Download PDF
Int J Angiol 2015; 24(03): 205-209
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1556842
Review Article
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Carotid Artery Stenting–Historical Context, Trends, and Innovations

Miloslav Spacek
1   Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Motol, 2nd Medical School, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
,
Josef Veselka
1   Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Motol, 2nd Medical School, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
19 August 2015 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Surgical carotid endarterectomy (CEA) has been proven effective in both primary and secondary stroke prevention and, until recently, has been considered the standard treatment approach for patients with severe carotid artery disease. Because of its technical limitations and less favorable outcomes, carotid artery stenting (CAS) has been offered preferably to patients considered to be too comorbid to undergo surgical treatment. However, CAS has evolved over time into a reliable method and is currently considered an alternative to CEA. The aim of this review was to discuss the historical aspects, trends, and innovations in CAS.

Keywords

carotid stenting - carotid endarterectomy - emboli protection device - carotid stents
 

  • References

  • 1 Donnan GA, Fisher M, Macleod M, Davis SM. Stroke. Lancet 2008; 371 (9624) 1612-1623
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Sacco RL, Kargman DE, Gu Q, Zamanillo MC. Race-ethnicity and determinants of intracranial atherosclerotic cerebral infarction. The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke 1995; 26 (1) 14-20
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Ringleb PA, Allenberg J, Brückmann H , et al; SPACE Collaborative Group. 30 day results from the SPACE trial of stent-protected angioplasty versus carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2006; 368 (9543) 1239-1247
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Mas JL, Chatellier G, Beyssen B , et al; EVA-3S Investigators. Endarterectomy versus stenting in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 2006; 355 (16) 1660-1671
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 DeBakey ME. Carotid endarterectomy revisited. J Endovasc Surg 1996; 3 (1) 4
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Eastcott HH, Pickering GW, Rob CG. Reconstruction of internal carotid artery in a patient with intermittent attacks of hemiplegia. Lancet 1954; 267 (6846) 994-996
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 1991; 325 (7) 445-453
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 European Carotid Surgery Trialistś Collaborative Group. MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial: interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70-99%) or with mild (0-29%) carotid stenosis. European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group. Lancet 1991; 337 (8752) 1235-1243
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA 1995; 273 (18) 1421-1428
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Halliday AW, Thomas D, Mansfield A ; Steering Committee. The Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial (ACST). Rationale and design. Eur J Vasc Surg 1994; 8 (6) 703-710
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Mathias K. Perkutane transluminale Katheterbehandlung supraaortaler Arterienobstruktionen. Angiology 1981; 3: 47-50
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Endovascular versus surgical treatment in patients with carotid stenosis in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS): a randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 357 (9270) 1729-1737
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Yadav JS, Wholey MH, Kuntz RE , et al; Stenting and Angioplasty with Protection in Patients at High Risk for Endarterectomy Investigators. Protected carotid-artery stenting versus endarterectomy in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2004; 351 (15) 1493-1501
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Bonati LH, Dobson J, Featherstone RL , et al; International Carotid Stenting Study investigators. Long-term outcomes after stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of symptomatic carotid stenosis: the International Carotid Stenting Study (ICSS) randomised trial. Lancet 2015; 385 (9967) 529-538
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Brott TG, Hobson II RW, Howard G , et al; CREST Investigators. Stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 2010; 363 (1) 11-23
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Brott TG, Halperin JL, Abbara S , et al. 2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS Guideline on the Management of Patients With Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Stroke Association, American Association of Neuroscience Nurses, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery, Society for Vascular Medicine, and Society for Vascular Surgery Developed in Collaboration With the American Academy of Neurology and Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57: e16-e94
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 White CJ, Iyer SS, Hopkins LN, Katzen BT, Russell ME ; BEACH Trial Investigators. Carotid stenting with distal protection in high surgical risk patients: the BEACH trial 30 day results. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2006; 67 (4) 503-512
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Setacci C, Chisci E, Setacci F, Iacoponi F, de Donato G, Rossi A. Siena carotid artery stenting score: a risk modelling study for individual patients. Stroke 2010; 41 (6) 1259-1265
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Spacek M, Veselka J. Bovine arch. Arch Med Sci 2012; 8 (1) 166-167
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Harrod-Kim P, Kadkhodayan Y, Derdeyn CP, Cross III DT, Moran CJ. Outcomes of carotid angioplasty and stenting for radiation-associated stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005; 26 (7) 1781-1788
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Favre JP, Nourissat A, Duprey A, Nourissat G, Albertini JN, Becquemin JP ; Association Universitaire de Recherche en Chirurgie Vasculaire. Endovascular treatment for carotid artery stenosis after neck irradiation. J Vasc Surg 2008; 48 (4) 852-858
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Bryant MF. Anatomic considerations in carotid endarterectomy. Surg Clin North Am 1974; 54 (6) 1291-1296
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Hans SS, Shah S, Hans B. Carotid endarterectomy for high plaques. Am J Surg 1989; 157 (4) 431-434 , discussion 434–435
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Veselka J, Cerná D, Zimolová P , et al. Thirty-day outcomes of direct carotid artery stenting with cerebral protection in high-risk patients. Circ J 2007; 71 (9) 1468-1472
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Spacek M, Zimolova P, Veselka J. Carotid artery stenting without post-dilation. J Interv Cardiol 2012; 25 (2) 190-196
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Montorsi P, Caputi L, Galli S , et al. Microembolization during carotid artery stenting in patients with high-risk, lipid-rich plaque. A randomized trial of proximal versus distal cerebral protection. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58 (16) 1656-1663
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Spacek M, Veselka J. Microembolization following balloon deflation during proximally protected carotid artery stenting-a potential focus of procedure improvement?. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2014; 83 (7) 1185-1186
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Clair DG, Hopkins LN, Mehta M , et al; EMPiRE Clinical Study Investigators. Neuroprotection during carotid artery stenting using the GORE flow reversal system: 30-day outcomes in the EMPiRE Clinical Study. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 77 (3) 420-429
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Parodi JC, Schönholz C, Parodi FE, Sicard G, Ferreira LM. Initial 200 cases of carotid artery stenting using a reversal-of-flow cerebral protection device. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2007; 48 (2) 117-124
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Bijuklic K, Wandler A, Hazizi F, Schofer J. The PROFI study (Prevention of Cerebral Embolization by Proximal Balloon Occlusion Compared to Filter Protection During Carotid Artery Stenting): a prospective randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59 (15) 1383-1389
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Pinter L, Ribo M, Loh C , et al. Safety and feasibility of a novel transcervical access neuroprotection system for carotid artery stenting in the PROOF Study. J Vasc Surg 2011; 54 (5) 1317-1323
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 de Donato G, Setacci F, Sirignano P, Galzerano G, Cappelli A, Setacci C. Optical coherence tomography after carotid stenting: rate of stent malapposition, plaque prolapse and fibrous cap rupture according to stent design. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2013; 45 (6) 579-587
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Schofer J, Arendt M, Tübler T, Sandstede J, Schlüter M. Late cerebral embolization after emboli-protected carotid artery stenting assessed by sequential diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2008; 1 (5) 571-577
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar