Download PDF
Sportphysio 2014; 02(03): 105-111
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1387914
Focus
Einführung
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Achillessehnentendinopathie

Dylan Morrissey
1   Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Bart‘s and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London
,
Sarah Morton
,
Chauhan Amit Anuj
,
Hazel Screen
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
20 August 2014 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

Zusammenfassung

Update: Laufen, Springen, Richtungswechsel – körperliche Aktivitäten mit hoher Aufprallbelastung prädisponieren für die Achillessehnentend(in)opathie. Wenn die „Sprungfeder“ schmerzt, sind Experten wie Dylan Morrissey und seine Kollegen von der Londoner Universität Queen Mary gefragt. Sie wissen, was läuft.

 

  • Literatur

  • 1 Del Buono A, Chan O, Maffulli N. Achilles tendon: functional anatomy and novel emerging models of imaging classification. Int Orthop 2013; 37 (4) 715-721
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Thorpe CT, Klemt C, Riley GP et al. Helical sub-structures in energy-storing tendons provide a possible mechanism for efficient energy storage and return. Acta Biomaterialia 2013; 9 (8) 7948-7956
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Sobhani S, Dekker R, Postema K et al. Epidemiology of ankle and foot overuse injuries in sports: A systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2013; 23 (6) 669-686
    Google Scholar
  • 4 de Jonge S, van den Berg C, de Vos RJ et al. Incidence of midportion Achilles tendinopathy in the general population. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2011; 45 (13) 1026-1028
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Scott A, Docking S, Vicenzino B et al. Sports and exercise-related tendinopathies: a review of selected topical issues by participants of the second International Scientific Tendinopathy Symposium (ISTS) Vancouver 2012. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47 (9) 536-544
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Rowe V, Hemmings S, Barton C et al. Conservative management of midportion Achilles tendinopathy: a mixed methods study, integrating systematic review and clinical reasoning. Sports Med 2012; 42 (11) 941-967
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Malliaras P, Barton CJ, Reeves ND et al. Achilles and Patellar Tendinopathy Loading Programmes A Systematic Review Comparing Clinical Outcomes and Identifying Potential Mechanisms for Effectiveness. Sports Medicine 2013; 43 (4) 267-286
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 8 O‘Brien M. The anatomy of the Achilles tendon. Foot and ankle clinics 2005; 10 (2) 225-238
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Bjur D, Alfredson H, Forsgren S. The innervation pattern of the human Achilles tendon: studies of the normal and tendinosis tendon with markers for general and sensory innervation. Cell and Tissue Research 2005; 320 (1) 201-206
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Paavola M, Kannus P, Jarvinen TA et al. Achilles tendinopathy. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002; 84-a (11) 2062-2076
    Google Scholar
  • 11 Cook JL, Khan KM, Purdam C. Achilles tendinopathy. Manual Therapy 2002; 7 (3) 121-130
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Cummins EJ, Anson BJ. The structure of the calcaneal tendon (of Achilles) in relation to orthopedic surgery, with additional observations on the plantaris muscle. Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics 1946; 83: 107-116
    Google Scholar
  • 13 Schepsis AA, Jones H, Haas AL. Achilles tendon disorders in athletes. American Journal of Sports Medicine 2002; 30 (2) 287-305
    Google Scholar
  • 14 Carmont M, Edge Mei-DanA, Karlsson O et al. Functional Outcome of Percutaneous Achilles Repair -Improvements in Achilles Tendon Total Rupture Score During the First Year. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2013; 1: 1-7
    Google Scholar
  • 15 Hess GP, Cappiello WL, Poole RM. Prevention and treatment of overuse tendon injuries. Sports Medicine 1989; 8 (6) 371-384
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Kvist H, Kvist M. The operative treatment of chronic calcaneal paratenonitis. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-British Volume 1980; 62 (3) 353-357
    Google Scholar
  • 17 Maffulli N, Benazzo F. Basic science of tendons. Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review 2000; 8 (1) 1-5
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 18 O‘Brien M. Functional anatomy and physiology of tendons. Clin Sports Med 1992; 11 (3) 505-20
    Google Scholar
  • 19 Kader D, Saxena A, Movin T et al. Achilles tendinopathy: some aspects of basic science and clinical management. Br J Sports Med 2002; 36 (4) 239-249
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Screen HRC, Lee DA, Bader DL. An investigation into the effects of the hierarchical structure of tendon fascicles on micromechanical properties. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part H-Journal of Engineering in Medicine 2004; 218 (H2) 109-119
    Google Scholar
  • 21 Stecco C, Cappellari A, Macchi V et al. The paratendineous tissues: an anatomical study of their role in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. Surg Radiol Anat 2013;
    Google Scholar
  • 22 Carr AJ, Norris SH. The blood-supply of the calcaneal tendon. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-British Volume 1989; 71 (1) 100-101
    Google Scholar
  • 23 Leadbetter WB, Mooar PA, Lane GJ. The surgical-treatment of tendinitis – clinical rationale and biologic basis. Clinics in Sports Medicine 1992; 11 (4) 679-712
    Google Scholar
  • 24 Langberg H, Bulow J, Kjaer M. Blood flow in the peritendinous space of the human Achilles tendon during exercise. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1998; 163 (2) 149-153
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Lagergren C, Lindholm A. Vascular distribution in the Achilles tendon; an angiographic and microangiographic study. Acta chirurgica Scandinavica 1959; 116 (5–6) 491-495
    Google Scholar
  • 26 Ahmed IM, Lagopoulos M, McConnell P. Blood supply of the Achilles tendon. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 1998; 16 (5) 591-596
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Cook JL, Purdam CR. Is tendon pathology a continuum? A pathology model to explain the clinical presentation of load-induced tendinopathy. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2009; 43 (6) 409-416
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Stilwell Jr. DL. The innervation of tendons and aponeuroses. The American journal of anatomy 1957; 100 (3) 289-317
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Jozsa L, Kannus P. Human tendons: anatomy, physiology, and pathology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 1997: 46-51
    Google Scholar
  • 30 Screen H. Hierarchical approaches to understanding tendon mechanics. J Biomech Sci Eng 2009; 4 (4) 481-499
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 31 el Hawary R, Stanish WD, Curwin SL. Rehabilitation of tendon injuries in sport. Sports medicine (Auckland, NZ) 1997; 24 (5) 347-358
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Kannus P. Structure of the tendon connective tissue. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2000; 10 (6) 312-320
    Google Scholar
  • 33 Magnusson SP, Qvortrup K, Larsen JO. Collagen fibril size and crimp morphology in ruptured and intact Achilles tendons. Matrix Biology 2002; 21 (4) 369-377
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Thorpe CT, Udeze CP, Birch HL. Specialization of tendon mechanical properties results from interfascicular differences. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 2012; 9 (76) 3108-3117
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Shepherd JH, Screen HRC. Fatigue loading of tendon. International Journal of Experimental Pathology 2013; 94 (4) 260-270
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Stephens PR, Nunamaker DM, Butterweck DM. Application of a Hall-effect transducer for measurement of tendon strains in horses. Am J Vet Res 1989; 50 (7) 1089-1095
    Google Scholar
  • 37 Thorpe CT, Udeze CP, Birch HL et al. Capacity for sliding between tendon fascicles decreases with ageing in injury prone equine tendons: a possible mechanism for age-related tendinopathy?. European Cells & Materials 2013; 25: 48-60
    Google Scholar
  • 38 Thorpe CT, Riley GP, Birch HL et al. Fascicles from energy-storing tendons show an age-specific response to cyclic fatigue loading. J R Soc Interface 2014; 11 (92) 20131058
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Maffulli N, Longo UG, Ronga M et al. Favorable Outcome of Percutaneous Repair of Achilles Tendon Ruptures in the Elderly. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 2010; 468 (4) 1039-1046
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Jarvinen TA, Kannus P, Paavola M et al. Achilles tendon injuries. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2001; 13 (2) 150-155
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Pierre-Jerome C, Moncayo V, Terk MR. MRI of the Achilles tendon: a comprehensive review of the anatomy, biomechanics, and imaging of overuse tendinopathies. Acta Radiol 2010; 51 (4) 438-454
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Asplund CA, Best TM. Achilles tendon disorders. Bmj 2013; 346: f1262
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Maffulli N, Wong J, Almekinders LC. Types and epidemiology of tendinopathy. Clin Sports Med 2003; 22 (4) 675-692
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Fields KB. Running injuries - changing trends and demographics. Curr Sports Med Rep 2011; 10 (5) 299-303
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 45 de Jonge S, van den Berg C, de Vos RJ et al. Incidence of midportion Achilles tendinopathy in the general population. Br J Sports Med 2011; 45 (13) 1026-1028
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Ames PR, Longo UG, Denaro V et al. Achilles tendon problems: not just an orthopaedic issue. Disabil Rehabil 30. England 2008; 1646-1650
    Google Scholar
  • 47 Gaida JE, Ashe MC, Bass SL et al. Is Adiposity an Under-Recognized Risk Factor for Tendinopathy? A Systematic Review. Arthritis & Rheumatism-Arthritis Care & Research 2009; 61 (6) 840-849
    Google Scholar
  • 48 Johansson C. Injuries in elite orienteers. American Journal of Sports Medicine 1986; 14 (5) 410-415
    Google Scholar
  • 49 Lysholm J, Wiklander J. Injuries in runners. American Journal of Sports Medicine 1987; 15 (2) 168-171
    Google Scholar
  • 50 Kvist M. Achilles tendon overuse injuries: a clinical and pathophysiological study in athletes. Turku, Finland: University of Turku; 1991
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Hootman JM, Macera CA, Ainsworth BE et al. Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries among sedentary and physically active adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2002; 34 (5) 838-844
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Leppilahti J, Orava S, Karpakka J et al. Overuse injuries of the Achilles-tendon. Annales Chirurgiae Et Gynaecologiae 1991; 80 (2) 202-207
    Google Scholar
  • 53 Rolf C, Movin T. Etiology, histopathology, and outcome of surgery in achillodynia. Foot & Ankle International 1997; 18 (9) 565-569
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Maffulli N, Sharma P, Luscombe KL. Achilles tendinopathy: aetiology and management. J R Soc Med 2004; 97 (10) 472-476
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Lorentzon R. Causes of injuries: intrinsic factors. In: Dirix A, Knuttgen HG, Tittel K. editors The Olympic book of sports medicine. Boston: Blackwell Scientific; 1988: 376-390
    Google Scholar
  • 56 Sharma P, Maffulli N. Current concepts review tendon injury and tendinopathy: Healing and repair. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume 2005; 87A (1) 187-202
    Google Scholar
  • 57 Williams JGP. Achilles-tendon lesions in sport. Sports Medicine 1986; 3 (2) 114-35
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Carcia CR, Martin RL, Houck J et al. Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy A Achilles pain, stiffness, and muscle power deficits: Achilles tendinitis. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy 2010; 40 (9) A1-26
    Google Scholar
  • 59 Clement DB, Taunton JE, Smart GW. Achilles tendinitis and peritendinitis - etiology and treatment. American Journal of Sports Medicine 1984; 12 (3) 179-184
    Google Scholar
  • 60 Maffulli N, Kader D. Tendinopathy of tendo Achillis. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-British Volume 2002; 84B: 1-8
    Google Scholar
  • 61 Wilder RP, Sethi S. Overuse injuries: tendinopathies, stress fractures, compartment syndrome, and shin splints. Clinics in Sports Medicine 2004; 23 (1) 55
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Baur H, Divert C, Hirschmuller A et al. Analysis of gait differences in healthy runners and runners with chronic Achilles tendon complaints. Isokinetics and Exercise Science 2004; 12 (2) 111-116
    Google Scholar
  • 63 Zhanel GG, Walkty A, Vercaigne L et al. The new fluoroquinolones: A critical review. The Canadian journal of infectious diseases = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses 1999; 10 (3) 207-238
    Google Scholar
  • 64 Pierfitte C, Royer RJ. Tendon disorders with fluoroquinolones. Therapie 1996; 51 (4) 419-420
    Google Scholar
  • 65 van der Linden PD, van de Lei J, Nab HW et al. Achilles tendinitis associated with fluoroquinolones. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 48 (3) 433-437
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Donck JB, Segaert MF, Vanrenterghem YF. Fluoroquinolones and Achilles tendinopathy in renal-transplant recipients. Transplantation 1994; 58 (6) 736-737
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Marie I, Delafenetre H, Massy N et al. Network French Pharmacovig C. Tendinous disorders attributed to statins: A study on ninety-six spontaneous reports in the period 1990–2005 and review of the literature. Arthritis & Rheumatism-Arthritis Care & Research 2008; 59 (3) 367-372
    Google Scholar
  • 68 Kvist M. Achilles-tendon injuries in athletes. Annales Chirurgiae Et Gynaecologiae 1991; 80 (2) 188-201
    Google Scholar
  • 69 Kannus P, Niittymaki S, Jarvinen M et al. Sports injuries in elderly athletes - a 3-year prospective, controlled-study. Age and Ageing 1989; 18 (4) 263-270
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Nigg BM. The role of impact forces and foot pronation: A new paradigm. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 2001; 11 (1) 2-9
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 71 McCrory JL, Martin DF, Lowery RB et al. Etiologic factors associated with Achilles tendinitis in runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1999; 31 (10) 1374-1381
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Kaufman KR, Brodine SK, Shaffer RA et al. The effect of foot structure and range of motion on musculoskeletal overuse injuries. American Journal of Sports Medicine 1999; 27 (5) 585-593
    Google Scholar
  • 73 Kannus P. Etiology and pathophysiology of chronic tendon disorders in sports. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 1997; 7 (2) 78-85
    Google Scholar
  • 74 Gaida JE, Alfredson L, Kiss ZS et al. Dyslipidemia in Achilles Tendinopathy Is Characteristic of Insulin Resistance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2009; 41 (6) 1194-1197
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Mokone GG, Schwellnus MP, Noakes TD et al. The COL5A1 gene and Achilles tendon pathology. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2006; 16 (1) 19-26
    Google Scholar
  • 76 Mokone GG, Gajjar M, September AV et al. The guanine-thymine dinucleotide repeat polymorphism within the tenascin-C gene is associated with Achilles tendon injuries. American Journal of Sports Medicine 2005; 33 (7) 1016-1021
    Google Scholar
  • 77 Kujala UM, Jarvinen M, Natri A et al. Abo blood-groups and musculoskeletal injuries. Injury-International Journal of the Care of the Injured 1992; 23 (2) 131-133
    Google Scholar
  • 78 Ireland D, Harrall R, Curry V et al. Multiple changes in gene expression in chronic human Achilles tendinopathy. Matrix Biology 2001; 20 (3) 159-169
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Alfredson H, Lorentzon M, Backman S et al. cDNA-arrays and real-time quantitative PCR techniques in the investigation of chronic Achilles tendinosis. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2003; 21 (6) 970-975
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Magra M, Maffulli N. Genetic aspects of tendinopathy. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2008; 11 (3) 243-247
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Jarvinen TAH, Kannus P, Paavola M et al. Achilles tendon injuries. Current Opinion in Rheumatology 2001; 13 (2) 150-155
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Paavola M, Kannus P, Paakkala T et al. Long–term prognosis of patients with Achilles tendinopathy - An observational 8-year follow-up study. American Journal of Sports Medicine 2000; 28 (5) 634-642
    Google Scholar
  • 83 Sandmeier R, Renstrom P. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic tendon disorders in sports. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 1997; 7 (2) 96-106
    Google Scholar
  • 84 Posthumus M, September AV, Schwellnus MP et al. Investigation of the Sp1-binding site polymorphism within the COL1A1 gene in participants with Achilles tendon injuries and controls. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2009; 12 (1) 184-189
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Saunders CJ, van der Merwe L, Posthumus M et al. Investigation of variants within the COL27A1 and TNC genes and Achilles tendinopathy in two populations. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2013; 31 (4) 632-637
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 86 September AV, Cook J, Handley CJ et al. Variants within the COL5A1 gene are associated with Achilles tendinopathy in two populations. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2009; 43 (5) 357-365
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 87 September AV, Posthumus M, van der Merwe L et al. The COL12A1 and COL14A1 genes and Achilles tendon injuries. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2008; 29 (3) 257-263
    Article in Thieme ConnectGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Nell EM, van der Merwe L, Cook J et al. The apoptosis pathway and the genetic predisposition to Achilles tendinopathy. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2012; 30 (11) 1719-1724
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Pearce CJ, Ismail M, Calder JD. Is Apoptosis the Cause of Noninsertional Achilles Tendinopathy?. American Journal of Sports Medicine 2009; 37 (12) 2440-2444
    Google Scholar
  • 90 Kulig K, Loudon JK, Popovich Jr. JM et al. Dancers With Achilles Tendinopathy Demonstrate Altered Lower Extremity Takeoff Kinematics. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2011; 41 (8) 606-613
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Reule CA, Alt WW, Lohrer H et al. Spatial orientation of the subtalar joint axis is different in subjects with and without Achilles tendon disorders. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2011; 45 (13) 1029-1034
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Waldecker U, Hofmann G, Drewitz S. Epidemiologic investigation of 1394 feet: coincidence of hindfoot malalignment and Achilles tendon disorders. Foot and ankle surgery : official journal of the European Society of Foot and Ankle Surgeons 2012; 18 (2) 119-123
    Google Scholar
  • 93 Whitting JW, Steele JR, McGhee DE et al. Dorsiflexion Capacity Affects Achilles Tendon Loading during Drop Landings. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2011; 43 (4) 706-713
    Google Scholar
  • 94 Baur H, Mueller S, Hirschmueller A et al. Comparison in lower leg neuromuscular activity between runners with unilateral mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy and healthy individuals. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 2011; 21 (3) 499-505
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Wyndow N, Cowan SM, Wrigley TV et al. Triceps surae activation is altered in male runners with Achilles tendinopathy. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 2013; 23 (1) 166-172
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Honeywill C et al. Altered neuromotor control of the Gluteus Medius and Gluteus Maximus in male runners with Achilles Tendinopathy. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2012; 15: S64-S5
    Google Scholar
  • 97 Barge-Cabatlero E, Crespo-Leiro MG, Paniagua-Martin MJ et al. Quinolone-related Achilles tendinopathy in heart transplant patients: Incidence and risk factors. Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 2008; 27 (1) 46-51
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 98 van der Linden PD, Sturkenboom M, Herings RMC et al. Fluoroquinolones and risk of Achilles tendon disorders: case-control study. British Medical Journal 2002; 324 (7349) 1306-1307
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Wise BL, Peloquin C, Choi H et al. Impact of age, sex, obesity, and steroid use on quinolone-associated tendon disorders. Am J Med 2012; 125 (12) 1228.e23-1228.e28
    Google Scholar
  • 100 Chhajed PN, Plit ML, Hopkins PM et al. Achilles tendon disease in lung transplant recipients: association with ciprofloxacin. European Respiratory Journal 2002; 19 (3) 469-471
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Di Caprio F, Buda R, Mosca M et al. Foot and lower limb diseases in runners: assessment of risk factors. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2010; 9 (4) 587-596
    Google Scholar
  • 102 Knobloch K, Yoon U, Vogt PM. Acute and overuse injuries correlated to hours of training in master running athletes. Foot & Ankle International 2008; 29 (7) 671-676
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Krolo I, Viskovic M, Ikic D et al. The risk of sports activities - The injuries of the Achilles tendon in sportsmen. Collegium Antropologicum 2007; 31 (1) 275-278
    Google Scholar
  • 104 Fahlstrom M, Lorentzon R, Alfredson H. Painful conditions in the Achilles tendon region in elite badminton players. American Journal of Sports Medicine 2002; 30 (1) 51-54
    Google Scholar
  • 105 Fahlstrom M, Lorentzon R, Alfredson H. Painful conditions in the Achilles tendon region: a common problem in middle-aged competitive badminton players. Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy 2002; 10 (1) 57-60
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Glueck CJ, Levy RI, Frederickson DS. Acute tendinitis and arthritis. A presenting symptom of familial type II hyperlipoproteinemia JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association 1968; 206 (13) 2895-2897
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Shapiro JR, Fallat RW, Tsang RC et al. Achilles tendinitis and tenosynovitis - diagnostic manifestation of familial type-ii hyperlipoproteinemia in children. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1974; 128 (4) 486-490
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Beeharry D, Coupe B, Benbow EW et al. Familial hypercholesterolaemia commonly presents with Achilles tenosynovitis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2006; 65 (3) 312-315
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Kraemer R, Wuerfel W, Lorenzen J et al. Analysis of hereditary and medical risk factors in Achilles tendinopathy and Achilles tendon ruptures: a matched pair analysis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2012;
    Google Scholar
  • 110 Holmes GB, Lin J. Etiologic factors associated with symptomatic Achilles tendinopathy. Foot & Ankle International 2006; 27 (11) 952-959
    Google Scholar
  • 111 Woo SLY, Hollis JM, Adams DJ et al. Tensile properties of the human femur-anterior cruciate ligament-tibia complex the effects of specimen age and orientation. American Journal of Sports Medicine 1991; 19 (3) 217-225
    Google Scholar
  • 112 Ippolito E, Natali PG, Postacchini F et al. Morphological, immunochemical, and biochemical-study of rabbit Achilles-tendon at various ages. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume 1980; 62 (4) 583-598
    Google Scholar
  • 113 Strocchi R, Depasquale V, Guizzardi S et al. Human Achilles-tendon - morphological and morphometric variations as a function of age. Foot & Ankle 1991; 12 (2) 100-104
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Amiel D, Kuiper SD, Wallace CD et al. Age-related properties of medial collateral ligament and anterior cruciate ligament - a morphological and collagen maturation study in the rabbit. Journals of Gerontology 1991; 46 (4) B159-B165
    Google Scholar
  • 115 Buckwalter JA, Woo SL, Goldberg VM et al. Soft-tissue aging and musculoskeletal function. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1993; 75 (10) 1533-1548
    Google Scholar
  • 116 Benazzo F, Stennardo G, Valli M. Achilles and patellar tendinopathies in athletes: Pathogenesis and surgical treatment. Bulletin Hospital for Joint Diseases 1996; 54 (4) 236-240
    Google Scholar
  • 117 Astrom M, Rausing A. Chronic Achilles tendinopathy - a survey of surgical and histopathologic findings. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1995; (316) 151-164
    Google Scholar
  • 118 Sorosky B, Press J, Plastaras C et al. The practical management of Achilles tendinopathy. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 2004; 14 (1) 40-44
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Frank C, Shrive N, Hiraoka H et al. Optimisation of the biology of soft tissue repair. Journal of science and medicine in sport / Sports Medicine Australia 1999; 2 (3) 190-210
    Google Scholar
  • 120 Leadbetter WB. Cell-matrix response in tendon injury. Clinics in Sports Medicine 1992; 11 (3) 533-578
    Google Scholar
  • 121 Khan KM, Cook JL, Kannus P et al. Time to abandon the „tendinitis“ myth - Painful, overuse tendon conditions have a non-inflammatory pathology. British Medical Journal 2002; 324 (7338) 626-627
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Rees JD, Stride M, Scott A. Tendons: time to revisit inflammation?. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2013; 47 (9) e2-e
    Google Scholar
  • 123 Andersson G, Danielson P, Alfredson H et al. Nerve-related characteristics of ventral paratendinous tissue in chronic Achilles tendinosis. Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy 2007; 15 (10) 1272-1279
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Scott A, Bahr R. Neuropeptides in tendinopathy. Frontiers in Bioscience 2009; 14: 2203-2211
    Google Scholar
  • 125 Robinson JM, Cook JL, Purdam C et al. The VISA-A questionnaire: a valid and reliable index of the clinical severity of Achilles tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med 2001; 35 (5) 335-341
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Alfredson H, Cook J. A treatment algorithm for managing Achilles tendinopathy: new treatment options. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2007; 41 (4) 211-216
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Renstrom P. Sports traumatology today - a review of common current sports injury problems. Annales Chirurgiae Et Gynaecologiae 1991; 80 (2) 81-93
    Google Scholar
  • 128 Leach RE, James S, Wasilewski S. ACHILLES TENDINITIS. American Journal of Sports Medicine 1981; 9 (2) 93-98
    Google Scholar
  • 129 Rogers BS, Leach RE. Achilles tendinitis. Foot and Ankle Clinics 1996; 1: 249-259
    Google Scholar
  • 130 Khan KM, Tress BW, Hare WS et al. Treat the patient, not the x-ray: advances in diagnostic imaging do not replace the need for clinical interpretation. Clin J Sport Med 1998; 8 (1) 1-4
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 131 Curvin S, Stanish WD. Tendinitis, its etiology and treatment. Lexington, MA: Collamore Press; 1984
    Google Scholar
  • 132 Galloway MT, Jokl P, Dayton OW. Achilles-tendon overuse injuries. Clinics in Sports Medicine 1992; 11 (4) 771-782
    Google Scholar
  • 133 Maffulli N, Kenward TG, Testa V et al. Clinical diagnosis of Achilles tendinopathy with tendinosis. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 2003; 13 (1) 11-15
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 134 DiGiovanni BF, Gould JS. Achilles tendinitis and posterior heel disorders. Foot and Ankle Clinics 1997; 2: 411-428
    Google Scholar
  • 135 MacLellan GE, Vyvyan B. Management of pain beneath the heel and Achilles tendonitis with visco-elastic heel inserts. British journal of sports medicine 1981; 15 (2) 117-121
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 136 Silbernagel KG, Gustavsson A, Thomee R et al. Evaluation of lower leg function in patients with Achilles tendinopathy. Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy 2006; 14 (11) 1207-1217
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 137 Thompson TC, Doherty JH. Spontaneous rupture of tendon of Achilles: a new clinical diagnostic test. The Journal of trauma 1962; 2: 126-129
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 138 Alvarez-Nemegyei J, Canoso JJ. Heel pain: Diagnosis and treatment, step by step. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 2006; 73 (5) 465-471
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 139 Aldridge T. Diagnosing heel pain in adults. American Family Physician 2004; 70 (2) 332-338
    Google Scholar
  • 140 Alfredson H, Masci L, Ohberg L. Partial mid-portion Achilles tendon ruptures: new sonographic findings helpful for diagnosis. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2011; 45 (5) 429-U59
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 141 Hartgerink P, Fessell DP, Jacobson JA et al. Full- versus partial-thickness Achilles tendon tears: Sonographic accuracy and characterization in 26 cases with surgical correlation. Radiology 2001; 220 (2) 406-412
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 142 Archambault JM, Wiley JP, Bray RC et al. Can sonography predict the outcome in patients with achillodynia?. J Clin Ultrasound 1998; 26 (7) 335-339
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 143 Shaikh Z, Perry M, Morrissey D et al. Achilles tendinopathy in club runners. Int J Sports Med 2012; 33 (5) 390-394
    Article in Thieme ConnectGoogle Scholar
  • 144 Oztekin HH, Boya H, Ozcan O et al. Foot and ankle injuries and time lost from play in professional soccer players. Foot (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2009; 19 (1) 22-28
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 145 Scase E, Cook J, Kidgell D, et al. editors Investigating cortical changes associated with patellar tendinopathy. 4th International Congress on Physical Activity and Public Health/Australian Conference of Science and Medicine in Sport/ National Sports Injury Prevention Conference 2012; Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre, New South Wales, Australia: Sports Medicine Australia
  • 146 Speed C. A systematic review of shockwave therapies in soft tissue conditions: focusing on the evidence. Br J Sports Med 2013;
    Google Scholar
  • 147 Rompe JD, Furia J, Maffulli N. Eccentric Loading Versus Eccentric Loading Plus Shock-Wave Treatment for Midportion Achilles Tendinopathy A Randomized Controlled Trial. American Journal of Sports Medicine 2009; 37 (3) 463-470
    Google Scholar
  • 148 Silbernagel KG, Thomee R, Eriksson BI et al. Continued sports activity, using a pain-monitoring model, during rehabilitation in patients with Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized controlled study. Am J Sports Med 2007; 35 (6) 897-906
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 149 Chan O, O‘Dowd D, Padhiar N et al. High volume image guided injections in chronic Achilles tendinopathy. Disability and Rehabilitation 2008; 30 (20–22) 1697-1708
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 150 Resteghini P, Yeoh J. High-volume injection in the management of recalcitrant mid-body Achilles tendinopathy: a prospective case series assessing the influence of neovascularity and outcome. International Musculoskeletal Medicine 2012; 0 (0) 1-9
    Google Scholar
  • 151 Maffulli N, Spiezia F, Longo UG et al. High volume image guided injections for the management of chronic tendinopathy of the main body of the Achilles tendon. Physical Therapy in Sport 2013; 14 (3) 163-167
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 152 Willberg L, Sunding K, Forssblad M et al. Sclerosing polidocanol injections or arthroscopic shaving to treat patellar tendinopathy/jumper‘s knee? A randomised controlled study. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2011; 45 (5) 411-415
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 153 Maffulli N, Longo UG, Oliva F et al. Minimally Invasive Surgery of the Achilles Tendon. Orthopedic Clinics of North America 2009; 40 (4) 491
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar