Download PDF
Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2015; 83(1): 18-29
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1398758
Übersicht
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Effekte kombinierten kognitiven und physischen Trainings auf die Kognition gesunder älterer Menschen: ein Literaturüberblick

Effects of Combined Cognitive and Physical Training on Cognition of Healthy Older Adults: A Literature Review
J. Rahe
1   Institut für Gerontologie, Psychologische Gerontologie & Center für neuropsychologische Diagnostik und Intervention (CeNDI), Universität Vechta
,
E. Kalbe
1   Institut für Gerontologie, Psychologische Gerontologie & Center für neuropsychologische Diagnostik und Intervention (CeNDI), Universität Vechta
2   Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Uniklinik Köln
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

14 August 2014

08 December 2014

Publication Date:
20 January 2015 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

Zusammenfassung

Positive Effekte kognitiver und physischer Trainings auf die Kognition gesunder älterer Menschen sind gut belegt. Zunehmend wird diskutiert, ob durch deren Kombination stärkere Effekte erreicht werden können. In dieser Arbeit wird der Forschungsstand dazu aufgearbeitet. Vier randomisierte kontrollierte Studien (RCTs) und vier kontrollierte Studien wurden gefunden. In drei Studien, jedoch keiner RCT, wurde tatsächlich eine Überlegenheit von kombiniertem Training im Vergleich zu Einzelinterventionen in Bezug auf die Kognition gefunden. Wenngleich also positive Hinweise vorliegen, ist der Forschungsstand aufgrund der insgesamt geringen Studienzahl, des Mangels an Evidenz aus RCTs und der mangelnden Vergleichbarkeit der Studien hinsichtlich der Studiendesigns, der Art der Intervention und der Messzeitpunkte als unzureichend zu bewerten. Forschungslücken werden aufgezeigt, wesentliche Aspekte für zukünftige Studien genannt und mögliche neurobiologische Mechanismen von Trainingseffekten diskutiert.

Abstract

There is significant evidence for the positive effects of cognitive and physical training on cognition in healthy older adults. Recently, it has been discussed whether stronger effects could be reached with a combination of both interventions. This review analyses the current state of research about this topic. Four randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and four controlled trials were found. Three of these studies (none of which were RCTs) in fact showed the superiority of combined training when compared to single interventions. However, even if positive evidence exists, the current state of research has to be evaluated as insufficient due to the small number of studies, the lack of evidence from RCTs and the lack of comparability of study designs, types of interventions, and test intervals used so far. Gaps in the current state of research are identified, relevant aspects of future studies are listed and possible neurobiological mechanisms of training effects are discussed.

Schlüsselwörter

kombinierte Intervention - kognitives Training - physisches Training - gesunde ältere Menschen

Key words

combined intervention - cognitive training - physical training - healthy older adults
 

  • Literatur

  • 1 Reijnders J, van Heugten C, van Boxtel M. Cognitive interventions in healthy older adults and people with Mild Cognitive Impairment: a systematic review. Ageing Research Reviews 2013; 12: 263-275
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Cheng Y, Wu W, Feng W et al. The effects of multi-domain versus single-domain cognitive training in non-demented older people: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Medicine 2012; DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-30.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Gates N, Valenzuela M. Cognitive exercise and its role in cognitive function in older adults. Current Psychiatry Reports 2010; 12: 20-27
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Mozolic JL, Long AB, Morgan AR et al. A cognitive training intervention improves modality-specific attention in a randomized controlled trial of healthy older adults. Neurobiology of Aging 2011; 32: 655-668
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Nouchi R, Taki Y, Takeuchi H et al. Brain training game improves executive functions and processing speed in the elderly: a randomized controlled trial. Plos One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029676.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Owen AM, Hampshire A, Grahn JA et al. Putting brain training to the test [Letters]. Nature 2010; 465: 775-778
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Ball K, Berch DB, Helmers KF et al. Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults. A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 2002; 288: 2271-2281
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Willis SL, Tennstedt SL, Marsiske M et al. Long-term effects of cognitive training on everyday functional outcomes in older adults. Journal of the American Medical Association 2006; 296: 2805-2814
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Rebok GW, Ball K, Guey LT et al. Ten-year effects of the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly Cognitive Training Trial on cognition and everyday functioning in elder adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2014; 62: 16-24
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Colcombe SJ, Kramer AF. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychological Science 2003; 14: 125-130
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Liu-Ambrose T, Donaldson MG. Exercise and cognition in older adults: Is there a role for resistance training programmes?. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2009; 43: 25-27
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Voelcker-Rehage C, Godde B, Staudinger UM. Cardiovascular and coordination training differentially improve cognitive performance and neural processing in older adults. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2011; 5: 26
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA, Hoffman BM et al. Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Psychosomatic Medicine 2010; 72: 239-252
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Erickson KI, Miller DL, Weinstein AM et al. Physical activity and brain plasticity in late adulthood: a conceptual review. Ageing Research 2012; 4: 34-47
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Tseng C-N, Gau B-S, Lou M-F. The effectiveness of exercise on improving cognitive function in older people: a systematic review. Journal of Nursing Research 2011; 19: 119-131
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Schneider N, Yvon C. A review of multidomain interventions to support healthy cognitive ageing. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2013; 17: 252-257
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Kraft E. Cognitive function, physical activity, and aging: possible biological links and implications for multimodal interventions. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition 2012; 19: 248-263
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Bamidis PD, Vivas AB, Styliadis C et al. A review of physical and cognitive interventions in aging. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2014; 44: 206-220
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Law LLF, Barnett F, Yau MK et al. Effects of combined cognitive and exercise interventions on cognition in older adults with and without cognitive impairment: a systematic review. Ageing Research Reviews 2014; 15: 61-75
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Mowszowski L, Batchelor J, Naismith SL. Early intervention for cognitive decline: can cognitive training be used as a selective prevention technique?. International Psychogeriatrics 2010; 22: 537-548
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Nelson ME, Rejeski WJ, Blair SN et al. Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2007; 39: 1435-1445
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Legault C, Jennings JM, Katula JA et al. Designing clinical trials for assessing the effects of cognitive training and physical activity interventions on cognitive outcomes: The Seniors Health and Activity Research Program Pilot (SHARP-P) Study, a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-11-27.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Barnes DE, Santos-Modesitt W, Poelke G et al. The mental activity and eXercise (MAX) trial. A randomized controlled trial to enhance cognitive function in older adults. Journal of American Medical Association Internal Medicine 2013; 173: 797-804
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Shatil E. Does combined cognitive training and physical activity training enhance cognitive abilities more than either alone? A four-condition randomized controlled trial among healthy older adults. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 2013; 5: 8
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Linde K, Alfermann D. Single versus combined cognitive and physical activity effects on fluid cognitive abilities of healthy older adults: a 4-month randomized controlled trial with follow-up. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 2014; 22: 302-313
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Fabre C, Chamari K, Mucci P et al. Improvement of cognitive function by mental and/or individualized aerobic training in healthy elderly subjects. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2002; 23: 415-421
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Oswald WD, Gunzelmann T, Rupprecht R et al. Differential effects of single versus combined cognitive and physical training with older adults: the SimA study in a 5-year perspective. European Journal of Aging 2006; 3: 179-192
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Theil N, Schumacher V, Adelsberger R et al. Effects of simultaneously performed cognitive and physical training in older adults. BMC Neuroscience DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-103.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Rahe J, Petrelli A, Kaesberg S et al. Effects of cognitive training with additional physical activity compared to pure cognitive training in heal- thy older adults. Clinical Interventions in Aging 2015
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Chapman SB, Aslan S, Spence JS et al. Neural mechanisms of brain plasticity with complex cognitive training in healthy seniors. Cerebral Cortex DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht234.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 May A. Experience-dependent structural plasticity in the adult human brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2011; 15: 475-482
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Greenwood PM, Parasuraman R. Neuronal and cognitive plasticity: a neurocognitive framework for ameliorating cognitive aging. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2010.00150.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Curlik 2nd DM, Shors TJ. Training your brain: Do mental and physical (MAP) training enhance cognition through the process of neurogenesis in the hippocampus?. Neuropharmacology 2013; 64: 506-514
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 van Praag H, Shubert T, Zhao C et al. Exercise enhances learning and hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice. The Journal of Neuroscience 2005; 25: 8680-8685
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Cotman CW, Berchtold NC, Christie LA. Exercise builds brain health: key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation. Trends in Neurosciences 2007; 30: 464-472
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Lista I, Sorrentino G. Biological mechanisms of physical activity in preventing cognitive decline. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 2010; 30: 493-503
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Rahe J, Becker J, Fink GR et al. Cognitive training with and without additional physical activity in healthy older adults: cognitive effects, neurobiological mechanisms, and prediction of training success. under review
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Brookmeyer R, Johnson E, Ziegler-Graham K et al. Forecasting the global burden of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia 2007; 3: 186-191
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Imtiaz B, Tolppanen AM, Kivipelto M et al. Future directions in Alzheimer’s disease from risk factors to prevention. Biochemical Pharmacology 2014; 88: 661-670
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Thom JM, Clare L. Rationale for combined exercise and cognition focused interventions to improve functional independence in people with dementia. Gerontology 2011; 57: 265-275
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Reuter I, Mehnert S, Sammer G et al. Efficacy of a multimodal cognitive rehabilitation including psychomotor and endurance training in Parkinson's Disease. Journal of Aging Research DOI: 10.1155/2012/235765.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Hindle JV, Petrelli A, Clare L et al. Nonpharmacological enhancement of cognitive function in Parkinson’s Disease: a systematic review. Movement Disorders 2013; 28: 1034-1049
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Kattenstroth JC, Kalisch T, Holt S et al. Six months of dance intervention enhances postural, sensorimotor, and cognitive performance in elderly without affecting cardio-respiratory functions. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00005.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Mortimer JA, Ding D, Borenstein AR et al. Changes in brain volume and cognition in a randomized trial of exercise and social interaction in a community-based sample of non-demented chinese elders. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2012; 30: 757-766
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Boyke J, Driemeyer J, Gaser C et al. Training-induced brain structure changes in the elderly. The Journal of Neuroscience 2008; 28: 7031-7035
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Anderson-Hanley C, Arciero PJ, Brickman AM et al. Exergaming and older adult cognition: a cluster randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2012; 42: 109-119
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Gillette-Guyonnet S, Andrieu S, Dantoine T et al. Commentary on “A roadmap for the prevention of dementia II. Leon Thal Symposium 2008.” The Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT): a new approach to the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2009.01.008.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Richard E, den Heuvel EV, Moll van Charante EP et al. Prevention of Dementia by Intensive Vascular Care (PreDIVA): a cluster-randomized trial in progress. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders 2009; 23: 198-204
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Kivipelto M, Solomon A, Ahtiluoto S et al. The Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER): Study design and progress. Alzheimer's & Dementia 2013; 9: 657-665
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Kouki R, Schwab U, Lakka TA et al. Diet, fitness and metabolic syndrome – The DR’s EXTRA Study. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases 2010; 22: 553-560
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 O'Dwyer ST, Burton NW, Pachana NA et al. Protocol for Fit Bodies, Fine Minds: a randomized controlled trial on the affect of exercise and cognitive training on cognitive functioning in older adults. BMC Geriatrics DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-7-23.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Brainin M, Matz K, Nemec M et al. Prevention of poststroke cognitive decline: ASPIS – a multicenter, randomized, observer-blind, parallel group clinical trial to evaluate multiple lifestyle interventions – study design and baseline characteristics. International Journal of Stroke DOI: 10.1111/ijs.12188.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar