Download PDF
J Pediatr Infect Dis 2017; 12(01): 030-039
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1599118
Review Article
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Imaging and Management of Abdominal Echinococcosis in Children

Ebrahim Banderker
1   Department of Paediatric Radiology, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
,
Sharon Cox
2   Department of Paediatric Surgery, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
,
Luvo Gaxa
1   Department of Paediatric Radiology, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

01 September 2016

07 October 2016

Publication Date:
02 March 2017 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

The clinical entity of cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by the most prevalent genus of the flatworm species, Echinococcus granulosus (EG), has a global distribution that impacts children causing significant morbidity and mortality. Childhood echinococcosis manifests distinct clinical patterns of disease that require unique management interventions despite its overlap in imaging features with that of adults. Abdominal hydatidosis in children, as in adults, demonstrates a predilection for the liver even though the lungs are the most commonly affected organ in children. Treatment is almost always surgical in children and the procedure of choice is determined by imaging findings. Clinical evaluation and serological tests are fraught with difficulties hence a reliance on radiological investigation for accurate diagnosis, cyst characterization, detection of multiplicity of disease and the early diagnosis of complications. Appropriate radiation safe imaging and up to date management regimes are addressed in this review.

Keywords

pediatric - echinococcosis - hydatidosis - Gharbi - WHO-IWGE - abdominal cysts - imaging abdominal hydatid disease - percutaneous aspiration injection and reaspiration
 

  • References

  • 1 Ortega CD, Ogawa NY, Rocha MS , et al. Helminthic diseases in the abdomen: an epidemiologic and radiologic overview. Radiographics 2010; 30 (1) 253-267
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Bourée P. Hydatidosis: dynamics of transmission. World J Surg 2001; 25 (1) 4-9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Siracusano A, Teggi A, Ortona E. Human cystic echinococcosis: old problems and new perspectives. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2009; 2009: 474368
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Lewall DB. Hydatid disease: biology, pathology, imaging and classification. Clin Radiol 1998; 53 (12) 863-874
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Pakala T, Molina M, Wu GY. Hepatic echinococcal cysts: a review. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2016; 4 (1) 39-46
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Derbel F, Mabrouk MB, Hamida MBH , et al. Hydatid cysts of the liver - diagnosis, complications and treatment. In: Derbel F, , ed. Abdominal Surgery. InTech; 2012
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Polat P, Kantarci M, Alper F, Suma S, Koruyucu MB, Okur A. Hydatid disease from head to toe. Radiographics 2003; 23 (2) 475-494 , quiz 536–537
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Oral A, Yigiter M, Yildiz A , et al. Diagnosis and management of hydatid liver disease in children: a report of 156 patients with hydatid disease. J Pediatr Surg 2012; 47 (3) 528-534
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Mirshemirani A, Khaleghnejad A, Kouranloo J, Sadeghian N, Rouzrokh M, Hasas-Yeganeh S. Liver ydatid cyst in children (a 14-year review). Iran J Pediatr 2011; 21 (3) 385-389
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Mamishi S, Sagheb S, Pourakbari B. Hydatid disease in Iranian children. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2007; 40 (5) 428-431
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Talaiezadah AHMS. Hydatid disease in children: a different pattern than adults. Pak J Med Sci 2006; 33 (3) 329-332
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Siracusano A, Delunardo F, Teggi A, Ortona E. Host-parasite relationship in cystic echinococcosis: an evolving story. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012: 639362
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Shaw JM, Bornman PC, Krige JE. Hydatid disease of the liver. S Afr J Surg 2006; 44 (2) 70-72 , 74–77
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Zhang W, Li J, McManus DP. Concepts in immunology and diagnosis of hydatid disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003; 16 (1) 18-36
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Pedrosa I, Saíz A, Arrazola J, Ferreirós J, Pedrosa CS. Hydatid disease: radiologic and pathologic features and complications. Radiographics 2000; 20 (3) 795-817
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Jha R, Lyons EA, Levi CS. US case of the day. Hydatid cyst (Echinococcus granulosus) in the right lobe of the liver. Radiographics 1994; 14 (2) 455-458
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Gharbi HA, Hassine W, Brauner MW, Dupuch K. Ultrasound examination of the hydatic liver. Radiology 1981; 139 (2) 459-463
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Singh S, Gibikote SV. Magnetic resonance imaging signal characteristics in hydatid cysts. Australas Radiol 2001; 45 (2) 128-133
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Oruç E, Yıldırım N, Topal NB, Kılıçturgay S, Akgöz S, Savcı G. The role of diffusion-weighted MRI in the classification of liver hydatid cysts and differentiation of simple cysts and abscesses from hydatid cysts. Diagn Interv Radiol 2010; 16 (4) 279-287
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Moguillanski SJGC, Villavicencio RL. Radiologia de la hydatidosis abdominal. In: Stoopen ME, Kimura K, Ros PR, , eds. Radiologia e Imagen Diagnostic y Terapeutica: Abdomen. 1999: 47-72
    Google Scholar
  • 21 Dziri C, Haouet K, Fingerhut A. Treatment of hydatid cyst of the liver: where is the evidence?. World J Surg 2004; 28 (8) 731-736
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Gomez I Gavara C, López-Andújar R, Belda Ibáñez T , et al. Review of the treatment of liver hydatid cysts. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21 (1) 124-131
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Brunetti E, Kern P, Vuitton DA ; Writing Panel for the WHO-IWGE. Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Acta Trop 2010; 114 (1) 1-16
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Aktan AO, Yalin R. Preoperative albendazole treatment for liver hydatid disease decreases the viability of the cyst. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 8 (9) 877-879
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Rajesh R, Dalip DS, Anupam J, Jaisiram A. Effectiveness of puncture-aspiration-injection-reaspiration in the treatment of hepatic hydatid cysts. Iran J Radiol 2013; 10 (2) 68-73
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Smego Jr RA, Sebanego P. Treatment options for hepatic cystic echinococcosis. Int J Infect Dis 2005; 9 (2) 69-76
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Tuxun T, Zhang JH, Zhao JM , et al. World review of laparoscopic treatment of liver cystic echinococcosis--914 patients. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 24: 43-50
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Akkiz H, Akinoglu A, Colakoglu S, Demiryürek H, Yagmur O. Endoscopic management of biliary hydatid disease. Can J Surg 1996; 39 (4) 287-292
    PubMedGoogle Scholar