Use of Conventional and Advanced MRI Techniques in Accidental Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has a complex and dynamic pathophysiology, and neuroimaging plays a critical role in its evaluation in the acute, subacute, and chronic settings. Here, we describe technical advancements in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques that promote use of MRI for acute TBI in children to avoid radiation exposure. We also discuss the value of using advanced MR imaging techniques for research in children with TBI.

Keywords

traumatic brain injury - pediatric - children - head trauma

• References

• 1 Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Thomas KE. Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta; 2006
• 2 Ryan ME, Palasis S, Saigal G , et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria head trauma—child. J Am Coll Radiol 2014; 11 (10) 939-947
• 3 Kuppermann N, Holmes JF, Dayan PS , et al; Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN). Identification of children at very low risk of clinically-important brain injuries after head trauma: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2009; 374 (9696) 1160-1170 [ Erratum in: Lancet. 2014 Jan 25;383(9914):308. PubMed PMID: 19758692]
• 4 Dunning J, Daly JP, Lomas JP, Lecky F, Batchelor J, Mackway-Jones K ; Children's Head Injury Algorithm for the Prediction of Important Clinical Events Study Group. Derivation of the children's head injury algorithm for the prediction of important clinical events decision rule for head injury in children. Arch Dis Child 2006; 91 (11) 885-891
• 5 Osmond MH, Klassen TP, Wells GA , et al; Pediatric Emergency Research Canada (PERC) Head Injury Study Group. CATCH: a clinical decision rule for the use of computed tomography in children with minor head injury. CMAJ 2010; 182 (4) 341-348
• 6 Fiser SM, Johnson SB, Fortune JB. Resource utilization in traumatic brain injury: the role of magnetic resonance imaging. Am Surg 1998; 64 (11) 1088-1093
• 7 Malviya S, Voepel-Lewis T, Eldevik OP, Rockwell DT, Wong JH, Tait AR. Sedation and general anaesthesia in children undergoing MRI and CT: adverse events and outcomes. Br J Anaesth 2000; 84 (6) 743-748
• 8 Roguski M, Morel B, Sweeney M , et al. Magnetic resonance imaging as an alternative to computed tomography in select patients with traumatic brain injury: a retrospective comparison. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2015; 15 (5) 529-534
• 9 Datta S, Stoodley N, Jayawant S, Renowden S, Kemp A. Neuroradiological aspects of subdural haemorrhages. Arch Dis Child 2005; 90 (9) 947-951
• 10 Kemp AM, Rajaram S, Mann M , et al; Welsh Child Protection Systematic Review Group. What neuroimaging should be performed in children in whom inflicted brain injury (iBI) is suspected? A systematic review. Clin Radiol 2009; 64 (5) 473-483
• 11 Buttram SD, Garcia-Filion P, Miller J , et al. Computed tomography vs magnetic resonance imaging for identifying acute lesions in pediatric traumatic brain injury. Hosp Pediatr 2015; 5 (2) 79-84
• 12 Huisman TA, Sorensen AG, Hergan K, Gonzalez RG, Schaefer PW. Diffusion-weighted imaging for the evaluation of diffuse axonal injury in closed head injury. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2003; 27 (1) 5-11
• 13 Galloway NR, Tong KA, Ashwal S, Oyoyo U, Obenaus A. Diffusion-weighted imaging improves outcome prediction in pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2008; 25 (10) 1153-1162
• 14 Ashwal S, Holshouser BA, Tong KA. Use of advanced neuroimaging techniques in the evaluation of pediatric traumatic brain injury. Dev Neurosci 2006; 28 (4–5) 309-326
• 15 Tong KA, Ashwal S, Holshouser BA , et al. Hemorrhagic shearing lesions in children and adolescents with posttraumatic diffuse axonal injury: improved detection and initial results. Radiology 2003; 227 (2) 332-339
• 16 Tong KA, Ashwal S, Holshouser BA , et al. Diffuse axonal injury in children: clinical correlation with hemorrhagic lesions. Ann Neurol 2004; 56 (1) 36-50
• 17 Scheid R, Preul C, Gruber O, Wiggins C, von Cramon DY. Diffuse axonal injury associated with chronic traumatic brain injury: evidence from T2*-weighted gradient-echo imaging at 3 T. Am J Neuroradiol 2003; 24 (6) 1049-1056
• 18 Beauchamp MH, Ditchfield M, Babl FE , et al. Detecting traumatic brain lesions in children: CT versus MRI versus susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI). J Neurotrauma 2011; 28 (6) 915-927
• 19 Babikian T, Freier MC, Tong KA , et al. Susceptibility weighted imaging: neuropsychologic outcome and pediatric head injury. Pediatr Neurol 2005; 33 (3) 184-194
• 20 Wiesmann M, Mayer TE, Yousry I, Medele R, Hamann GF, Brückmann H. Detection of hyperacute subarachnoid hemorrhage of the brain by using magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosurg 2002; 96 (4) 684-689
• 21 Bakshi R, Kamran S, Kinkel PR , et al. Fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery MR imaging in acute and subacute cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage. Am J Neuroradiol 1999; 20 (4) 629-636
• 22 Adams JH, Doyle D, Ford I, Gennarelli TA, Graham DI, McLellan DR. Diffuse axonal injury in head injury: definition, diagnosis and grading. Histopathology 1989; 15 (1) 49-59
• 23 Gentry LR, Godersky JC, Thompson B, Dunn VD. Prospective comparative study of intermediate-field MR and CT in the evaluation of closed head trauma. Am J Roentgenol 1988; 150 (3) 673-682
• 24 Sigmund GA, Tong KA, Nickerson JP, Wall CJ, Oyoyo U, Ashwal S. Multimodality comparison of neuroimaging in pediatric traumatic brain injury. Pediatr Neurol 2007; 36 (4) 217-226
• 25 Ashley Jr WW, McKinstry RC, Leonard JR, Smyth MD, Lee BC, Park TS. Use of rapid-sequence magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of hydrocephalus in children. J Neurosurg 2005; 103 (2, Suppl): 124-130
• 26 O'Neill BR, Pruthi S, Bains H , et al. Rapid sequence magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of children with hydrocephalus. World Neurosurg 2013; 80 (6) e307-e312
• 27 Thompson EM, Baird LC, Selden NR. Results of a North American survey of rapid-sequence MRI utilization to evaluate cerebral ventricles in children. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2014; 13 (6) 636-640
• 28 Mehta H, Acharya J, Mohan AL, Tobias ME, LeCompte L, Jeevan D. Minimizing Radiation Exposure in Evaluation of Pediatric Head Trauma: Use of Rapid MR Imaging. Am J Neuroradiol 2016; 37 (1) 11-18
• 29 Cohen AR, Caruso P, Duhaime AC, Klig JE. Feasibility of “rapid” magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric acute head injury. Am J Emerg Med 2015; 33 (7) 887-890
• 30 Hesselink JR, Dowd CF, Healy ME, Hajek P, Baker LL, Luerssen TG. MR imaging of brain contusions: a comparative study with CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1988; 150 (5) 1133-1142
• 31 Bradley Jr WG. MR appearance of hemorrhage in the brain. Radiology 1993; 189 (1) 15-26
• 32 Lew SM, Frumiento C, Wald SL. Pediatric blunt carotid injury: a review of the National Pediatric Trauma Registry. Pediatr Neurosurg 1999; 30 (5) 239-244
• 33 Tolhurst SR, Vanderhave KL, Caird MS , et al. Cervical arterial injury after blunt trauma in children: characterization and advanced imaging. J Pediatr Orthop 2013; 33 (1) 37-42
• 34 Jones TS, Burlew CC, Kornblith LZ , et al. Blunt cerebrovascular injuries in the child. Am J Surg 2012; 204 (1) 7-10
• 35 Biffl WL, Ray Jr CE, Moore EE, Mestek M, Johnson JL, Burch JM. Noninvasive diagnosis of blunt cerebrovascular injuries: a preliminary report. J Trauma 2002; 53 (5) 850-856
• 36 Rogers FB, Baker EF, Osler TM, Shackford SR, Wald SL, Vieco P. Computed tomographic angiography as a screening modality for blunt cervical arterial injuries: preliminary results. J Trauma 1999; 46 (3) 380-385
• 37 Cohnen M, Wittsack HJ, Assadi S , et al. Radiation exposure of patients in comprehensive computed tomography of the head in acute stroke. Am J Neuroradiol 2006; 27 (8) 1741-1745
• 38 Wintermark M, Sanelli PC, Anzai Y, Tsiouris AJ, Whitlow CT ; American College of Radiology Head Injury Institute. Imaging evidence and recommendations for traumatic brain injury: advanced neuro- and neurovascular imaging techniques. Am J Neuroradiol 2015; 36 (2) E1-E11
• 39 Hulkower MB, Poliak DB, Rosenbaum SB, Zimmerman ME, Lipton ML. A decade of DTI in traumatic brain injury: 10 years and 100 articles later. Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 34 (11) 2064-2074
• 40 Eierud C, Craddock RC, Fletcher S , et al. Neuroimaging after mild traumatic brain injury: review and meta-analysis. Neuroimage Clin 2014; 4: 283-294
• 41 Oni MB, Wilde EA, Bigler ED , et al. Diffusion tensor imaging analysis of frontal lobes in pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Child Neurol 2010; 25 (8) 976-984
• 42 Treble A, Hasan KM, Iftikhar A , et al. Working memory and corpus callosum microstructural integrity after pediatric traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor tractography study. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30 (19) 1609-1619
• 43 Levin HS, Wilde EA, Chu Z , et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in relation to cognitive and functional outcome of traumatic brain injury in children. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2008; 23 (4) 197-208
• 44 McCauley SR, Wilde EA, Bigler ED , et al. Diffusion tensor imaging of incentive effects in prospective memory after pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28 (4) 503-516
• 45 Jensen JH, Helpern JA, Ramani A, Lu H, Kaczynski K. Diffusional kurtosis imaging: the quantification of non-gaussian water diffusion by means of magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med 2005; 53 (6) 1432-1440
• 46 Veraart J, Poot DH, Van Hecke W , et al. More accurate estimation of diffusion tensor parameters using diffusion Kurtosis imaging. Magn Reson Med 2011; 65 (1) 138-145
• 47 Zhuo J, Keledjian K, Xu S , et al. Changes in Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in a Direct Cranial Blast Traumatic Brain Injury (dc-bTBI) Model. PLoS ONE 2015; 10 (8) e0136151
• 48 Grossman EJ, Ge Y, Jensen JH , et al. Thalamus and cognitive impairment in mild traumatic brain injury: a diffusional kurtosis imaging study. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29 (13) 2318-2327
• 49 Grossman EJ, Jensen JH, Babb JS , et al. Cognitive impairment in mild traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal diffusional kurtosis and perfusion imaging study. Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 34 (5) 951-957 , S1–S3
• 50 Holshouser BA, Tong KA, Ashwal S. Proton MR spectroscopic imaging depicts diffuse axonal injury in children with traumatic brain injury. Am J Neuroradiol 2005; 26 (5) 1276-1285
• 51 Cohen BA, Inglese M, Rusinek H, Babb JS, Grossman RI, Gonen O. Proton MR spectroscopy and MRI-volumetry in mild traumatic brain injury. Am J Neuroradiol 2007; 28 (5) 907-913
• 52 Friedman SD, Brooks WM, Jung RE , et al. Quantitative proton MRS predicts outcome after traumatic brain injury. Neurology 1999; 52 (7) 1384-1391
• 53 Friedman SD, Brooks WM, Jung RE, Hart BL, Yeo RA. Proton MR spectroscopic findings correspond to neuropsychological function in traumatic brain injury. Am J Neuroradiol 1998; 19 (10) 1879-1885
• 54 Brenner T, Freier MC, Holshouser BA, Burley T, Ashwal S. Predicting neuropsychologic outcome after traumatic brain injury in children. Pediatr Neurol 2003; 28 (2) 104-114
• 55 Lin AP, Ramadan S, Stern RA , et al. Changes in the neurochemistry of athletes with repetitive brain trauma: preliminary results using localized correlated spectroscopy. Alzheimers Res Ther 2015; 7 (1) 13
• 56 Chamoun R, Suki D, Gopinath SP, Goodman JC, Robertson C. Role of extracellular glutamate measured by cerebral microdialysis in severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 2010; 113 (3) 564-570
• 57 Ferrerosa L, Stein TD, McKee AC. Increased neuroinflammation in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Boston MA: In: BUSM Medical Student Summer Research Symposium; 2013. Available at: http://www.bumc.bu.edu/enrichment/files/2013/01/ferrerosa-lauren.pdf . Last accessed February 28, 2016
• 58 Ogawa S, Lee TM. Magnetic resonance imaging of blood vessels at high fields: in vivo and in vitro measurements and image simulation. Magn Reson Med 1990; 16 (1) 9-18
• 59 Krivitzky LS, Roebuck-Spencer TM, Roth RM, Blackstone K, Johnson CP, Gioia G. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of working memory and response inhibition in children with mild traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2011; 17 (6) 1143-1152
• 60 Newsome MR, Scheibel RS, Hunter JV , et al. Brain activation during working memory after traumatic brain injury in children. Neurocase 2007; 13 (1) 16-24
• 61 Yang Z, Yeo RA, Pena A , et al. An FMRI study of auditory orienting and inhibition of return in pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29 (12) 2124-2136
• 62 Han K, Chapman SB, Krawczyk DC. Disrupted intrinsic connectivity among default, dorsal attention, and frontoparietal control networks in individuals with chronic traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2016; 22 (2) 263-279
• 63 Risen SR, Barber AD, Mostofsky SH, Suskauer SJ. Altered functional connectivity in children with mild to moderate TBI relates to motor control. J Pediatr Rehabil Med 2015; 8 (4) 309-319