Classic and Global Hemostasis Testing in Pregnancy and during Pregnancy Complications

Fazoil I. Ataullakhanov; Ekaterina M. Koltsova; Anna N. Balandina; Ilya I. Serebriyskiy; Tatiana A. Vuimo; Mikhail A. Panteleev

doi:10.1055/s-0036-1592303

Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Table of Contents

Semin Thromb Hemost 2016; 42(07): 696-716
DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1592303

Original Article

Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Classic and Global Hemostasis Testing in Pregnancy and during Pregnancy Complications

Authors

Fazoil I. Ataullakhanov

¹Department of Biophysics and Systems Biology, Dmitry Rogachev Federal Research and Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia

²The Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Centre for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology RAS, Moscow, Russia

³Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

⁴Faculty of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
Ekaterina M. Koltsova

¹Department of Biophysics and Systems Biology, Dmitry Rogachev Federal Research and Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
Anna N. Balandina

¹Department of Biophysics and Systems Biology, Dmitry Rogachev Federal Research and Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia

⁵The Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Hemostasis, Centre for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology RAS, Moscow, Russia
Ilya I. Serebriyskiy

⁶Hemostasis Committee, Russian Laboratory Federation, Moscow, Russia
Tatiana A. Vuimo

¹Department of Biophysics and Systems Biology, Dmitry Rogachev Federal Research and Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
Mikhail A. Panteleev

¹Department of Biophysics and Systems Biology, Dmitry Rogachev Federal Research and Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russia

³Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

⁴Faculty of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia

⁵The Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Hemostasis, Centre for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology RAS, Moscow, Russia

Abstract

Pregnancy is associated with a significant procoagulant shift in the hemostatic system balance as well as other metabolic changes. Pregnancy can thereby provoke manifestation of otherwise dormant disorders of hemostasis (e.g., thrombophilia), or even cause new, pregnancy-specific disorders (e.g., HELLP syndrome). Application and interpretation of laboratory assays of hemostasis in pregnancy is particularly challenging, because normal physiological ranges are no longer applicable, and because the most dangerous and complex changes are not detected by classic routine coagulation/platelet assays. New global assays of coagulation and of platelet-dependent hemostasis appear to be promising in this respect, but are still far from clinical practice and rarely appear in current patient management guidelines. These global assays require a high level of research to identify their relationship to clinically significant outcomes. Here, we review the state-of-the-art knowledge of the molecular changes in the hemostatic system in normal pregnancy and during pregnancy-related complications (preeclampsia, thrombotic microangiopathies, antiphospholipid syndrome, etc.). We also discuss the sensitivity of various classic and innovative assays to these pregnancy-associated changes, and describe current and potential future applications of these assays in meeting specific clinical needs.

Keywords

normal pregnancy - pregnancy complication - classic hemostasis assays - global hemostasis assays

Full Text

References

References
1 Holmes VA, Wallace JM. Haemostasis in normal pregnancy: a balancing act?. Biochem Soc Trans 2005; 33 (Pt 2): 428-432
2 Bremme KA. Haemostatic changes in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2003; 16 (2) 153-168
3 Parunov LA, Soshitova NP, Ovanesov MV, Panteleev MA, Serebriyskiy II. Epidemiology of venous thromboembolism (VTE) associated with pregnancy. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 2015; 105 (3) 167-184
4 Heit JA, Kobbervig CE, James AH, Petterson TM, Bailey KR, Melton III LJ. Trends in the incidence of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy or postpartum: a 30-year population-based study. Ann Intern Med 2005; 143 (10) 697-706
5 Pomp ER, Lenselink AM, Rosendaal FR, Doggen CJ. Pregnancy, the postpartum period and prothrombotic defects: risk of venous thrombosis in the MEGA study. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6 (4) 632-637
6 Sultan AA, West J, Tata LJ, Fleming KM, Nelson-Piercy C, Grainge MJ. Risk of first venous thromboembolism in and around pregnancy: a population-based cohort study. Br J Haematol 2012; 156 (3) 366-373
7 Al-Zirqi I, Vangen S, Forsen L, Stray-Pedersen B. Prevalence and risk factors of severe obstetric haemorrhage. BJOG 2008; 115 (10) 1265-1272
8 Gómez-Puerta JA, Sanin-Blair J, Galarza-Maldonado C. Pregnancy and catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2009; 36 (2–3) 85-90
9 Uchikova EH, Ledjev II. Changes in haemostasis during normal pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005; 119 (2) 185-188
10 Brenner B. Haemostatic changes in pregnancy. Thromb Res 2004; 114 (5–6) 409-414
11 Hui C, Lili M, Libin C , et al. Changes in coagulation and hemodynamics during pregnancy: a prospective longitudinal study of 58 cases. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 285 (5) 1231-1236
12 Brenner B. Thrombophilia and pregnancy loss. Thromb Res 2002; 108 (4) 197-202
13 Simcox LE, Ormesher L, Tower C, Greer IA. Thrombophilia and pregnancy complications. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16 (12) 28418-28428
14 Franchini M. Haemostasis and pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 2006; 95 (3) 401-413
15 Panteleev MA, Hemker HC. Global/integral assays in hemostasis diagnostics: promises, successes, problems and prospects. Thromb J 2015; 13 (1) 5
16 Voroshilina E, Ovsepyan R, Plotko E , et al. Reference ranges for standard coagulation tests and thrombodynamics assay during normal pregnancy at various gestational ages [in Russian]. Bull RSMU 2015; 40-45
17 Macafee B, Campbell JP, Ashpole K , et al. Reference ranges for thromboelastography (TEG(®) ) and traditional coagulation tests in term parturients undergoing caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2012; 67 (7) 741-747
18 Antony KM, Mansouri R, Arndt M , et al. Establishing thromboelastography with platelet-function analyzer reference ranges and other measures in healthy term pregnant women. Am J Perinatol 2015; 32 (6) 545-554
19 Murphy N, Broadhurst DI, Khashan AS, Gilligan O, Kenny LC, O'Donoghue K. Gestation-specific D-dimer reference ranges: a cross-sectional study. BJOG 2015; 122 (3) 395-400
20 Polak F, Kolnikova I, Lips M, Parizek A, Blaha J, Stritesky M. New recommendations for thromboelastography reference ranges for pregnant women. Thromb Res 2011; 128 (4) e14-e17
21 de Lange NM, van Rheenen-Flach LE, Lancé MD , et al. Peri-partum reference ranges for ROTEM(R) thromboelastometry. Br J Anaesth 2014; 112 (5) 852-859
22 Réger B, Péterfalvi A, Litter I , et al. Challenges in the evaluation of D-dimer and fibrinogen levels in pregnant women. Thromb Res 2013; 131 (4) e183-e187
23 Armstrong S, Fernando R, Ashpole K, Simons R, Columb M. Assessment of coagulation in the obstetric population using ROTEM® thromboelastometry. Int J Obstet Anesth 2011; 20 (4) 293-298
24 Joly B, Barbay V, Borg J-Y, Le Cam-Duchez V. Comparison of markers of coagulation activation and thrombin generation test in uncomplicated pregnancies. Thromb Res 2013; 132 (3) 386-391
25 Panteleev MA, Dashkevich NM, Ataullakhanov FI. Hemostasis and thrombosis beyond biochemistry: roles of geometry, flow and diffusion. Thromb Res 2015; 136 (4) 699-711
26 Lipets EN, Ataullakhanov FI. Global assays of hemostasis in the diagnostics of hypercoagulation and evaluation of thrombosis risk. Thromb J 2015; 13 (1) 4
27 Levy JH, Szlam F, Wolberg AS, Winkler A. Clinical use of the activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time for screening: a review of the literature and current guidelines for testing. Clin Lab Med 2014; 34 (3) 453-477
28 Flanders MM, Crist R, Rodgers GM. Comparison of five thrombin time reagents. Clin Chem 2003; 49 (1) 169-172
29 Panzer S, Jilma P. Methods for testing platelet function for transfusion medicine. Vox Sang 2011; 101 (1) 1-9
30 Tynngård N, Lindahl TL, Ramström S. Assays of different aspects of haemostasis - what do they measure?. Thromb J 2015; 13 (1) 8
31 Othman M, Falcón BJ, Kadir R. Global hemostasis in pregnancy: are we using thromboelastography to its full potential?. Semin Thromb Hemost 2010; 36 (7) 738-746
32 Lancé MD. A general review of major global coagulation assays: thrombelastography, thrombin generation test and clot waveform analysis. Thromb J 2015; 13: 1
33 van Geffen M, van Heerde WL. Global haemostasis assays, from bench to bedside. Thromb Res 2012; 129 (6) 681-687
34 Antovic JP, Mikovic D, Elezovic I , et al. Two global haemostatic assays as additional tools to monitor treatment in cases of haemophilia A. Thromb Haemost 2012; 108 (1) 21-31
35 Vincelot A, Nathan N, Collet D, Mehaddi Y, Grandchamp P, Julia A. Platelet function during pregnancy: an evaluation using the PFA-100 analyser. Br J Anaesth 2001; 87 (6) 890-893
36 Favaloro EJ. Internal quality control and external quality assurance of platelet function tests. Semin Thromb Hemost 2009; 35 (2) 139-149
37 Ogawa S, Hosokawa K, Tanaka KA. Influences of hemodilution and anticoagulation on antiplatelet P2Y12 therapy: in vitro whole blood perfusion model. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2013; 27 (6) e69-e71
38 Hemker HC, Wielders S, Kessels H, Béguin S. Continuous registration of thrombin generation in plasma, its use for the determination of the thrombin potential. Thromb Haemost 1993; 70 (4) 617-624
39 Dielis AW, Castoldi E, Spronk HM , et al. Coagulation factors and the protein C system as determinants of thrombin generation in a normal population. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6 (1) 125-131
40 van Veen JJ, Gatt A, Cooper PC, Kitchen S, Bowyer AE, Makris M. Corn trypsin inhibitor in fluorogenic thrombin-generation measurements is only necessary at low tissue factor concentrations and influences the relationship between factor VIII coagulant activity and thrombogram parameters. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2008; 19 (3) 183-189
41 Ninivaggi M, Apitz-Castro R, Dargaud Y, de Laat B, Hemker HC, Lindhout T. Whole-blood thrombin generation monitored with a calibrated automated thrombogram-based assay. Clin Chem 2012; 58 (8) 1252-1259
42 Antovic A. The overall hemostasis potential: a laboratory tool for the investigation of global hemostasis. Semin Thromb Hemost 2010; 36 (7) 772-779
43 Ovanesov MV, Ananyeva NM, Panteleev MA, Ataullakhanov FI, Saenko EL. Initiation and propagation of coagulation from tissue factor-bearing cell monolayers to plasma: initiator cells do not regulate spatial growth rate. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3 (2) 321-331
44 Panteleev MA, Ovanesov MV, Kireev DA , et al. Spatial propagation and localization of blood coagulation are regulated by intrinsic and protein C pathways, respectively. Biophys J 2006; 90 (5) 1489-1500
45 Parunov LA, Fadeeva OA, Balandina AN , et al. Improvement of spatial fibrin formation by the anti-TFPI aptamer BAX499: changing clot size by targeting extrinsic pathway initiation. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9 (9) 1825-1834
46 Balandina AN, Shibeko AM, Kireev DA , et al. Positive feedback loops for factor V and factor VII activation supply sensitivity to local surface tissue factor density during blood coagulation. Biophys J 2011; 101 (8) 1816-1824
47 Ovanesov MV, Panteleev MA, Sinauridze EI , et al. Mechanisms of action of recombinant activated factor VII in the context of tissue factor concentration and distribution. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2008; 19 (8) 743-755
48 Parunov LA, Soshitova NP, Fadeeva OA , et al. Drug-drug interaction of the anti-TFPI aptamer BAX499 and factor VIII: studies of spatial dynamics of fibrin clot formation in hemophilia A. Thromb Res 2014; 133 (1) 112-119
49 Masuda M, Ueta T, Shiba K, Iwamoto Y. D-dimer screening for deep venous thrombosis in traumatic cervical spinal injuries. Spine J 2015; 15 (11) 2338-2344
50 Szecsi PB, Jørgensen M, Klajnbard A, Andersen MR, Colov NP, Stender S. Haemostatic reference intervals in pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 2010; 103 (4) 718-727
51 Mahieu B, Jacobs N, Mahieu S , et al. Haemostatic changes and acquired activated protein C resistance in normal pregnancy. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2007; 18 (7) 685-688
52 Choi JW, Pai SH. Tissue plasminogen activator levels change with plasma fibrinogen concentrations during pregnancy. Ann Hematol 2002; 81 (11) 611-615
53 Clark P, Brennand J, Conkie JA, McCall F, Greer IA, Walker ID. Activated protein C sensitivity, protein C, protein S and coagulation in normal pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 1998; 79 (6) 1166-1170
54 Stirling Y, Woolf L, North WR, Seghatchian MJ, Meade TW. Haemostasis in normal pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 1984; 52 (2) 176-182
55 Sattar N, Greer IA, Rumley A , et al. A longitudinal study of the relationships between haemostatic, lipid, and oestradiol changes during normal human pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 1999; 81 (1) 71-75
56 Drury-Stewart DN, Lannert KW, Chung DW , et al. Complex changes in von Willebrand factor-associated parameters are acquired during uncomplicated pregnancy. PLoS ONE 2014; 9 (11) e112935
57 Condie RG. A serial study of coagulation factors XII, XI and X in plasma in normal pregnancy and in pregnancy complicated by pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1976; 83 (8) 636-639
58 Hellgren M, Blombäck M. Studies on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in pregnancy, during delivery and in the puerperium. I. Normal condition. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1981; 12 (3) 141-154
59 Sharief LT, Lawrie AS, Mackie IJ, Smith C, Peyvandi F, Kadir RA. Changes in factor XIII level during pregnancy. Haemophilia 2014; 20 (2) e144-e148
60 Bremme K, Ostlund E, Almqvist I, Heinonen K, Blombäck M. Enhanced thrombin generation and fibrinolytic activity in normal pregnancy and the puerperium. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80 (1) 132-137
61 Ercan Ş, Özkan S, Yücel N, Orçun A. Establishing reference intervals for D-dimer to trimesters. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 28 (8) 983-987
62 de Moerloose P, Amiral J, Vissac AM, Reber G. Longitudinal study on activated factors XII and VII levels during normal pregnancy. Br J Haematol 1998; 100 (1) 40-44
63 Mayhew TM, Bowles C, Orme G. A stereological method for testing whether or not there is random deposition of perivillous fibrin-type fibrinoid at the villous surface: description and pilot applications to term placentae. Placenta 2000; 21 (7) 684-692
64 Nelson DM, Crouch EC, Curran EM, Farmer DR. Trophoblast interaction with fibrin matrix. Epithelialization of perivillous fibrin deposits as a mechanism for villous repair in the human placenta. Am J Pathol 1990; 136 (4) 855-865
65 Brownbill P, Mahendran D, Owen D , et al. Denudations as paracellular routes for alphafetoprotein and creatinine across the human syncytiotrophoblast. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000; 278 (3) R677-R683
66 Labarrere CA, Faulk WP. Factor VIII procoagulant: a marker of fibrinoid necrosis in normal term human placentae. J Reprod Immunol 1991; 19 (2) 167-177
67 Fox H. Perivillous fibrin deposition in the human placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1967; 98 (2) 245-251
68 Bellart J, Gilabert R, Fontcuberta J, Carreras E, Miralles RM, Cabero L. Coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters in normal pregnancy and in gestational diabetes. Am J Perinatol 1998; 15 (8) 479-486
69 Sandset PM, Hellgren M, Uvebrandt M, Bergström H. Extrinsic coagulation pathway inhibitor and heparin cofactor II during normal and hypertensive pregnancy. Thromb Res 1989; 55 (5) 665-670
70 Rosenkranz A, Hiden M, Leschnik B , et al. Calibrated automated thrombin generation in normal uncomplicated pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 2008; 99 (2) 331-337
71 Faught W, Garner P, Jones G, Ivey B. Changes in protein C and protein S levels in normal pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 172 (1 Pt 1): 147-150
72 Cerneca F, Ricci G, Simeone R, Malisano M, Alberico S, Guaschino S. Coagulation and fibrinolysis changes in normal pregnancy. Increased levels of procoagulants and reduced levels of inhibitors during pregnancy induce a hypercoagulable state, combined with a reactive fibrinolysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1997; 73 (1) 31-36
73 Shu H, Wramsby M, Bokarewa M, Blombäck M, Bremme K. Decrease in protein C inhibitor activity and acquired APC resistance during normal pregnancy. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2000; 9 (3) 277-281
74 Ishii A, Yamada S, Yamada R, Hamada H. t-PA activity in peripheral blood obtained from pregnant women. J Perinat Med 1994; 22 (2) 113-117
75 Bellart J, Gilabert R, Fontcuberta J, Borrell M, Miralles RM, Cabero L. Fibrinolysis changes in normal pregnancy. J Perinat Med 1997; 25 (4) 368-372
76 de Moerloose P, Mermillod N, Amiral J, Reber G. Thrombomodulin levels during normal pregnancy, at delivery and in the postpartum: comparison with tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Thromb Haemost 1998; 79 (3) 554-556
77 Nakashima A, Kobayashi T, Terao T. Fibrinolysis during normal pregnancy and severe preeclampsia relationships between plasma levels of plasminogen activators and inhibitors. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1996; 42 (2) 95-101
78 Wright JG, Cooper P, Astedt B , et al. Fibrinolysis during normal human pregnancy: complex inter-relationships between plasma levels of tissue plasminogen activator and inhibitors and the euglobulin clot lysis time. Br J Haematol 1988; 69 (2) 253-258
79 Kjellberg U, Andersson NE, Rosén S, Tengborn L, Hellgren M. APC resistance and other haemostatic variables during pregnancy and puerperium. Thromb Haemost 1999; 81 (4) 527-531
80 Chetaille P, Alessi MC, Kouassi D, Morange PE, Juhan-Vague I. Plasma TAFI antigen variations in healthy subjects. Thromb Haemost 2000; 83 (6) 902-905
81 Mousa HA, Downey C, Alfirevic Z, Toh C-H. Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor and its fibrinolytic effect in normal pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 2004; 92 (5) 1025-1031
82 Chabloz P, Reber G, Boehlen F, Hohlfeld P, de Moerloose P. TAFI antigen and D-dimer levels during normal pregnancy and at delivery. Br J Haematol 2001; 115 (1) 150-152
83 Huissoud C, Carrabin N, Benchaib M , et al. Coagulation assessment by rotation thrombelastometry in normal pregnancy. Thromb Haemost 2009; 101 (4) 755-761
84 Lang T, Bauters A, Braun SL , et al. Multi-centre investigation on reference ranges for ROTEM thromboelastometry. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2005; 16 (4) 301-310
85 Kuiper GJ, Kleinegris MC, van Oerle R , et al. Validation of a modified thromboelastometry approach to detect changes in fibrinolytic activity. Thromb J 2016; 14 (1) 1-13
86 Bergmann F, Rath W. The differential diagnosis of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2015; 112 (47) 795-802
87 Sheu JR, Hsiao G, Shen MY, Lin WY, Tzeng CR. The hyperaggregability of platelets from normal pregnancy is mediated through thromboxane A2 and cyclic AMP pathways. Clin Lab Haematol 2002; 24 (2) 121-129
88 Valéra M-C, Parant O, Cenac C , et al. Platelet adhesion and thrombus formation in whole blood at arterial shear rate at the end of pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 74 (6) 533-541
89 Morrison R, Crawford J, MacPherson M, Heptinstall S. Platelet behaviour in normal pregnancy, pregnancy complicated by essential hypertension and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Thromb Haemost 1985; 54 (3) 607-611
90 Burgess-Wilson ME, Morrison R, Heptinstall S. Spontaneous platelet aggregation in heparinised blood during pregnancy. Thromb Res 1986; 41 (3) 385-393
91 Louden KA, Broughton Pipkin F, Heptinstall S, Fox SC, Mitchell JR, Symonds EM. A longitudinal study of platelet behaviour and thromboxane production in whole blood in normal pregnancy and the puerperium. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990; 97 (12) 1108-1114
92 Burke N, Flood K, Murray A , et al. Platelet reactivity changes significantly throughout all trimesters of pregnancy compared with the nonpregnant state: a prospective study. BJOG 2013; 120 (13) 1599-1604
93 Janes SL, Goodall AH. Flow cytometric detection of circulating activated platelets and platelet hyper-responsiveness in pre-eclampsia and pregnancy. Clin Sci (Lond) 1994; 86 (6) 731-739
94 Saha P, Stott D, Atalla R. Haemostatic changes in the puerperium ‘6 weeks postpartum’ (HIP Study) - implication for maternal thromboembolism. BJOG 2009; 116 (12) 1602-1612
95 Sheu JR, Hsiao G, Lin WY , et al. Mechanisms involved in agonist-induced hyperaggregability of platelets from normal pregnancy. J Biomed Sci 2002; 9 (1) 17-25
96 Star J, Rosene K, Ferland J, DiLeone G, Hogan J, Kestin A. Flow cytometric analysis of platelet activation throughout normal gestation. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90 (4 Pt 1): 562-568
97 Nicolini U, Guarneri D, Gianotti GA, Campagnoli C, Crosignani PG, Gatti L. Maternal and fetal platelet activation in normal pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 83 (1) 65-69
98 Gatti L, Tenconi PM, Guarneri D , et al. Hemostatic parameters and platelet activation by flow-cytometry in normal pregnancy: a longitudinal study. Int J Clin Lab Res 1994; 24 (4) 217-219
99 Horn EH, Cooper JA, Hardy E, Heptinstall S, Rubin PC. Longitudinal studies of platelet cyclic AMP during healthy pregnancy and pregnancies at risk of pre-eclampsia. Clin Sci (Lond) 1995; 89 (1) 91-99
100 Valéra MC, Gratacap MP, Gourdy P , et al. Chronic estradiol treatment reduces platelet responses and protects mice from thromboembolism through the hematopoietic estrogen receptor α. Blood 2012; 120 (8) 1703-1712
101 Aharon A, Brenner B. Placenta-derived microparticles. Thromb Res 2013; 131 (Suppl. 01) S22-S24
102 Alijotas-Reig J, Palacio-Garcia C, Llurba E, Vilardell-Tarres M. Cell-derived microparticles and vascular pregnancy complications: a systematic and comprehensive review. Fertil Steril 2013; 99 (2) 441-449
103 Lok CA, Van Der Post JA, Sargent IL , et al. Changes in microparticle numbers and cellular origin during pregnancy and preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2008; 27 (4) 344-360
104 Radu CM, Campello E, Spiezia L , et al. Origin and levels of circulating microparticles in normal pregnancy: a longitudinal observation in healthy women. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2015; 75 (6) 487-495
105 van Rheenen-Flach LE, Zweegman S, Boersma F, Lenglet JE, Twisk JW, Bolte AC. A prospective longitudinal study on rotation thromboelastometry in women with uncomplicated pregnancies and postpartum. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2013; 53 (1) 32-36
106 Eichinger S, Weltermann A, Philipp K , et al. Prospective evaluation of hemostatic system activation and thrombin potential in healthy pregnant women with and without factor V Leiden. Thromb Haemost 1999; 82 (4) 1232-1236
107 Brummel-Ziedins KE, Gissel M, Francis C, Queenan J, Mann KG. The effect of high circulating estradiol levels on thrombin generation during in vitro fertilization. Thromb Res 2009; 124 (4) 505-507
108 Undas A, Gissel M, Kwasny-Krochin B, Gluszko P, Mann KG, Brummel-Ziedins KE. Thrombin generation in rheumatoid arthritis: dependence on plasma factor composition. Thromb Haemost 2010; 104 (2) 224-230
109 Momot A, Molchanova I, Batrak T , et al. Reference values of hemostatic system parameters in normal pregnancy and after delivery [in Russian]. Probl Reprod 2015; 1: 89-97
110 Donohoe S, Quenby S, Mackie I , et al. Fluctuations in levels of antiphospholipid antibodies and increased coagulation activation markers in normal and heparin-treated antiphospholipid syndrome pregnancies. Lupus 2002; 11 (1) 11-20
111 Bellart J, Gilabert R, Anglès A , et al. Tissue factor levels and high ratio of fibrinopeptide A:D-dimer as a measure of endothelial procoagulant disorder in pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999; 106 (6) 594-597
112 Giavarina D, Mezzena G, Dorizzi RM, Soffiati G. Reference interval of D-dimer in pregnant women. Clin Biochem 2001; 34 (4) 331-333
113 Kline JA, Williams GW, Hernandez-Nino J. D-dimer concentrations in normal pregnancy: new diagnostic thresholds are needed. Clin Chem 2005; 51 (5) 825-829
114 Kovac MK, Lalic-Cosic SZ, Dmitrovic JM, Djordjevic VJ, Radojkovic DP. Thrombin generation, D-dimer and protein S in uncomplicated pregnancy. Clin Chem Lab Med 2015; 53 (12) 1975-1979
115 Morse M. Establishing a normal range for D-dimer levels through pregnancy to aid in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2 (7) 1202-1204
116 Paniccia R, Prisco D, Bandinelli B , et al. Plasma and serum levels of D-dimer and their correlations with other hemostatic parameters in pregnancy. Thromb Res 2002; 105 (3) 257-262
117 Cantwell R, Clutton-Brock T, Cooper G , et al. Saving mothers' lives: reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer: 2006-2008. The eighth report of the confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in the United Kingdom. BJOG 2011; 118 (Suppl. 01) 1-203
118 ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins--Obstetrics. ACOG practice bulletin. Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Number 33, January 2002. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 99 (1) 159-167
119 Rodger MA, Carrier M, Le Gal G , et al; Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin for Placenta-Mediated Pregnancy Complications Study Group. Meta-analysis of low-molecular-weight heparin to prevent recurrent placenta-mediated pregnancy complications. Blood 2014; 123 (6) 822-828
120 McLaughlin K, Drewlo S, Parker JD, Kingdom JC. Current theories on the prevention of severe preeclampsia with low-molecular weight heparin. Hypertension 2015; 66 (6) 1098-1103
121 van Hoorn ME, Hague WM, van Pampus MG, Bezemer D, de Vries JI ; FRUIT Investigators. Low-molecular-weight heparin and aspirin in the prevention of recurrent early-onset pre-eclampsia in women with antiphospholipid antibodies: the FRUIT-RCT. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016; 197: 168-173
122 Hutcheon JA, Lisonkova S, Joseph KS. Epidemiology of pre-eclampsia and the other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2011; 25 (4) 391-403
123 Thornton C, Dahlen H, Korda A, Hennessy A. The incidence of preeclampsia and eclampsia and associated maternal mortality in Australia from population-linked datasets: 2000-2008. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 208 (6) 476.e1-476.e5
124 Ngoc NT, Merialdi M, Abdel-Aleem H , et al. Causes of stillbirths and early neonatal deaths: data from 7993 pregnancies in six developing countries. Bull World Health Organ 2006; 84 (9) 699-705
125 Say L, Chou D, Gemmill A , et al. Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2014; 2 (6) e323-e333
126 Tanjung MT, Siddik HD, Hariman H, Koh SCL. Coagulation and fibrinolysis in preeclampsia and neonates. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2005; 11 (4) 467-473
127 Vinnars MT, Nasiell J, Ghazi S, Westgren M, Papadogiannakis N. The severity of clinical manifestations in preeclampsia correlates with the amount of placental infarction. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2011; 90 (1) 19-25
128 Han L, Yang Z, Li K , et al. Antepartum or immediate postpartum renal biopsies in preeclampsia/eclampsia of pregnancy: new morphologic and clinical findings. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2014; 7 (8) 5129-5143
129 Goswami D, Tannetta DS, Magee LA , et al. Excess syncytiotrophoblast microparticle shedding is a feature of early-onset pre-eclampsia, but not normotensive intrauterine growth restriction. Placenta 2006; 27 (1) 56-61
130 Germain SJ, Sacks GP, Sooranna SR, Sargent IL, Redman CW. Systemic inflammatory priming in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia: the role of circulating syncytiotrophoblast microparticles. J Immunol 2007; 178 (9) 5949-5956
131 Campello E, Spiezia L, Radu CM , et al. Circulating microparticles in umbilical cord blood in normal pregnancy and pregnancy with preeclampsia. Thromb Res 2015; 136 (2) 427-431
132 Omatsu K, Kobayashi T, Murakami Y , et al. Phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine microvesicles can induce preeclampsia-like changes in pregnant mice. Semin Thromb Hemost 2005; 31 (3) 314-320
133 Zhang Y, Hua Z, Zhang K, Meng K, Hu Y. Therapeutic effects of anticoagulant agents on preeclampsia in a murine model induced by phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine microvesicles. Placenta 2009; 30 (12) 1065-1070
134 Hyde C, Thornton S. Does screening for pre-eclampsia make sense?. BJOG 2013; 120 (10) 1168-1170
135 Davies JR, Fernando R, Hallworth SP. Hemostatic function in healthy pregnant and preeclamptic women: an assessment using the platelet function analyzer (PFA-100) and thromboelastograph. Anesth Analg 2007; 104 (2) 416-420
136 Ismail SK, Higgins JR. Hemostasis in pre-eclampsia. Semin Thromb Hemost 2011; 37 (2) 111-117
137 Orlikowski CE, Rocke DA, Murray WB , et al. Thrombelastography changes in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Br J Anaesth 1996; 77 (2) 157-161
138 Dehkordi MA, Soleimani A, Haji-Gholami A, Vardanjani AK, Dehkordi SA. Association of deficiency of coagulation factors (Prs, Prc, ATIII) and FVL positivity with preeclampsia and/or eclampsia in pregnant women. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res 2014; 8 (4) 5-11
139 Godoi LC, Gomes KB, Alpoim PN, Carvalho Md, Lwaleed BA, Sant'Ana Dusse LM. Preeclampsia: the role of tissue factor and tissue factor pathway inhibitor. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2012; 34 (1) 1-6
140 Rousseau A, Favier R, Van Dreden P. Elevated circulating soluble thrombomodulin activity, tissue factor activity and circulating procoagulant phospholipids: new and useful markers for pre-eclampsia?. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009; 146 (1) 46-49
141 Macey MG, Bevan S, Alam S , et al. Platelet activation and endogenous thrombin potential in pre-eclampsia. Thromb Res 2010; 125 (3) e76-e81
142 Erez O, Romero R, Kim S-S , et al. Over-expression of the thrombin receptor (PAR-1) in the placenta in preeclampsia: a mechanism for the intersection of coagulation and inflammation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2008; 21 (6) 345-355
143 Rafik Hamad R, Curvers J, Berntorp E, Eriksson M, Bremme K. Increased thrombin generation in women with a history of preeclampsia. Thromb Res 2009; 123 (4) 580-586
144 VanWijk MJ, Boer K, Berckmans RJ , et al. Enhanced coagulation activation in preeclampsia: the role of APC resistance, microparticles and other plasma constituents. Thromb Haemost 2002; 88 (3) 415-420
145 Lattová V, Procházka M, Procházková J , et al. Preeclampsia and thrombin generation test [in Czech]. Ceska Gynekol 2013; 78 (5) 466-472
146 Chaiworapongsa T, Yoshimatsu J, Espinoza J , et al. Evidence of in vivo generation of thrombin in patients with small-for-gestational-age fetuses and pre-eclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2002; 11 (6) 362-367
147 Rahman R, Begum K, Khondker L , et al. Role of D-dimer in determining coagulability status in pre-eclamptic and normotensive pregnant women. Mymensingh Med J 2015; 24 (1) 115-120
148 Hayashi M, Hamada Y, Ohkura T. Thrombin-antithrombin complex and alpha2-plasmin inhibitor-plasmin complex levels after cesarean section in normal pregnancies and pre-eclampsia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2003; 82 (2) 213-216
149 Bulbul M, Atalay MA, Cetinkaya Demir B, Turker G, Esmer A. Detecting coagulability status by thromboelastography in women with the history of preeclampsia and inherited thrombophilia. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2015; 42 (4) 462-468
150 Spiezia L, Bogana G, Campello E , et al. Whole blood thromboelastometry profiles in women with preeclampsia. Clin Chem Lab Med 2015; 53 (11) 1793-1798
151 Sharma SK, Philip J, Whitten CW, Padakandla UB, Landers DF. Assessment of changes in coagulation in parturients with preeclampsia using thromboelastography. Anesthesiology 1999; 90 (2) 385-390
152 Pokharel SM, Chattopadhyay SK, Jaiswal R, Shakya P. HELLP syndrome—a pregnancy disorder with poor prognosis. Nepal Med Coll J 2008; 10 (4) 260-263
153 Fakhouri F. Pregnancy-related thrombotic microangiopathies: clues from complement biology. Transfus Apheresis Sci 2016; 54 (2) 199-202
154 Pourrat O, Coudroy R, Pierre F. Differentiation between severe HELLP syndrome and thrombotic microangiopathy, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and other imitators. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2015; 189: 68-72
155 George JN, Nester CM, McIntosh JJ. Syndromes of thrombotic microangiopathy associated with pregnancy. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program) 2015; 2015: 644-648
156 Kappler S, Ronan-Bentle S, Graham A. Thrombotic microangiopathies (TTP, HUS, HELLP). Emerg Med Clin North Am 2014; 32 (3) 649-671
157 Tufano A, Coppola A, Maruotti GM, Martinelli P, Cerbone AM, Di Minno G. HELLP syndrome and its relation with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood Transfus 2014; 12 (1) 114-118
158 Whitta RK, Cox DJ, Mallett SV. Thrombelastography reveals two causes of haemorrhage in HELLP syndrome. Br J Anaesth 1995; 74 (4) 464-468
159 Gómez-Puerta JA, Cervera R. Diagnosis and classification of the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Autoimmun 2014; 48–49: 20-25
160 Bouvier S, Cochery-Nouvellon E, Lavigne-Lissalde G , et al. Comparative incidence of pregnancy outcomes in treated obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: the NOH-APS observational study. Blood 2014; 123 (3) 404-413
161 Ruffatti A, Calligaro A, Hoxha A , et al. Laboratory and clinical features of pregnant women with antiphospholipid syndrome and neonatal outcome. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010; 62 (3) 302-307
162 Ruffatti A, Tonello M, Visentin MS , et al. Risk factors for pregnancy failure in patients with anti-phospholipid syndrome treated with conventional therapies: a multicentre, case-control study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50 (9) 1684-1689
163 Singh AK. Lupus nephritis and the anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome in pregnancy. Kidney Int 2000; 58 (5) 2240-2254
164 Gris JC, Bouvier S, Molinari N , et al. Comparative incidence of a first thrombotic event in purely obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome with pregnancy loss: the NOH-APS observational study. Blood 2012; 119 (11) 2624-2632
165 Sciascia S, Sanna G, Murru V, Roccatello D, Khamashta MA, Bertolaccini ML. GAPSS: the global anti-phospholipid syndrome score. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013; 52 (8) 1397-1403
166 Merashli M, Noureldine MH, Uthman I, Khamashta M. Antiphospholipid syndrome: an update. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45 (6) 653-662
167 Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T , et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4 (2) 295-306
168 Favaloro EJ, Wong RC. Laboratory testing and identification of antiphospholipid antibodies and the antiphospholipid syndrome: a potpourri of problems, a compilation of possible solutions. Semin Thromb Hemost 2008; 34 (4) 389-410
169 Iqbal RK, Russell R. Anaesthesia for caesarean delivery in a parturient following a recent cerebrovascular event. Int J Obstet Anesth 2009; 18 (1) 55-59
170 Robertson L, Wu O, Langhorne P , et al; Thrombosis: Risk and Economic Assessment of Thrombophilia Screening (TREATS) Study. Thrombophilia in pregnancy: a systematic review. Br J Haematol 2006; 132 (2) 171-196
171 Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, Veenstra DL, Prabulos A-M, Vandvik PO ; American College of Chest Physicians. VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012; 141 (2, Suppl): e691S-e736S
172 Dizon-Townson DS, Meline L, Nelson LM, Varner M, Ward K. Fetal carriers of the factor V Leiden mutation are prone to miscarriage and placental infarction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997; 177 (2) 402-405
173 Kutteh WH. Antiphospholipid antibody-associated recurrent pregnancy loss: treatment with heparin and low-dose aspirin is superior to low-dose aspirin alone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 174 (5) 1584-1589
174 ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 102: management of stillbirth. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 113 (3) 748-761
175 Davenport WB, Kutteh WH. Inherited thrombophilias and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a review of screening patterns and recommendations. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2014; 41 (1) 133-144
176 Leduc L, Farine D, Armson BA , et al; Maternal-Fetal Medicine Committee; Clinical Practice Obstetrics Committee. Stillbirth and bereavement: guidelines for stillbirth investigation. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2006; 28 (6) 540-552
177 Kjellberg U, van Rooijen M, Bremme K, Hellgren M. Increased activation of blood coagulation in pregnant women with the Factor V Leiden mutation. Thromb Res 2014; 134 (4) 837-845
178 Antovic A, Blombäck M, Bremme K, Van Rooijen M, He S. Increased hemostasis potential persists in women with previous thromboembolism with or without APC resistance. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1 (12) 2531-2535
179 Selmeczi A, Roach RE, Móré C , et al. Thrombin generation and low-molecular-weight heparin prophylaxis in pregnant women with thrombophilia. Thromb Haemost 2015; 113 (2) 283-289
180 Miall FM, Deol PS, Barnes TA , et al. Coagulation status and complications of pregnancy. Thromb Res 2005; 115 (6) 461-467
181 Paidas MJ, Ku DH, Lee MJ, Lockwood CJ, Arkel YS. Pregnant patients with thrombophilia and subsequent adverse pregnancy outcomes have a decreased first trimester response to thrombomodulin in an activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) system. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2 (5) 840-841
182 Yang Y, Li Q, Wang Q, Ma X. Thyroid antibodies and gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2015; 104 (3) 665-71.e3
183 Gilmartin AB, Ural SH, Repke JT. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Rev Obstet Gynecol 2008; 1 (3) 129-134
184 American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2014; 37 (Suppl. 01) 81-90
185 Schneider S, Bock C, Wetzel M, Maul H, Loerbroks A. The prevalence of gestational diabetes in advanced economies. J Perinat Med 2012; 40 (5) 511-520
186 Tutino GE, Tam WH, Yang X, Chan JC, Lao TTH, Ma RCW. Diabetes and pregnancy: perspectives from Asia. Diabet Med 2014; 31 (3) 302-318
187 Allard C, Sahyouni E, Menard J , et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus identification based on self-monitoring of blood glucose. Can J Diabetes 2015; 39 (2) 162-168
188 World Health Organization. Definition and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and Intermediate Hyperglycemia. WHO; 2006
189 Jacobsen AF, Skjeldestad FE, Sandset PM. Incidence and risk patterns of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy and puerperium—a register-based case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198 (2) 233.e1-233.e7
190 Gioia S, Cerekja A, Larciprete G , et al. Gestational diabetes: is it linked to platelets hyperactivity?. Platelets 2009; 20 (2) 140-141
191 Pöyhönen-Alho M, Joutsi-Korhonen L, Lassila R, Kaaja R. Alterations of sympathetic nervous system, coagulation and platelet function in gestational diabetes. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2012; 23 (6) 508-513
192 Salamalekis E, Stamou E, Loghis C, Papageorgiou E, Papoulias I, Panayotopoulos N. Platelet reactivity is increased in mild gestational diabetes compared with normal pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 17 (3) 255-257
193 Abdel Gader AG, Khashoggi TY, Habib F, Awadallah SB. Haemostatic and cytokine changes in gestational diabetes mellitus. Gynecol Endocrinol 2011; 27 (5) 356-360
194 Akinci B, Demir T, Saygili S , et al. Gestational diabetes has no additional effect on plasma thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor antigen levels beyond pregnancy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 81 (1) 93-96
195 Winzer C, Wagner O, Festa A , et al. Plasma adiponectin, insulin sensitivity, and subclinical inflammation in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2004; 27 (7) 1721-1727
196 Gumus II, Kargili A, Karakurt F , et al. Levels of thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor in gestational diabetes mellitus. Gynecol Endocrinol 2013; 29 (4) 327-330
197 Wang W, Wang AM, Huang XQ, Jiang W, Jia XN. Thromboelastography in women with pathological pregnancies: a preliminary study. Chin Med Sci J 2014; 29 (1) 63-64
198 Henriksson P, Westerlund E, Wallén H, Brandt L, Hovatta O, Ekbom A. Incidence of pulmonary and venous thromboembolism in pregnancies after in vitro fertilisation: cross sectional study. BMJ 2013; 346: e8632
199 Hansen AT, Kesmodel US, Juul S, Hvas AM. Increased venous thrombosis incidence in pregnancies after in vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod 2014; 29 (3) 611-617
200 Nardo LG, El-Toukhy T, Stewart J, Balen AH, Potdar N. British Fertility Society Policy and Practice Committee: adjuvants in IVF: evidence for good clinical practice. Hum Fertil (Camb) 2015; 18 (1) 2-15
201 Akhtar MA, Sur S, Raine-Fenning N, Jayaprakasan K, Thornton JG, Quenby S. Heparin for assisted reproduction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 8 (8) CD009452
202 Fiedler K, Würfel W. Effectivity of heparin in assisted reproduction. Eur J Med Res 2004; 9 (4) 207-214
203 Seshadri S, Sunkara SK, Khalaf Y, El-Toukhy T, Hamoda H. Effect of heparin on the outcome of IVF treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Biomed Online 2012; 25 (6) 572-584
204 Di Nisio M, Rutjes AW, Ferrante N, Tiboni GM, Cuccurullo F, Porreca E. Thrombophilia and outcomes of assisted reproduction technologies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood 2011; 118 (10) 2670-2678
205 Ricci G, Bogatti P, Fischer-Tamaro L , et al. Factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene G20210A mutation and in vitro fertilization: prospective cohort study. Hum Reprod 2011; 26 (11) 3068-3077
206 Bremme K, Wramsby H, Andersson O, Wallin M, Blombäck M. Do lowered factor VII levels at extremely high endogenous oestradiol levels protect against thrombin formation?. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1994; 5 (2) 205-210
207 Rogolino A, Coccia ME, Fedi S , et al. Hypercoagulability, high tissue factor and low tissue factor pathway inhibitor levels in severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: possible association with clinical outcome. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2003; 14 (3) 277-282
208 Aune B, Høie KE, Oian P, Holst N, Osterud B. Does ovarian stimulation for in-vitro fertilization induce a hypercoagulable state?. Hum Reprod 1991; 6 (7) 925-927
209 Biron C, Galtier-Dereure F, Rabesandratana H , et al. Hemostasis parameters during ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization: results of a prospective study. Fertil Steril 1997; 67 (1) 104-109
210 Curvers J, Nap AW, Thomassen MC , et al. Effect of in vitro fertilization treatment and subsequent pregnancy on the protein C pathway. Br J Haematol 2001; 115 (2) 400-407
211 Westerlund E, Henriksson P, Wallén H, Hovatta O, Wallberg KR, Antovic A. Detection of a procoagulable state during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for in vitro fertilization with global assays of haemostasis. Thromb Res 2012; 130 (4) 649-653
212 Gherman RB, Goodwin TM, Leung B, Byrne JD, Hethumumi R, Montoro M. Incidence, clinical characteristics, and timing of objectively diagnosed venous thromboembolism during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 94 (5 Pt 1): 730-734
213 Brown HL, Hiett AK. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in pregnancy: diagnosis, complications, and management. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2010; 53 (2) 345-359
214 Royal College Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Reducing the risk of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the puerperium Green-top Guideline No. 37a. RCOG Press; 2015: 1-40
215 Blondon M, Perrier A, Nendaz M , et al. Thromboprophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparin after cesarean delivery. Thromb Haemost 2010; 103 (1) 129-137
216 Atalla RK, Thompson JR, Oppenheimer CA, Bell SC, Taylor DJ. Reactive thrombocytosis after caesarean section and vaginal delivery: implications for maternal thromboembolism and its prevention. BJOG 2000; 107 (3) 411-414
217 Andersson T, Lorentzen B, Hogdahl H, Clausen T, Mowinckel MC, Abildgaard U. Thrombin-inhibitor complexes in the blood during and after delivery. Thromb Res 1996; 82 (2) 109-117
218 Fassoulaki A, Staikou C. The impact of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery on coagulation assessed by thromboelastography. Int J Obstet Anesth 2013; 22 (1) 42-46
219 Sharma SK, Philip J. The effect of anesthetic techniques on blood coagulability in parturients as measured by thromboelastography. Anesth Analg 1997; 85 (1) 82-86
220 Allen RW, James MF, Uys PC. Attenuation of the pressor response to tracheal intubation in hypertensive proteinuric pregnant patients by lignocaine, alfentanil and magnesium sulphate. Br J Anaesth 1991; 66 (2) 216-223
221 Lavies NG, Meiklejohn BH, May AE, Achola KJ, Fell D. Hypertensive and catecholamine response to tracheal intubation in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension. Br J Anaesth 1989; 63 (4) 429-434
222 Delis KT, Knaggs AL, Mason P, Macleod KG. Effects of epidural-and-general anesthesia combined versus general anesthesia alone on the venous hemodynamics of the lower limb. A randomized study. Thromb Haemost 2004; 92 (5) 1003-1011
223 Butwick A, Carvalho B. The effect of colloid and crystalloid preloading on thromboelastography prior to Cesarean delivery. Can J Anaesth 2007; 54 (3) 190-195
224 Gernsheimer T, James AH, Stasi R. How I treat thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. Blood 2013; 121 (1) 38-47
225 McCrae KR. Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program) 2010; 2010: 397-402
226 Kadir RA, McLintock C. Thrombocytopenia and disorders of platelet function in pregnancy. Semin Thromb Hemost 2011; 37 (6) 640-652
227 Bockenstedt PL. Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2011; 25 (2) 293-310 , vii–viii
228 Carmeille R, Degrelle SA, Plawinski L , et al. Annexin-A5 promotes membrane resealing in human trophoblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1853 (9) 2033-2044
229 Tripodi A. Thrombin generation assay and its application in the clinical laboratory. Clin Chem 2016; 62 (5) 699-707
230 Olson JD. D-Dimer: An overview of hemostasis and fibrinolysis, assays, and clinical applications. Adv Clin Chem 2015; 69: 1-46
231 Shore-Lesserson L, Manspeizer HE, DePerio M, Francis S, Vela-Cantos F, Ergin MA. Thromboelastography-guided transfusion algorithm reduces transfusions in complex cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 1999; 88 (2) 312-319