Self-Assessment Questions

This section provides a review. Mark each statement on the Answer Sheet according to the factual materials contained in this issue and the opinions of the authors.

Article One (pp. 3–9)

1. Big Data refers to

   • large volumes of electronic records

   • social media data

   • ways of extracting patterns from unstructured data

   • all of the above

2. Which statement best characterizes the Collaboration of Aphasia Trialists?

   • It is a documentation system of patients in acute care settings in the United States.

   • It is a collaboration of speechlanguage pathologists who serve individuals with aphasia in the United States.

   • It is a Big Data repository of multimedia discourse samples of individuals with aphasia.

   • It is a partnership between multidisciplinary researchers focusing on aphasia aimed at sharing methodologies and scientific findings across Europe.

3. The goal of the Alzheimer's Disease Big Data Dream Challenge was to

   • stratify Alzheimer disease patient data into subgroups based on severity of cognitive impairment

   • identify predictive biomarkers to Alzheimer disease

   • create a Big Data repository of neuroimaging scans of individuals with Alzheimer disease

   • none of the above

4. Which statement best describes the current state of Big Data for aphasia?

   • There is no Big Data pertaining to aphasia.

   • The only Big Data consists of discourse samples.

   • The lack of data analysis tools limits the utility of Big Data discourse samples.

   • There are multiple Big Data sets, including those with language samples, intervention dosage, and functional recovery data.

5. What are some challenges to Big Data approaches in adult neurorehabilitation?

   • Patient privacy and standardization of data collection protocols

   • Inadequate expertise

   • Individual heterogeneity

   • Small sample sizes

   Article Two (pp. 10–22)

6. AphasiaBank is

   • a collection of treatment approaches for aphasia

   • a center for individuals and families with aphasia

   • a computer program for automated linguistic analysis of aphasia

   • a shared multimedia database for the study of communication in aphasia

   • a fund for aphasia research

7. CLAN is

   • a set of programs designed to analyze data transcribed in the CHAT format

   • a database of family-based language interactions

   • a computer program designed to differentially diagnose aphasia

   • a statistical program for linguistic analysis

   • a speech recognition tool for use in aphasia and other disorders of language

8. AphasiaBank data

   • include mostly audio and only a few video samples

   • do not include any adults without aphasia

   • are used by members who pay an annual fee

   • are for university researchers only

   • are open to speech-language pathologists and related professionals who request membership for research and educational purposes

9. Research from AphasiaBank has shown that

   • confrontation naming test scores are good predictors of the proportion of paraphasias in connected speech

   • lexical diversity scores are the same across all types of discourse tasks for aphasic and nonaphasic participants

   • individuals with aphasia use more gestures than nonaphasic participants in a storytelling task

   • type of aphasia has no influence on types of gestures used in a storytelling task

   • the use of more gestures is associated with better discourse production in aphasia

10. Fergadiotis and colleagues have used statistical techniques and modeling of AphasiaBank data to compare four measures of

    • lexical diversity

    • paraphasic errors

    • rate of speech

    • syntactic complexity

    • idea density

    Article Three (pp. 23–33)

11. In aphasia, verb retrieval deficits have been most closely associated with

    • noun retrieval deficit

    • semantic paraphasias

    • agrammatism

    • jargon

    • executive dysfunction

12. Compared with heavy verbs, light verbs are

    • semantically underspecified

    • syntactically complex

    • highly frequent

    • all of the above

    • none of the above

13. Gordon and Dell's (2003) “division of labor” hypothesis proposes

    • light verb retrieval relies on syntactic mechanisms

    • light verb retrieval relies on semantic mechanisms

    • verb retrieval has an inverse relationship with noun retrieval

    • narrative language is biased against use of light verbs

    • persons with aphasia will not have a light verb deficit

14. In this study, the authors tested the division of labor hypothesis by

    • examining picture naming of verbs

    • automated analysis of narratives in the AphasiaBank corpus

    • comparing automated and manual methods of narrative analysis of the AphasiaBank corpus

    • comparing comprehension of light and heavy verbs in sentence contexts

    • examining verb retrieval in different subtypes of aphasia

15. The main findings of this study are

    • heavy verb use is associated negatively with semantic and positively with syntactic complexity

    • light and heavy verb use could not be predicted by other variables

    • remediating verb retrieval improves sentence production

    • neurologically healthy persons produced significantly more light verbs than persons with aphasia

    • light verb use is associated negatively with semantic and positively with syntactic complexity

    Article Four (pp. 34–47)

16. Which statement does not characterize analysis of spontaneous speech as a research method?

    • It allows study of spontaneous choice of lexical items.

    • It allows study of spontaneous choice of grammatical structures.

    • It can be based on different types of discourse (narrative, conversation, etc.).

    • It allows study of which lexical items/grammatical structures are avoided by the speaker.

    • It is strictly experimentally controlled.

17. Verb use in people with aphasia can be assessed with regard to which of the following?

    • Inflection errors

    • Number of argument errors

    • Number of arguments used

    • Subcategorization options used

    • All of the above

18. The number of subcategorization options refers to

    • the number of the verb's arguments

    • the number of different types of grammatical constituents (such as a noun phrase, a clause, etc.) that can complement the verb

    • the number of the verb's meanings

    • the number of fixed phrases containing the verb

    • none of the above

19. Based on the findings of the present study, do people with aphasia differ from control participants in their choice and use of verbs, with respect to verb argument structure?

    • No, there are no differences.

    • The only difference is that people with aphasia use shorter and more frequent verbs.

    • Yes; although people with aphasia tend to use verbs of similar or even greater complexity, many people with aphasia use these verbs in simpler and less diverse sentence constructions.

    • Yes, people with aphasia cannot access any verbs with complex verb argument structure.

    • Yes, people with aphasia use verbs with fewer subcategorization options than control participants.

20. Which of the following speech therapy tasks would be the least appropriate for a patient who can retrieve a verb but cannot use it correctly and/or diversely in sentences?

    • Picture description with the use of the target verb

    • Making a functionally relevant sentence with the target verb

    • Single-word naming of a picture eliciting the target verb

    • Correcting inflection errors in sentences with the target verb

    • Making five sentences with the target verb and different types of arguments

    Article Five (pp. 48–60)

21. Which of the following factors does not influence the extent of language recovery in individuals with poststroke aphasia?

    • Lesion size

    • Time poststroke

    • Gender

    • Initial severity of impairment

22. Which of the following is not true about studies that have examined the influence of intensity of treatment?

    • More-intense treatment results in better outcomes in patients with chronic aphasia.

    • Less-intense treatment results in better outcomes in patients with chronic aphasia.

    • More-intense treatment results in better outcomes in patients with acute aphasia.

    • More-intense treatment is not different than standard weekly treatment.

23. The advantages of Big Data in understanding rehabilitation includes

    • stratifying patient data into subgroups to understand what treatments work, for specific types of patients

    • the replacement of speech-language clinicians in therapy

    • regulation of rehabilitation services

    • none of the above

24. In the study that examined the influence of self-administered hints,

    • patients with more severe impairment used more hints that were beneficial to them

    • patients with less severe impairment used more hints that were not beneficial to them

    • all patients used hints that were beneficial to them

    • patients with more severe impairment used more hints that were not always beneficial to them

25. When examining data from hundreds of patients or more, which of the following influences severity of impairment?

    • Irrespective of targeted treatment, patients with severe impairment do not improve after treatment.

    • When provided with targeted treatment, patients with severe impairment show improvements after treatment.

    • When provided with targeted treatment, patients with severe impairment do not improve after treatment.

    • Severity does not influence treatment outcomes.