Medikamentöse Therapiemöglichkeiten bei vestibulären Störungen, Nystagmus und zerebellären Ataxien

Zusammenfassung

Zur Pharmakotherapie von vestibulären Erkrankungen kommen im Wesentlichen folgende Wirkstoffgruppen zum Einsatz: Antivertiginosa, Antikonvulsiva, Antidepressiva, Antiphlogistika, Anti-Menière-wirksame Substanzen, Migräneprophylaktika, Aminopyridine (Kaliumkanalblocker) und Acetyl-DL-Leucin (eine modifizierte essenzielle Aminosäure). Die Behandlung des Symptoms Schwindel und der begleitenden vegetativen Beschwerden wie Übelkeit, Brechreiz oder Erbrechen sollte zeitlich stets begrenzt werden. Bei einem akuten einseitigen Vestibularisausfall verbessern Kortikosteroide die Erholung der peripher vestibulären Funktion, ohne ausreichende Evidenz für eine allgemeine Empfehlung.

Für die Wirksamkeit von Betahistin (16 mg dreimal täglich oder 48 mg dreimal täglich) bei Morbus Menière gibt es bislang keine ausreichende Evidenz, ggf. sollten hierbei höhere Dosierungen angestrebt werden – insbesondere, da in tierexperimentellen Studien eine Verbesserung der Durchblutung des Innenohrs nachgewiesen wurde. Bei der Vestibularisparoxysmie sind Carbamazepin/Oxcarbazepin wahrscheinlich wirksam, es fehlen aber noch randomisierte kontrollierte Studien (RCTs) dazu. Bei der vestibulären Migräne gibt es bislang keine RCTs zur Wirksamkeit von Betablockern oder Topiramat, so dass hier aufgrund von klinischen Erfahrungen die Therapie in Analogie zur Migräne ohne Aura empfohlen wird.

Aminopyridine werden für die Behandlung von Patienten mit Downbeat-Nystagmus (2 RCTs) und der episodischen Ataxie Typ 2 (EA2, 1 RCT) empfohlen. Die Wirksamkeit von Aminopyridinen wurde in tierexperimentellen und funktionellen Bildgebungsstudien evaluiert. Acetyl-DL-Leucin, eine modifizierte essenzielle Aminosäure, verbessert die klinischen Symptome der zerebellären Ataxie (bisher 3 Beobachtungsstudien). Nach tierexperimentellen Studien beschleunigt es auch die zentrale Kompensation vestibulärer Störungen; randomisierte klinische Studien dazu waren negativ.

Derzeit werden die folgenden klinischen RCTs zu verschiedenen Erkrankungen durchgeführt: Vestibularisparoxysmie (Carbamazepin, VesPa), akute einseitige Vestibulopathie/Neuritis vestibularis (Betahistin, BETAVEST), vestibuläre Migräne (Metoprolol, PROVEMIG), BPPV (Vitamin D, VitD@BPPV), EA2 (Aminopyridin vs. Acetazolamid, EAT-2-TREAT) und zerebelläre Ataxien (Acetyl-DL-Leucin, ALCAT).

Abstract

There are currently different groups of drugs for the pharmacotherapy of vertigo, nystagmus and cerebellar disorders: antiemetics; anti-inflammatories, antimenieres, and antimigraineous medications and antidepressants, anticonvulsants, aminopyridines as well as acetyl-DL-leucine. In acute unilateral vestibulopathy, corticosteroids improve the recovery of peripheral vestibular function, but currently there is not sufficient evidence for a general recommendation. There is insufficient evidence to support the view that 16 mg t. i. d. or 48 mg t. i. d. betahistine has an effect in Menière’s disease. Therefore, higher dosages are recommended. In animal studies, it was shown that betahistine increases cochlear blood flow. In vestibular paroxysmia, oxcarbazepine was effective (one randomized controlled trial (RCT)). Aminopyridines are recommended for the treatment of downbeat nystagmus (two RCTs) and episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2, one RCT). There has been no RCT on the efficacy of beta-blockers or topiramate but one RCT on flunarizine in vestibular migraine. Based on clinical experience, a treatment analogous to that for migraine without aura can be recommended. Acetyl-DL-leucine improved cerebellar ataxia (two observational studies); it also accelerated central compensation in an animal model of acute unilateral lesion, but RCTs were negative. There are ongoing RCTs on treatment of vestibular paroxysmia with carbamazepine (VESPA), acute unilateral vestibulopathy with betahistine (BETAVEST), vestibular migraine with metoprolol (PROVEMIG), benign paroxysmal positional vertigo with vitamin D (VitD@BPPV), EA2 with 4-aminopyridine versus acetazolamide (EAT-2-TREAT), and cerebellar ataxias with acetyl-DL-leucine (ALCAT).

Schlüsselwörter

vestibuläre Erkrankungen - Therapie - Nystagmus - Aminopyridine - zerebelläre Ataxien - Acetyl-DL-Leucin

Key words

vestibular disorders - therapy - nystagmus - aminopyridines - cerebellar ataxia - acetyl-DL-leucine

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