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CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 21(03): 286-296
DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584294
Systematic Review
Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Treatment Challenges of Group A Beta-hemolytic Streptococcal Pharyngo-Tonsillitis

Itzhak Brook
1   Department of Pediatrics / Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
› Author Affiliations
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Publication History

06 February 2016

12 April 2016

Publication Date:
03 June 2016 (online)

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Abstract

Introduction Despite its in vitro efficacy, penicillin often fails to eradicate Group A β-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) from patients with acute and relapsing pharyngo-tonsillitis (PT).

Objective This review of the literature details the causes of penicillin failure to eradicate GABHS PT and the therapeutic modalities to reduce and overcome antimicrobial failure.

Data Synthesis The causes of penicillin failure in eradicating GABHS PT include the presence of β lactamase producing bacteria (BLPB) that “protect” GABHS from any penicillin; the absence of bacteria that interfere with the growth of GABHS; co-aggregation between GABHS and Moraxella catarrhalis; and the poor penetration of penicillin into the tonsillar tissues and the tonsillo-pharyngeal cells, which allows intracellular GABHS and Staphylococcus aureus to survive. The inadequate intracellular penetration of penicillin can allow intracellular GABHS and S. aureus to persist. In the treatment of acute tonsillitis, the use of cephalosporin can overcome these interactions by eradicating aerobic BLPB (including M. catarrhalis), while preserving the potentially interfering organisms and eliminating GABHS.

Conclusion In treatment of recurrent and chronic PT, the administration of clindamycin, or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, can eradicate both aerobic and anaerobic BLPB, as well as GABHS. The superior intracellular penetration of cephalosporin and clindamycin also enhances their efficacy against intracellular GABHS and S. aureus.

Keywords

tonsillitis - penicillin - cephalosporins - clindamycin - streptococcus pyogenes
 

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