegawa J, Toyokawa S, Ikenoue T. , et al; Prevention Recurrence Committee, Japan Obstetric Compensation System for Cerebral Palsy. Relevant obstetric factors for cerebral palsy: From the nationwide obstetric compensation system in Japan. PLoS One 2016; 11 (01) e0148122 . Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148122
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Ananth CV, Friedman AM, Lavery JA, VanderWeele TJ, Keim S, Williams MA. Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children in relation to placental abruption. BJOG 2016; DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.14049.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Whitehead E, Dodds L, Joseph KS. , et al. Relation of pregnancy and neonatal factors to subsequent development of childhood epilepsy: a population-based cohort study. Pediatrics 2006; 117 (04) 1298-1306
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Love ER, Crum J, Bhattacharya S. Independent effects of pregnancy induced hypertension on childhood development: a retrospective cohort study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012; 165 (02) 219-224
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Nielsen LF, Schendel D, Grove J. , et al. Asphyxia-related risk factors and their timing in spastic cerebral palsy. BJOG 2008; 115 (12) 1518-1528
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Ananth CV, Peltier MR, Chavez MR, Kirby RS, Getahun D, Vintzileos AM. Recurrence of ischemic placental disease. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110 (01) 128-133
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Ananth CV, Cnattingius S. Influence of maternal smoking on placental abruption in successive pregnancies: a population-based prospective cohort study in Sweden. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 166 (03) 289-295
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Rasmussen S. Abruptio placentae - relationship with other placental dysfunction related conditions. Nor Epidemiol 2007; 17: 191-197
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Ananth CV, Skjaerven R, Klunssoyr K. Change in paternity, risk of placental abruption and confounding by birth interval: a population-based prospective cohort study in Norway, 1967-2009. BMJ Open 2015; 5 (02) e007023 . Doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007023
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Ruiter L, Ravelli AC, de Graaf IM, Mol BW, Pajkrt E. Incidence and recurrence rate of placental abruption: a longitudinal linked national cohort study in the Netherlands. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 213 (04) 573.e1-573.e8
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Matsaseng T, Bagratee JS, Moodley J. Pregnancy outcomes in patients with previous history of abruptio placentae. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2006; 92 (03) 253-254
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Parker SE, Werler MM, Gissler M, Tikkanen M, Ananth CV. Placental abruption and subsequent risk of pre-eclampsia: a population-based case-control study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2015; 29 (03) 211-219
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Tikkanen M, Nuutila M, Hiilesmaa V, Paavonen J, Ylikorkala O. Prepregnancy risk factors for placental abruption. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006; 85 (01) 40-44
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 129 Ananth CV. Ischemic placental disease: a unifying concept for preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and placental abruption. Semin Perinatol 2014; 38 (03) 131-132
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 130 Roberts JM. Pathophysiology of ischemic placental disease. Semin Perinatol 2014; 38 (03) 139-145
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 131 Rasmussen S, Irgens LM, Skjaerven R, Melve KK. Prior adverse pregnancy outcome and the risk of stillbirth. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 114 (06) 1259-1270
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 132 Lykke JA, Langhoff-Roos J, Lockwood CJ, Triche EW, Paidas MJ. Mortality of mothers from cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular causes following pregnancy complications in first delivery. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2010; 24 (04) 323-330
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 133 Ray JG, Schull MJ, Kingdom JC, Vermeulen MJ. Heart failure and dysrhythmias after maternal placental syndromes: HAD MPS Study. Heart 2012; 98 (15) 1136-1141
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 134 Pariente G, Shoham-Vardi I, Kessous R, Sherf M, Sheiner E. Placental abruption as a significant risk factor for long-term cardiovascular mortality in a follow-up period of more than a decade. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2014; 28 (01) 32-38
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 135 Arazi ES, Kessous R, Shoham-Vardi I, Pariente G, Sergienko R, Sheiner E. Is there an association between a history of placental abruption and long-term maternal renal complications?. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 28 (14) 1641-1646
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 136 DeRoo L, Skjærven R, Wilcox A. , et al. Placental abruption and long-term maternal cardiovascular disease mortality: a population-based registry study in Norway and Sweden. Eur J Epidemiol 2016; 31 (05) 501-511
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 137 Ray JG, Booth GL, Alter DA, Vermeulen MJ. Prognosis after maternal placental events and revascularization: PAMPER study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214 (01) 106.e1-106.e14
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 138 Elsasser DA, Ananth CV, Prasad V, Vintzileos AM. ; New Jersey-Placental Abruption Study Investigators. Diagnosis of placental abruption: relationship between clinical and histopathological findings. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010; 148 (02) 125-130
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 139 Qamarunisa MH, Frequency AM. maternal and fetal outcome of abruptio placenta in a rural medical college hospital, Mirpurkhas Sindh. Pak J Med Sci 2010; 26: 663-666
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 140 Naz F, Shakoor U, Sharafat S, Khan S, Iqbal K, Zareen A. Comparison of pregnancy outcome in placenta previa versus placenta abruption. Pakistan J Med Health Sci 2010; 4: 149-152
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 141 Saeed M, Rana T. Fetomaternal outcome in pregnancies complicated with placental abruption. Pakistan J Med Health Sci 2011; 5: 140-143
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 142 Sarwar I, Abbasi Au, Islam A. Abruptio placentae and its complications at Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2006; 18 (01) 27-31
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 143 Menard MK, Main EK, Currigan SM. Executive summary of the reVITALize initiative: standardizing obstetric data definitions. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 124 (01) 150-153
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 144 Chibwesha CJ, Zanolini A, Smid M. , et al. Predictors and outcomes of low birth weight in Lusaka, Zambia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2016; 134 (03) 309-314
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 145 Delorme P, Goffinet F, Ancel P-Y. , et al. Cause of preterm birth as a prognostic factor for mortality. Obstet Gynecol 2016; 127 (01) 40-48
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 146 Zhao Q, Zhang Y, Yang Y. , et al. Birth-related retinal hemorrhages in healthy full-term newborns and their relationship to maternal, obstetric, and neonatal risk factors. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 253 (07) 1021-1025
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar