S3-Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin (DGEM) in Zusammenarbeit mit der GESKES, der AKE, der DGCH^[a], der DGAI^[b] und der DGAV^[c]

Zusammenfassung

Fragestellung: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) Programme sind der Standard im perioperativen Management. Berücksichtigt werden muss der nachgewiesene Einfluss einer krankheitsassoziierten Mangelernährung auf die postoperative Morbidität und Letalität. So bedürfen Patienten mit metabolischem Risiko oder manifester Mangelernährung sowie solche Patienten mit postoperativen Komplikationen besonderer ernährungsmedizinischer Aufmerksamkeit.

Methodik: Die bestehenden Leitlinien der deutschen und europäischen ernährungsmedizinischen Fachgesellschaften (DGEM, ESPEN) zur enteralen und parenteralen Ernährung wurden zusammengeführt und in Einklang mit den prozeduralen Vorgaben der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften e. V. (AWMF) und des Ärztlichen Zentrums für Qualität in der Medizin (ÄZQ) aktualisiert und erweitert.

Ergebnisse: Von der Arbeitsgruppe wurden 41 in der Leitlinienkonferenz konsentierte Empfehlungen zur perioperativen Ernährung mit folgender Empfehlungsstärke erarbeitet: 9-mal A (Empfehlung basiert auf schlüssiger Literatur guter Qualität, die mind. eine randomisierte Studie enthält), 12-mal B (Empfehlung basiert auf gut durchgeführten, nicht randomisierten Studien), 13-mal C (Empfehlung basiert auf Berichten und Meinungen von Expertenkreisen und/oder klinischen Erfahrungen anerkannter Autoritäten) und 7-mal KKP (klinischer Konsenspunkt).

Schlussfolgerung: Eine perioperative supplementierende künstliche Ernährung ist auch bei Patienten ohne offensichtliche Mangelernährung indiziert, sofern vorhersehbar ist, dass der Patient für eine längere postoperative Zeitdauer unfähig zur adäquaten oralen Kalorienzufuhr sein wird.

Abstract

Purpose: While enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programmes are the standard of perioperative management special nutritional care has to be attributed to malnourished patients and those at metabolic risk with special regard to those with complications.

Methods: Existing guidelines of the German and European societies of nutritional medicine (DGEM, ESPEN) on enteral and parenteral nutrition in surgery were merged and in accordance with the principles of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF; German Association of the Scientific Medical Societies) and Ärztliches Zentrum für Qualität in der Medizin (AeZQ; German Agency for Quality in Medicine) revised and extended.

Results: The working group developed 41 consensus-based recommendations for perioperative nutrition. The recommendation strength is: 9x A (recommendation based on significant literature of good quality, at least one randomized controlled trial), 12x B (recommendation based on well-designed trial without randomization), 13x C (recommendation based on expert opinions and/or clinical experience of respected authorities) und 7x CCP (clinical consensus point).

Conclusion: Even in patients without obvious malnutrition perioperative nutritional support is indicated when oral food intake is not feasible or inadequate for a longer period of time.

Schlüsselwörter

Leitlinie - perioperative Ernährung - enteral - parenteral - Sondenernährung - Feinnadelkatheterjejunostomie - Immunonutrition

Keywords

guideline - perioperative nutrition - nutritional support - enteral - parenteral - tube feeding - fine needle catheter jejunostomy - immunonutrition

^a DGCH e. V. = Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chirurgie e. V.

^b DGAI e. V. = Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin e. V.

^c DGAV e. V. = Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie e. V.

^* DGEM Steering Committee: Bischoff SC, Lochs H, Weimann A sowie das DGEM-Präsidium

• Literatur

• 1 Fearon KC, Ljungqvist O, Von Meyenfeldt M et al. Enhanced recovery after surgery: a consensus review of clinical care for patients undergoing colonic resection. Clin Nutr 2005; 24: 466-477
• 2 Varadhan KK, Neal KR, Dejong CH et al. The enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathway for patients undergoing major elective open colorectal surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr 2010; 29: 434-440
• 3 Lassen K, Soop M, Nygren J et al. Consensus review of optimal perioperative care in colorectal surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Group recommendations. Arch Surg 2009; 144: 961-969
• 4 Gustafsson UO, Scott MJ, Schwenk W et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colonic surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS(R)) Society recommendations. Clin Nutr 2012; 31: 783-800
• 5 Balzano G, Zerbi A, Braga M et al. Fast-track recovery programme after pancreatico-duodenectomy reduces delayed gastric emptying. Br J Surg 2008; 95: 1387-1393
• 6 Nygren J, Thacker J, Carli F et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in elective rectal/pelvic surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS(R)) Society recommendations. Clin Nutr 2012; 31: 801-816
• 7 Bozzetti F. Perioperative nutritional support in the ERAS approach. Clin Nutr 2013; 32: 872-873
• 8 Valentini L, Volkert D, Schütz T et al. Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin (DGEM) – DGEM-Terminologie in der Klinischen Ernährung. Aktuel Ernahrungsmed 2013; 38: 97-111
• 9 Engelman DT, Adams DH, Byrne JG et al. Impact of body mass index and albumin on morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999; 118: 866-873
• 10 Kama NA, Coskun T, Yuksek YN et al. Factors affecting post-operative mortality in malignant biliary tract obstruction. Hepatogastroenterology 1999; 46: 103-107
• 11 Takagi K, Yamamori H, Toyoda Y et al. Modulating effects of the feeding route on stress response and endotoxin translocation in severely stressed patients receiving thoracic esophagectomy. Nutrition 2000; 16: 355-360
• 12 Koval KJ, Maurer SG, Su ET et al. The effects of nutritional status on outcome after hip fracture. J Orthop Trauma 1999; 13: 164-169
• 13 Klein JD, Hey LA, Yu CS et al. Perioperative nutrition and postoperative complications in patients undergoing spinal surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1996; 21: 2676-2682
• 14 Dannhauser A, Van Zyl JM, Nel CJ. Preoperative nutritional status and prognostic nutritional index in patients with benign disease undergoing abdominal operations – Part I. J Am Coll Nutr 1995; 14: 80-90
• 15 Weimann A, Braga M, Harsanyi L et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Surgery including organ transplantation. Clin Nutr 2006; 25: 224-244
• 16 Garth AK, Newsome CM, Simmance N et al. Nutritional status, nutrition practices and post-operative complications in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. J Hum Nutr Diet 2010; 23: 393-401
• 17 Jagoe RT, Goodship TH, Gibson GJ. The influence of nutritional status on complications after operations for lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 71: 936-943
• 18 Mazolewski P, Turner JF, Baker M et al. The impact of nutritional status on the outcome of lung volume reduction surgery: a prospective study. Chest 1999; 116: 693-696
• 19 van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren MA, van Leeuwen PA, Kuik DJ et al. The impact of nutritional status on the prognoses of patients with advanced head and neck cancer. Cancer 1999; 86: 519-527
• 20 Lavernia CJ, Sierra RJ, Baerga L. Nutritional parameters and short-term outcome in arthroplasty. J Am Coll Nutr 1999; 18: 274-278
• 21 Patterson BM, Cornell CN, Carbone B et al. Protein depletion and metabolic stress in elderly patients who have a fracture of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1992; 74: 251-260
• 22 Rey-Ferro M, Castano R, Orozco O et al. Nutritional and immunologic evaluation of patients with gastric cancer before and after surgery. Nutrition 1997; 13: 878-881
• 23 Guo CB, Ma DQ, Zhang KH. Applicability of the general nutritional status score to patients with oral and maxillofacial malignancies. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994; 23: 167-169
• 24 Guo CB, Zhang W, Ma DQ et al. Hand grip strength: an indicator of nutritional state and the mix of postoperative complications in patients with oral and maxillofacial cancers. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996; 34: 325-327
• 25 Pedersen NW, Pedersen D. Nutrition as a prognostic indicator in amputations. A prospective study of 47 cases. Acta Orthop Scand 1992; 63: 675-678
• 26 Mohler JL, Flanigan RC. The effect of nutritional status and support on morbidity and mortality of bladder cancer patients treated by radical cystectomy. J Urol 1987; 137: 404-407
• 27 Saluja SS, Kaur N, Shrivastava UK. Enteral nutrition in surgical patients. Surg Today 2002; 32: 672-678
• 28 Nezu K, Yoshikawa M, Yoneda T et al. The effect of nutritional status on morbidity in COPD patients undergoing bilateral lung reduction surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001; 49: 216-220
• 29 Hulsewe KW, Meijerink WJ, Soeters PB et al. Assessment of outcome of perioperative nutritional interventions. Nutrition 1997; 13: 996-998
• 30 Ben-Ishay O, Gertsenzon H, Mashiach T et al. Malnutrition in surgical wards: a plea for concern. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2011; 2011 840512. Epub 2010 Aug 3
• 31 Butters M, Straub M, Kraft K et al. Studies on nutritional status in general surgery patients by clinical, anthropometric, and laboratory parameters. Nutrition 1996; 12: 405-410
• 32 Weimann A, Ebener C, Holland-Cunz S et al. Surgery and transplantation – Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition, Chapter 18. Ger Med Sci 2009; 7 Doc10
• 33 Correia MI, Caiaffa WT, da Silva AL et al. Risk factors for malnutrition in patients undergoing gastroenterological and hernia surgery: an analysis of 374 patients. Nutr Hosp 2001; 16: 59-64
• 34 Lumbers M, New SA, Gibson S et al. Nutritional status in elderly female hip fracture patients: comparison with an age-matched home living group attending day centres. Br J Nutr 2001; 85: 733-740
• 35 Haugen M, Homme KA, Reigstad A et al. Assessment of nutritional status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis undergoing joint replacement surgery. Arthritis Care Res 1999; 12: 26-32
• 36 Saito T, Kuwahara A, Shigemitsu Y et al. Factors related to malnutrition in patients with esophageal cancer. Nutrition 1991; 7: 117-121
• 37 Weimann A, Meyer HJ, Muller MJ et al. Significance of preoperative weight loss for perioperative metabolic adaptation and surgical risk in patients with tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Langenbecks Arch Chir 1992; 377: 45-52
• 38 Bollschweiler E, Schroder W, Holscher AH et al. Preoperative risk analysis in patients with adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus. Br J Surg 2000; 87: 1106-1110
• 39 Takagi K, Yamamori H, Morishima Y et al. Preoperative immunosuppression: its relationship with high morbidity and mortality in patients receiving thoracic esophagectomy. Nutrition 2001; 17: 13-17
• 40 Padillo FJ, Andicoberry B, Muntane J et al. Factors predicting nutritional derangements in patients with obstructive jaundice: multivariate analysis. World J Surg 2001; 25: 413-418
• 41 Merli M, Giusto M, Gentili F et al. Nutritional status: its influence on the outcome of patients undergoing liver transplantation. Liver Int 2010; 30: 208-214
• 42 Gupta D, Vashi PG, Lammersfeld CA et al. Role of nutritional status in predicting the length of stay in cancer: a systematic review of the epidemiological literature. Ann Nutr Metab 2011; 59: 96-106
• 43 Moukarzel AA, Najm I, Vargas J et al. Effect of nutritional status on outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation in pediatric patients. Transplant Proc 1990; 22: 1560-1563
• 44 Muller MJ, Lautz HU, Plogmann B et al. Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in patients with cirrhosis: the impact of cause, clinical staging and nutritional state. Hepatology 1992; 15: 782-794
• 45 Shaw Jr BW, Wood RP, Gordon RD et al. Influence of selected patient variables and operative blood loss on six-month survival following liver transplantation. Semin Liver Dis 1985; 5: 385-393
• 46 Selberg O, Bottcher J, Tusch G et al. Identification of high- and low-risk patients before liver transplantation: a prospective cohort study of nutritional and metabolic parameters in 150 patients. Hepatology 1997; 25: 652-657
• 47 Roggero P, Cataliotti E, Ulla L et al. Factors influencing malnutrition in children waiting for liver transplants. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65: 1852-1857
• 48 Plochl W, Pezawas L, Artemiou O et al. Nutritional status, ICU duration and ICU mortality in lung transplant recipients. Intensive Care Med 1996; 22: 1179-1185
• 49 Schwebel C, Pin I, Barnoud D et al. Prevalence and consequences of nutritional depletion in lung transplant candidates. Eur Respir J 2000; 16: 1050-1055
• 50 Figueiredo F, Dickson ER, Pasha T et al. Impact of nutritional status on outcomes after liver transplantation. Transplantation 2000; 70: 1347-1352
• 51 Stephenson GR, Moretti EW, El-Moalem H et al. Malnutrition in liver transplant patients: preoperative subjective global assessment is predictive of outcome after liver transplantation. Transplantation 2001; 72: 666-670
• 52 Hiesmayr M, Schindler K, Pernicka E et al. Decreased food intake is a risk factor for mortality in hospitalised patients: the NutritionDay survey 2006. Clin Nutr 2009; 28: 484-491
• 53 Sorensen J, Kondrup J, Prokopowicz J et al. EuroOOPS: an international, multicentre study to implement nutritional risk screening and evaluate clinical outcome. Clin Nutr 2008; 27: 340-349
• 54 Linn BS, Robinson DS, Klimas NG. Effects of age and nutritional status on surgical outcomes in head and neck cancer. Ann Surg 1988; 207: 267-273
• 55 Kondrup J, Allison SP, Elia M et al. ESPEN guidelines for nutrition screening 2002. Clin Nutr 2003; 22: 415-421
• 56 Schwegler I, von Holzen A, Gutzwiller JP et al. Nutritional risk is a clinical predictor of postoperative mortality and morbidity in surgery for colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 2010; 97: 92-97
• 57 Kuppinger D, Hartl WH, Bertok M et al. Nutritional screening for risk prediction in patients scheduled for abdominal operations. Br J Surg 2012; 99: 728-737
• 58 van Stijn MF, Korkic-Halilovic I, Bakker MS et al. Preoperative nutrition status and postoperative outcome in elderly general surgery patients: a systematic review. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013; 37: 37-43
• 59 Brady M, Kinn S, Stuart P. Preoperative fasting for adults to prevent perioperative complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; CD004423
• 60 Bruning PF, Halling A, Hilgers FJ et al. Postoperative nasogastric tube feeding in patients with head and neck cancer: a prospective assessment of nutritional status and well-being. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1988; 24: 181-188
• 61 Hamaoui E, Lefkowitz R, Olender L et al. Enteral nutrition in the early postoperative period: a new semi-elemental formula versus total parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1990; 14: 501-507
• 62 Hammerlid E, Wirblad B, Sandin C et al. Malnutrition and food intake in relation to quality of life in head and neck cancer patients. Head Neck 1998; 20: 540-548
• 63 Hedberg AM, Lairson DR, Aday LA et al. Economic implications of an early postoperative enteral feeding protocol. J Am Diet Assoc 1999; 99: 802-807
• 64 Kornowski A, Cosnes J, Gendre JP et al. Enteral nutrition in malnutrition following gastric resection and cephalic pancreaticoduodenectomy. Hepatogastroenterology 1992; 39: 9-13
• 65 Mochizuki H, Togo S, Tanaka K et al. Early enteral nutrition after hepatectomy to prevent postoperative infection. Hepatogastroenterology 2000; 47: 1407-1410
• 66 Moore FA, Feliciano DV, Andrassy RJ et al. Early enteral feeding, compared with parenteral, reduces postoperative septic complications. The results of a meta-analysis. Ann Surg 1992; 216: 172-183
• 67 Neumayer LA, Smout RJ, Horn HG et al. Early and sufficient feeding reduces length of stay and charges in surgical patients. J Surg Res 2001; 95: 73-77
• 68 Shaw-Stiffel TA, Zarny LA, Pleban WE et al. Effect of nutrition status and other factors on length of hospital stay after major gastrointestinal surgery. Nutrition 1993; 9: 140-145
• 69 Velez JP, Lince LF, Restrepo JI. Early enteral nutrition in gastrointestinal surgery: a pilot study. Nutrition 1997; 13: 442-445
• 70 Weimann A, Muller MJ, Behrendt W et al. Kriterien der Überwachung und des Erfolgs einer künstlichen Ernährung – Loccumer Gespräche 1997. Intensivmed 1997; 34: 744-748
• 71 Weimann A, Muller MJ, Arend J et al. Lebensqualität als Kriterium des Erfolgs einer künstlichen Ernährung – Loccumer Gespräche. Intensivmed 1998; 35: 724-726
• 72 Weimann A. Sinnvolle Ziele für eine Ernährungstherapie beim Tumorpatienten. Aktuel Ernahrungsmed 2001; 26: 167-169
• 73 Gerritsen A, Besselink MG, Gouma DJ et al. Systematic review of five feeding routes after pancreatoduodenectomy. Br J Surg 2013; 100: 589-598; discussion 599
• 74 Weimann A, Ebener C, Hausser L et al. Leitlinie Parenterale Ernährung der DGEM: Chirurgie und Transplantation. Aktuel Ernahrungsmed 2007; 32: S114-S123
• 75 Stingel K, Schütz T, Koller M et al. Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin (DGEM) – Methodik zum Leitlinien-Update Klinische Ernährung. Aktuel Ernahrungsmed 2013; 38: 90-96
• 76 Koller M, Schutz T, Valentini L et al. Outcome models in clinical studies: Implications for designing and evaluating trials in clinical nutrition. Clin Nutr 2013; 32: 650-657
• 77 Soreide E, Fasting S, Raeder J. New preoperative fasting guidelines in Norway. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997; 41: 799
• 78 Spies CD, Breuer JP, Gust R et al. Preoperative fasting. An update. Anaesthesist 2003; 52: 1039-1045
• 79 American Society of Anesthesiologist Task Force on Preoperative Fasting. Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologist Task Force on Preoperative Fasting. Anesthesiology 1999; 90: 896-905
• 80 Smith I, Kranke P, Murat I et al. Perioperative fasting in adults and children: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2011; 28: 556-569
• 81 Yuill KA, Richardson RA, Davidson HI et al. The administration of an oral carbohydrate-containing fluid prior to major elective upper-gastrointestinal surgery preserves skeletal muscle mass postoperatively – a randomised clinical trial. Clin Nutr 2005; 24: 32-37
• 82 Vermeulen MA, Richir MC, Garretsen MK et al. Gastric emptying, glucose metabolism and gut hormones: evaluation of a common preoperative carbohydrate beverage. Nutrition 2011; 27: 897-903
• 83 Hausel J, Nygren J, Lagerkranser M et al. A carbohydrate-rich drink reduces preoperative discomfort in elective surgery patients. Anesth Analg 2001; 93: 1344-1350
• 84 Hofman Z, Van Drunen J, Yuill K et al. Tolerance and efficacy of immediate preoperative carbohydrate feeding in uncomplicated elective surgical patients. Clin Nutr 2001; 20: 32
• 85 Meisner M, Ernhofer U, Schmidt J. Liberalisation of preoperative fasting guidelines: effects on patient comfort and clinical practicability during elective laparoscopic surgery of the lower abdomen. Zentralbl Chir 2008; 133: 479-485
• 86 Bopp C, Hofer S, Klein A et al. A liberal preoperative fasting regimen improves patient comfort and satisfaction with anesthesia care in day-stay minor surgery. Minerva Anestesiol 2011; 77: 680-686
• 87 Kaska M, Grosmanova T, Havel E et al. The impact and safety of preoperative oral or intravenous carbohydrate administration versus fasting in colorectal surgery – a randomized controlled trial. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2010; 122: 23-30
• 88 Hausel J, Nygren J, Thorell A et al. Randomized clinical trial of the effects of oral preoperative carbohydrates on postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg 2005; 92: 415-421
• 89 Bisgaard T, Kristiansen VB, Hjortso NC et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing an oral carbohydrate beverage with placebo before laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg 2004; 91: 151-158
• 90 Nygren J, Soop M, Thorell A et al. Preoperative oral carbohydrate administration reduces postoperative insulin resistance. Clin Nutr 1998; 17: 65-71
• 91 Soop M, Myrenfors P, Nygren J et al. Preoperative oral carbohydrate intake attenuates metabolic changes immediately after hip replacement. Clin Nutr 1998; 17: 3-4
• 92 Soop M, Nygren J, Thorell A et al. Preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment attenuates endogenous glucose release 3 days after surgery. Clin Nutr 2004; 23: 733-741
• 93 Perrone F, da-Silva-Filho AC, Adorno IF et al. Effects of preoperative feeding with a whey protein plus carbohydrate drink on the acute phase response and insulin resistance. A randomized trial. Nutr J 2011; 10: 66
• 94 Faria MS, de Aguilar-Nascimento JE, Pimenta OS et al. Preoperative fasting of 2 hours minimizes insulin resistance and organic response to trauma after video-cholecystectomy: a randomized, controlled, clinical trial. World J Surg 2009; 33: 1158-1164
• 95 Noblett SE, Watson DS, Huong H et al. Pre-operative oral carbohydrate loading in colorectal surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Colorectal Dis 2006; 8: 563-569
• 96 Mathur S, Plank LD, McCall JL et al. Randomized controlled trial of preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment in major abdominal surgery. Br J Surg 2010; 97: 485-494
• 97 Breuer JP, von Dossow V, von Heymann C et al. Preoperative oral carbohydrate administration to ASA III-IV patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 2006; 103: 1099-1108
• 98 Rapp-Kesek D, Stridsberg M, Andersson LG et al. Insulin resistance after cardiopulmonary bypass in the elderly patient. Scand Cardiovasc J 2007; 41: 102-108
• 99 Jarvela K, Maaranen P, Sisto T. Pre-operative oral carbohydrate treatment before coronary artery bypass surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2008; 52: 793-797
• 100 Awad S, Varadhan KK, Ljungqvist O et al. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials on preoperative oral carbohydrate treatment in elective surgery. Clin Nutr 2013; 32: 34-44
• 101 Dock-Nascimento DB, de Aguilar-Nascimento JE, Magalhaes Faria MS et al. Evaluation of the effects of a preoperative 2-hour fast with maltodextrine and glutamine on insulin resistance, acute-phase response, nitrogen balance, and serum glutathione after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a controlled randomized trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2012; 36: 43-52
• 102 Braga M, Bissolati M, Rocchetti S et al. Oral preoperative antioxidants in pancreatic surgery: a double-blind, randomized, clinical trial. Nutrition 2012; 28: 160-164
• 103 Bolder U, Ebers M, Tacke J et al. Effekte einer unmittelbaren präoperativen Substratzufuhr auf das postoperative Stoffwechselverhalten. Aktuel Ernahrungsmed 1995; 20: 98-103
• 104 Braga M, Ljungqvist O, Soeters P et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: surgery. Clin Nutr 2009; 28: 378-386
• 105 Bickel A, Shtamler B, Mizrahi S. Early oral feeding following removal of nasogastric tube in gastrointestinal operations. A randomized prospective study. Arch Surg 1992; 127: 287-289; discussion 289
• 106 Elmore MF, Gallagher SC, Jones JG et al. Esophagogastric decompression and enteral feeding following cholecystectomy: a controlled, randomized prospective trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1989; 13: 377-381
• 107 Petrelli NJ, Stulc JP, Rodriguez-Bigas M et al. Nasogastric decompression following elective colorectal surgery: a prospective randomized study. Am Surg 1993; 59: 632-635
• 108 Feo CV, Romanini B, Sortini D et al. Early oral feeding after colorectal resection: a randomized controlled study. ANZ J Surg 2004; 74: 298-301
• 109 Jeffery KM, Harkins B, Cresci GA et al. The clear liquid diet is no longer a necessity in the routine postoperative management of surgical patients. Am Surg 1996; 62: 167-170
• 110 Reissman P, Teoh TA, Cohen SM et al. Is early oral feeding safe after elective colorectal surgery? A prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg 1995; 222: 73-77
• 111 Lewis SJ, Egger M, Sylvester PA et al. Early enteral feeding versus “nil by mouth” after gastrointestinal surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. BMJ 2001; 323: 773-776
• 112 Barlow R, Price P, Reid TD et al. Prospective multicentre randomised controlled trial of early enteral nutrition for patients undergoing major upper gastrointestinal surgical resection. Clin Nutr 2011; 30: 560-566
• 113 Andersen HK, Lewis SJ, Thomas S. Early enteral nutrition within 24h of colorectal surgery versus later commencement of feeding for postoperative complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; (04) CD004080
• 114 Lewis SJ, Andersen HK, Thomas S. Early enteral nutrition within 24 h of intestinal surgery versus later commencement of feeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg 2009; 13: 569-575
• 115 Mazaki T, Ebisawa K. Enteral versus parenteral nutrition after gastrointestinal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in the English literature. J Gastrointest Surg 2008; 12: 739-755
• 116 Osland E, Yunus RM, Khan S et al. Early versus traditional postoperative feeding in patients undergoing resectional gastrointestinal surgery: a meta-analysis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2011; 35: 473-487
• 117 Han-Geurts IJ, Hop WC, Kok NF et al. Randomized clinical trial of the impact of early enteral feeding on postoperative ileus and recovery. Br J Surg 2007; 94: 555-561
• 118 Carrere N, Seulin P, Julio CH et al. Is nasogastric or nasojejunal decompression necessary after gastrectomy? A prospective randomized trial. World J Surg 2007; 31: 122-127
• 119 Hur H, Kim SG, Shim JH et al. Effect of early oral feeding after gastric cancer surgery: a result of randomized clinical trial. Surgery 2011; 149: 561-568
• 120 Schwenk W, Bohm B, Haase O et al. Laparoscopic versus conventional colorectal resection: a prospective randomised study of postoperative ileus and early postoperative feeding. Langenbecks Arch Surg 1998; 383: 49-55
• 121 Chen HH, Wexner SD, Iroatulam AJ et al. Laparoscopic colectomy compares favorably with colectomy by laparotomy for reduction of postoperative ileus. Dis Colon Rectum 2000; 43: 61-65
• 122 Bardram L, Funch-Jensen P, Kehlet H. Rapid rehabilitation in elderly patients after laparoscopic colonic resection. Br J Surg 2000; 87: 1540-1545
• 123 Basse L, Jakobsen DH, Bardram L et al. Functional recovery after open versus laparoscopic colonic resection: a randomized, blinded study. Ann Surg 2005; 241: 416-423
• 124 Choi J, O’Connell TX. Safe and effective early postoperative feeding and hospital discharge after open colon resection. Am Surg 1996; 62: 853-856
• 125 Detry R, Ciccarelli O, Komlan A et al. Early feeding after colorectal surgery. Preliminary results. Acta Chir Belg 1999; 99: 292-294
• 126 Bronnimann S, Studer M, Wagner HE. Early postoperative nutrition after elective colonic surgery. Langenbecks Arch Chir Suppl Kongressbd 1998; 115: 1094-1095
• 127 Stewart D, Waxman K. Management of postoperative ileus. Dis Mon 2010; 56: 204-214
• 128 Herzog T, Lemmens HP, Arlt G et al. Treatment of postoperative ileus with choline citrate – results of a prospective, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind multicentre trial. Int J Colorectal Dis 2011; 26: 645-652
• 129 Herbert MK, Holzer P. Standardized concept for the treatment of gastrointestinal dysmotility in critically ill patients – current status and future options. Clin Nutr 2008; 27: 25-41
• 130 MacLaren R, Kiser TH, Fish DN et al. Erythromycin vs metoclopramide for facilitating gastric emptying and tolerance to intragastric nutrition in critically ill patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2008; 32: 412-419
• 131 Traut U, Brugger L, Kunz R et al. Systemic prokinetic pharmacologic treatment for postoperative adynamic ileus following abdominal surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; (01) CD004930 doi: DOI: CD004930.
• 132 Buchler MW, Seiler CM, Monson JR et al. Clinical trial: alvimopan for the management of post-operative ileus after abdominal surgery: results of an international randomized, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled clinical study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 28: 312-325
• 133 Zingg U, Miskovic D, Pasternak I et al. Effect of bisacodyl on postoperative bowel motility in elective colorectal surgery: a prospective, randomized trial. Int J Colorectal Dis 2008; 23: 1175-1183
• 134 Popescu I, Fleshner PR, Pezzullo JC et al. The Ghrelin agonist TZP-101 for management of postoperative ileus after partial colectomy: a randomized, dose-ranging, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Dis Colon Rectum 2010; 53: 126-134
• 135 Chan MK, Law WL. Use of chewing gum in reducing postoperative ileus after elective colorectal resection: a systematic review. Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 50: 2149-2157
• 136 van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren MA, van Leeuwen PA, Sauerwein HP et al. Assessment of malnutrition parameters in head and neck cancer and their relation to postoperative complications. Head Neck 1997; 19: 419-425
• 137 Malone DL, Genuit T, Tracy JK et al. Surgical site infections: reanalysis of risk factors. J Surg Res 2002; 103: 89-95
• 138 Sandstrom R, Drott C, Hyltander A et al. The effect of postoperative intravenous feeding (TPN) on outcome following major surgery evaluated in a randomized study. Ann Surg 1993; 217: 185-195
• 139 Bozzetti F, Gianotti L, Braga M et al. Postoperative complications in gastrointestinal cancer patients: the joint role of the nutritional status and the nutritional support. Clin Nutr 2007; 26: 698-709
• 140 Durkin MT, Mercer KG, McNulty MF et al. Vascular surgical society of great britain and ireland: contribution of malnutrition to postoperative morbidity in vascular surgical patients. Br J Surg 1999; 86: 702
• 141 Pikul J, Sharpe MD, Lowndes R et al. Degree of preoperative malnutrition is predictive of postoperative morbidity and mortality in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 1994; 57: 469-472
• 142 Meyer L, Meyer F, Dralle H et al. Insufficiency risk of esophagojejunal anastomosis after total abdominal gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2005; 390: 510-516
• 143 Weimann A. Appropriate indications for nutritional therapy in the cancer patient. Aktuel Ernahrungsmed 2001; 26: 167-169
• 144 Sagar S, Harland P, Shields R. Early postoperative feeding with elemental diet. Br Med J 1979; 1: 293-295
• 145 Ryan Jr JA, Page CP, Babcock L. Early postoperative jejunal feeding of elemental diet in gastrointestinal surgery. Am Surg 1981; 47: 393-403
• 146 Bastow MD, Rawlings J, Allison SP. Benefits of supplementary tube feeding after fractured neck of femur: a randomised controlled trial. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1983; 287: 1589-1592
• 147 Shukla HS, Rao RR, Banu N et al. Enteral hyperalimentation in malnourished surgical patients. Indian J Med Res 1984; 80: 339-346
• 148 Smith RC, Hartemink RJ, Hollinshead JW et al. Fine bore jejunostomy feeding following major abdominal surgery: a controlled randomized clinical trial. Br J Surg 1985; 72: 458-461
• 149 Muggia-Sullam M, Bower RH, Murphy RF et al. Postoperative enteral versus parenteral nutritional support in gastrointestinal surgery. A matched prospective study. Am J Surg 1985; 149: 106-112
• 150 Adams S, Dellinger EP, Wertz MJ et al. Enteral versus parenteral nutritional support following laparotomy for trauma: a randomized prospective trial. J Trauma 1986; 26: 882-891
• 151 Bower RH, Talamini MA, Sax HC et al. Postoperative enteral vs parenteral nutrition. A randomized controlled trial. Arch Surg 1986; 121: 1040-1045
• 152 Moore FA, Moore EE, Jones TN et al. TEN versus TPN following major abdominal trauma – reduced septic morbidity. J Trauma 1989; 29: 916-922; discussion 922 – 923
• 153 Delmi M, Rapin CH, Bengoa JM et al. Dietary supplementation in elderly patients with fractured neck of the femur. Lancet 1990; 335: 1013-1016
• 154 Schroeder D, Gillanders L, Mahr K et al. Effects of immediate postoperative enteral nutrition on body composition, muscle function, and wound healing. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1991; 15: 376-383
• 155 Kudsk KA, Croce MA, Fabian TC et al. Enteral versus parenteral feeding. Effects on septic morbidity after blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma. Ann Surg 1992; 215: 503-511; discussion 511 – 513
• 156 Von Meyenfeldt MF, Meijerink WJ, Rouflart MM et al. Perioperative nutritional support: a randomised clinical trial. Clin Nutr 1992; 11: 180-186
• 157 Iovinelli G, Marsili I, Varrassi G. Nutrition support after total laryngectomy. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1993; 17: 445-448
• 158 Beier-Holgersen R, Boesby S. Influence of postoperative enteral nutrition on postsurgical infections. Gut 1996; 39: 833-835
• 159 Baigrie RJ, Devitt PG, Watkin DS. Enteral versus parenteral nutrition after oesophagogastric surgery: a prospective randomized comparison. Aust N Z J Surg 1996; 66: 668-670
• 160 Carr CS, Ling KD, Boulos P et al. Randomised trial of safety and efficacy of immediate postoperative enteral feeding in patients undergoing gastrointestinal resection. BMJ 1996; 312: 869-871
• 161 Keele AM, Bray MJ, Emery PW et al. Two phase randomised controlled clinical trial of postoperative oral dietary supplements in surgical patients. Gut 1997; 40: 393-399
• 162 Watters JM, Kirkpatrick SM, Norris SB et al. Immediate postoperative enteral feeding results in impaired respiratory mechanics and decreased mobility. Ann Surg 1997; 226: 369-377; discussion 377 – 380
• 163 Reynolds JV, Kanwar S, Welsh FK et al. Harry M. Vars Research Award. Does the route of feeding modify gut barrier function and clinical outcome in patients after major upper gastrointestinal surgery?. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1997; 21: 196-201
• 164 Sand J, Luostarinen M, Matikainen M. Enteral or parenteral feeding after total gastrectomy: prospective randomised pilot study. Eur J Surg 1997; 163: 761-766
• 165 Shirabe K, Matsumata T, Shimada M et al. A comparison of parenteral hyperalimentation and early enteral feeding regarding systemic immunity after major hepatic resection – the results of a randomized prospective study. Hepatogastroenterology 1997; 44: 205-209
• 166 Singh G, Ram RP, Khanna SK. Early postoperative enteral feeding in patients with nontraumatic intestinal perforation and peritonitis. J Am Coll Surg 1998; 187: 142-146
• 167 Sullivan DH, Nelson CL, Bopp MM et al. Nightly enteral nutrition support of elderly hip fracture patients: a phase I trial. J Am Coll Nutr 1998; 17: 155-161
• 168 Beattie AH, Prach AT, Baxter JP et al. A randomised controlled trial evaluating the use of enteral nutritional supplements postoperatively in malnourished surgical patients. Gut 2000; 46: 813-818
• 169 MacFie J, Woodcock NP, Palmer MD et al. Oral dietary supplements in pre- and postoperative surgical patients: a prospective and randomized clinical trial. Nutrition 2000; 16: 723-728
• 170 Espaulella J, Guyer H, Diaz-Escriu F et al. Nutritional supplementation of elderly hip fracture patients. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Age Ageing 2000; 29: 425-431
• 171 Braga M, Gianotti L, Gentilini O et al. Early postoperative enteral nutrition improves gut oxygenation and reduces costs compared with total parenteral nutrition. Crit Care Med 2001; 29: 242-248
• 172 Malhotra A, Mathur AK, Gupta S. Early enteral nutrition after surgical treatment of gut perforations: a prospective randomised study. J Postgrad Med 2004; 50: 102-106
• 173 Smedley F, Bowling T, James M et al. Randomized clinical trial of the effects of preoperative and postoperative oral nutritional supplements on clinical course and cost of care. Br J Surg 2004; 91: 983-990
• 174 Mack LA, Kaklamanos IG, Livingstone AS et al. Gastric decompression and enteral feeding through a double-lumen gastrojejunostomy tube improves outcomes after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Ann Surg 2004; 240: 845-851
• 175 Sullivan DH, Nelson CL, Klimberg VS et al. Nightly enteral nutrition support of elderly hip fracture patients: a pilot study. J Am Coll Nutr 2004; 23: 683-691
• 176 Pacelli F, Bossola M, Papa V et al. Enteral vs parenteral nutrition after major abdominal surgery: an even match. Arch Surg 2001; 136: 933-936
• 177 Bozzetti F, Braga M, Gianotti L et al. Postoperative enteral versus parenteral nutrition in malnourished patients with gastrointestinal cancer: a randomised multicentre trial. Lancet 2001; 358: 1487-1492
• 178 Martignoni ME, Friess H, Sell F et al. Enteral nutrition prolongs delayed gastric emptying in patients after Whipple resection. Am J Surg 2000; 180: 18-23
• 179 Dunham CM, Frankenfield D, Belzberg H et al. Gut failure – predictor of or contributor to mortality in mechanically ventilated blunt trauma patients?. J Trauma 1994; 37: 30-34
• 180 Lim ST, Choa RG, Lam KH et al. Total parenteral nutrition versus gastrostomy in the preoperative preparation of patients with carcinoma of the oesophagus. Br J Surg 1981; 68: 69-72
• 181 McArdle AH, Reid EC, Laplante MP et al. Prophylaxis against radiation injury. The use of elemental diet prior to and during radiotherapy for invasive bladder cancer and in early postoperative feeding following radical cystectomy and ileal conduit. Arch Surg 1986; 121: 879-885
• 182 Fletcher JP, Little JM. A comparison of parenteral nutrition and early postoperative enteral feeding on the nitrogen balance after major surgery. Surgery 1986; 100: 21-24
• 183 Nissila MS, Perttila JT, Salo MS et al. Natural killer cell activity after immediate postoperative enteral and parenteral nutrition. Acta Chir Scand 1989; 155: 229-232
• 184 Magnusson J, Tranberg KG, Jeppsson B et al. Enteral versus parenteral glucose as the sole nutritional support after colorectal resection. A prospective, randomized comparison. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989; 24: 539-549
• 185 Hwang TL, Huang SL, Chen MF. Early nasoduodenal feeding for the post-biliary surgical patient. J Formos Med Assoc 1991; 90: 993-997
• 186 Suchner U, Senftleben U, Eckart T et al. Enteral versus parenteral nutrition: effects on gastrointestinal function and metabolism. Nutrition 1996; 12: 13-22
• 187 Hochwald SN, Harrison LE, Heslin MJ et al. Early postoperative enteral feeding improves whole body protein kinetics in upper gastrointestinal cancer patients. Am J Surg 1997; 174: 325-330
• 188 Beier-Holgersen R, Brandstrup B. Influence of early postoperative enteral nutrition versus placebo on cell-mediated immunity, as measured with the Multitest CMI. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999; 34: 98-102
• 189 Brooks AD, Hochwald SN, Heslin MJ et al. Intestinal permeability after early postoperative enteral nutrition in patients with upper gastrointestinal malignancy. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1999; 23: 75-79
• 190 Hu QG, Zheng QC. The influence of Enteral Nutrition in postoperative patients with poor liver function. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9: 843-846
• 191 Braunschweig CL, Levy P, Sheean PM et al. Enteral compared with parenteral nutrition: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 74: 534-542
• 192 Peter JV, Moran JL, Phillips-Hughes J. A metaanalysis of treatment outcomes of early enteral versus early parenteral nutrition in hospitalized patients. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: 213-220; discussion 260 – 261
• 193 ASPEN Board of Directors and the Clinical Guidelines Task Force. Guidelines for the use of parenteral and enteral nutrition in adult and pediatric patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2002; 26: 1SA-138SA
• 194 Reilly J, Mehta R, Teperman L et al. Nutritional support after liver transplantation: a randomized prospective study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1990; 14: 386-391
• 195 The Veterans Affairs Total Parenteral Nutrition Cooperative Study Group. Perioperative total parenteral nutrition in surgical patients. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 525-532
• 196 Brennan MF, Pisters PW, Posner M et al. A prospective randomized trial of total parenteral nutrition after major pancreatic resection for malignancy. Ann Surg 1994; 220: 436-441; discussion 441 – 444
• 197 Fan ST, Lo CM, Lai EC et al. Perioperative nutritional support in patients undergoing hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 1547-1552
• 198 Wicks C, Somasundaram S, Bjarnason I et al. Comparison of enteral feeding and total parenteral nutrition after liver transplantation. Lancet 1994; 344: 837-840
• 199 Jauch KW, Kroner G, Hermann A et al. Postoperative infusion therapy: electrolyte solution in comparison with hypocaloric glucose and carbohydrate exchange-amino acid solutions. Zentralbl Chir 1995; 120: 682-688
• 200 Hu SS, Fontaine F, Kelly B et al. Nutritional depletion in staged spinal reconstructive surgery. The effect of total parenteral nutrition. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1998; 23: 1401-1405
• 201 Bozzetti F, Gavazzi C, Miceli R et al. Perioperative total parenteral nutrition in malnourished, gastrointestinal cancer patients: a randomized, clinical trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2000; 24: 7-14
• 202 Woodcock NP, Zeigler D, Palmer MD et al. Enteral versus parenteral nutrition: a pragmatic study. Nutrition 2001; 17: 1-12
• 203 Heyland DK, Montalvo M, MacDonald S et al. Total parenteral nutrition in the surgical patient: a meta-analysis. Can J Surg 2001; 44: 102-111
• 204 Lidder P, Flanagan D, Fleming S et al. Combining enteral with parenteral nutrition to improve postoperative glucose control. Br J Nutr 2010; 103: 1635-1641
• 205 Dhaliwal R, Jurewitsch B, Harrietha D et al. Combination enteral and parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: harmful or beneficial? A systematic review of the evidence. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: 1666-1671
• 206 Heyland DK, Dhaliwal R, Drover JW et al. Canadian Critical Care Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for nutrition support in mechanically ventilated, critically ill adult patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2003; 27: 355-373
• 207 Casaer MP, Mesotten D, Hermans G et al. Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 506-517
• 208 Heidegger CP, Berger MM, Graf S et al. Optimisation of energy provision with supplemental parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Lancet 2013; 381: 385-393
• 209 Doig GS, Simpson F, Sweetman EA et al. Early parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients with short term relative contraindication to early enteral nutrition: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2013; 309: 2130-2138
• 210 Weimann A, Singer P. Avoiding underfeeding in severely ill patients in the intensive care unit. Lancet 2013; May 25; 381 (9880): 1811 Doi: DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61112-5.
• 211 McCowen KC, Friel C, Sternberg J et al. Hypocaloric total parenteral nutrition: effectiveness in prevention of hyperglycemia and infectious complications – a randomized clinical trial. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: 3606-3611
• 212 Hartl WH, Parhofer KG, Kuppinger D et al. und das DGEM Steering Committee. Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin (DGEM) in Zusammenarbeit mit der GESKES und der AKE: Besonderheiten der Überwachung bei künstlicher Ernährung – Teil des laufenden S3-Leitlinienprojekts Klinische Ernährung. Aktuel Ernahrungsmed 2013; 38: 345-352
• 213 Menne R, Adolph M, Brock E et al. Cost analysis of parenteral nutrition regimens in the intensive care unit: three-compartment bag system vs multibottle system. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2008; 32: 606-612
• 214 Pichard C, Schwarz G, Frei A et al. Economic investigation of the use of three-compartment total parenteral nutrition bag: prospective randomized unblinded controlled study. Clin Nutr 2000; 19: 245-251
• 215 Turpin RS, Canada T, Rosenthal V et al. Bloodstream infections associated with parenteral nutrition preparation methods in the United States: a retrospective, large database analysis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2012; 36: 169-176
• 216 Barr J, Hecht M, Flavin KE et al. Outcomes in critically ill patients before and after the implementation of an evidence-based nutritional management protocol. Chest 2004; 125: 1446-1457
• 217 Doig GS, Simpson F, Finfer S et al. Effect of evidence-based feeding guidelines on mortality of critically ill adults: a cluster randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008; 300: 2731-2741
• 218 Heyland D, Muscedere J, Wischmeyer PE et al. A randomized trial of glutamine and antioxidants in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 1489-1497
• 219 Fuentes-Orozco C, Anaya-Prado R, Gonzalez-Ojeda A et al. L-alanyl-L-glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition improves infectious morbidity in secondary peritonitis. Clin Nutr 2004; 23: 13-21
• 220 Fürst P. Effects of supplemental parental L-alanyl-L-glutamine (Ala-Gln) following elective operation – a European multicentre study. Clin Nutr 1999; 18: 16
• 221 Jacobi CA, Ordemann J, Zuckermann H et al. The influence of alanyl-glutamine on immunologic functions and morbidity in postoperative total parenteral nutrition. Preliminary results of a prospective randomized trial. Zentralbl Chir 1999; 124: 199-205
• 222 Jian ZM, Cao JD, Zhu XG et al. The impact of alanyl-glutamine on clinical safety, nitrogen balance, intestinal permeability, and clinical outcome in postoperative patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study of 120 patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1999; 23: 62-66
• 223 Karwowska KA, Szulc R, Dworacki G et al. Influence of glutamine-enriched parental nutrition on nitrogen balance and immunologic status in patients undergoing elective aortic aneurysm repair. Clin Nutr 2000; 19: 22
• 224 Mertes N, Schulzki C, Goeters C et al. Cost containment through L-alanyl-L-glutamine supplemented total parenteral nutrition after major abdominal surgery: a prospective randomized double-blind controlled study. Clin Nutr 2000; 19: 395-401
• 225 Morlion BJ, Stehle P, Wachtler P et al. Total parenteral nutrition with glutamine dipeptide after major abdominal surgery: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Ann Surg 1998; 227: 302-308
• 226 Neri A, Mariani F, Piccolomini A et al. Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition in major abdominal surgery. Nutrition 2001; 17: 968-969
• 227 Powell-Tuck J. Total parenteral nutrition with glutamine dipeptide shortened hospital stays and improved immune status and nitrogen economy after major abdominal surgery. Gut 1999; 44: 155
• 228 Novak F, Heyland DK, Avenell A et al. Glutamine supplementation in serious illness: a systematic review of the evidence. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: 2022-2029
• 229 Jiang ZM, Jiang H, Fürst P. The impact of glutamine dipeptides on outcome of surgical patients: systematic review of randomized controlled trials from Europe and Asia. Clin Nutr Suppl 2004; 1: 17-23
• 230 Exner R, Tamandl D, Goetzinger P et al. Perioperative GLY-GLN infusion diminishes the surgery-induced period of immunosuppression: accelerated restoration of the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha response. Ann Surg 2003; 237: 110-115
• 231 Jiang-Xiang S, Xiao-Huang T, Lie W et al. Glutamine dipeptide-supplemented parental nutrition in patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Nutr Suppl 2004; 1: 49-53
• 232 Yao GX, Xue XB, Jiang ZM et al. Effects of perioperative parenteral glutamine-dipeptide supplementation on plasma endotoxin level, plasma endotoxin inactivation capacity and clinical outcome. Clin Nutr 2005; 24: 510-515
• 233 Lin MT, Kung SP, Yeh SL et al. Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition attenuates plasma interleukin-6 in surgical patients with lower disease severity. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 6197-6201
• 234 Gianotti L, Braga M, Biffi R et al. GlutamItaly Research Group of the Italian Society of Parenteral, and Enteral Nutrition. Perioperative intravenous glutamine supplementation in major abdominal surgery for cancer: a randomized multicenter trial. Ann Surg 2009; 250: 684-690
• 235 Wang Y, Jiang ZM, Nolan MT et al. The impact of glutamine dipeptide-supplemented parenteral nutrition on outcomes of surgical patients: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2010; 34: 521-529
• 236 Yue C, Tian W, Wang W et al. The impact of perioperative glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition on outcomes of patients undergoing abdominal surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Am Surg 2013; 79: 506-513
• 237 Bollhalder L, Pfeil AM, Tomonaga Y et al. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of parenteral glutamine supplementation. Clin Nutr 2013; 32: 213-223
• 240 Nothacker M, Rütters D. Evidenzbericht 2012: Analyse von Metaanalysen zur perioperativen klinischen Ernährung. ÄZQ 2012;
• 239 Chen B, Zhou Y, Yang P et al. Safety and efficacy of fish oil-enriched parenteral nutrition regimen on postoperative patients undergoing major abdominal surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2010; 34: 387-394
• 240 Pradelli L, Mayer K, Muscaritoli M et al. n-3 fatty acid-enriched parenteral nutrition regimens in elective surgical and ICU patients: a meta-analysis. Crit Care 2012; 16: R184
• 241 de Miranda Torrinhas RS, Santana R, Garcia T et al. Parenteral fish oil as a pharmacological agent to modulate post-operative immune response: a randomized, double-blind, and controlled clinical trial in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Clin Nutr 2013; 32: 503-510
• 242 Klein S, Kinney J, Jeejeebhoy K et al. Nutrition support in clinical practice: review of published data and recommendations for future research directions. Summary of a conference sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, and American Society for Clinical Nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 683-706
• 243 Khuri SF, Daley J, Henderson W et al. Risk adjustment of the postoperative mortality rate for the comparative assessment of the quality of surgical care: results of the National Veterans Affairs Surgical Risk Study. J Am Coll Surg 1997; 185: 315-327
• 244 Suding P, Jensen E, Abramson MA et al. Definitive risk factors for anastomotic leaks in elective open colorectal resection. Arch Surg 2008; 143: 907-911; discussion 911 – 912
• 245 Hennessey DB, Burke JP, Ni-Dhonochu T et al. Preoperative hypoalbuminemia is an independent risk factor for the development of surgical site infection following gastrointestinal surgery: a multi-institutional study. Ann Surg 2010; 252: 325-329
• 246 Pacelli F, Bossola M, Rosa F et al. Is malnutrition still a risk factor of postoperative complications in gastric cancer surgery?. Clin Nutr 2008; 27: 398-407
• 247 Jie B, Jiang ZM, Nolan MT et al. Impact of preoperative nutritional support on clinical outcome in abdominal surgical patients at nutritional risk. Nutrition 2012; 28: 1022-1027
• 248 Burden ST, Hill J, Shaffer JL et al. An unblinded randomised controlled trial of preoperative oral supplements in colorectal cancer patients. J Hum Nutr Diet 2011; 24: 441-448
• 249 Burden S, Todd C, Hill J et al. Pre-operative nutrition support in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 11 CD008879
• 250 Braga M, Gianotti L, Radaelli G et al. Perioperative immunonutrition in patients undergoing cancer surgery: results of a randomized double-blind phase 3 trial. Arch Surg 1999; 134: 428-433
• 251 Senkal M, Zumtobel V, Bauer KH et al. Outcome and cost-effectiveness of perioperative enteral immunonutrition in patients undergoing elective upper gastrointestinal tract surgery: a prospective randomized study. Arch Surg 1999; 134: 1309-1316
• 252 Tepaske R, Velthuis H, Oudemans-van Straaten HM et al. Effect of preoperative oral immune-enhancing nutritional supplement on patients at high risk of infection after cardiac surgery: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2001; 358: 696-701
• 253 Braga M, Gianotti L, Vignali A et al. Preoperative oral arginine and n-3 fatty acid supplementation improves the immunometabolic host response and outcome after colorectal resection for cancer. Surgery 2002; 132: 805-814
• 254 Braga M, Gianotti L, Nespoli L et al. Nutritional approach in malnourished surgical patients: a prospective randomized study. Arch Surg 2002; 137: 174-180
• 255 August DA, Huhmann MB. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) Board of Directors. A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: nutrition support therapy during adult anticancer treatment and in hematopoietic cell transplantation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2009; 33: 472-500
• 256 Tepaske R, te Velthuis H, Oudemans-van Straaten HM et al. Glycine does not add to the beneficial effects of perioperative oral immune-enhancing nutrition supplements in high-risk cardiac surgery patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2007; 31: 173-180
• 257 Gianotti L, Braga M, Nespoli L et al. A randomized controlled trial of preoperative oral supplementation with a specialized diet in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Gastroenterology 2002; 122: 1763-1770
• 258 Ryan AM, Reynolds JV, Healy L et al. Enteral nutrition enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) preserves lean body mass following esophageal cancer surgery: results of a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg 2009; 249: 355-363
• 259 Klek S, Kulig J, Sierzega M et al. Standard and immunomodulating enteral nutrition in patients after extended gastrointestinal surgery – a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Clin Nutr 2008; 27: 504-512
• 260 Braga M, Gianotti L. Preoperative immunonutrition: cost-benefit analysis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2005; 29: S57-61
• 261 Strickland A, Brogan A, Krauss J et al. Is the use of specialized nutritional formulations a cost-effective strategy? A national database evaluation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2005; 29: S81-91
• 262 Fujitani K, Tsujinaka T, Fujita J et al. Prospective randomized trial of preoperative enteral immunonutrition followed by elective total gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Br J Surg 2012; 99: 621-629
• 263 Hubner M, Cerantola Y, Grass F et al. Preoperative immunonutrition in patients at nutritional risk: results of a double-blinded randomized clinical trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012; 66: 850-855
• 264 Sultan J, Griffin SM, Di Franco F et al. Randomized clinical trial of omega-3 fatty acid-supplemented enteral nutrition versus standard enteral nutrition in patients undergoing oesophagogastric cancer surgery. Br J Surg 2012; 99: 346-355
• 265 Sakurai Y, Masui T, Yoshida I et al. Randomized clinical trial of the effects of perioperative use of immune-enhancing enteral formula on metabolic and immunological status in patients undergoing esophagectomy. World J Surg 2007; 31: 2150-2157; discussion 2158 – 2159
• 266 Mabvuure NT, Roman I, Khan OA. Enteral immunonutrition versus standard enteral nutrition for patients undergoing oesophagogastric resection for cancer. Int J Surg 2013; 11: 122-127
• 267 McClave SA, Martindale RG, Vanek VW et al. Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Adult Critically Ill Patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.). JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2009; 33: 277-316
• 268 Hill GL. Impact of nutritional support on the clinical outcome of the surgical patient. Clin Nutr 1994; 13: 331-340
• 269 Lin MT, Saito H, Fukushima R et al. Preoperative total parenteral nutrition influences postoperative systemic cytokine responses after colorectal surgery. Nutrition 1997; 13: 8-12
• 270 Gil MJ, Franch G, Guirao X et al. Response of severely malnourished patients to preoperative parenteral nutrition: a randomized clinical trial of water and sodium restriction. Nutrition 1997; 13: 26-31
• 271 Seven H, Calis AB, Turgut S. A randomized controlled trial of early oral feeding in laryngectomized patients. Laryngoscope 2003; 113: 1076-1079
• 272 Bozzetti F, Gianotti L, Braga M et al. Postoperative complications in gastrointestinal cancer patients: the joint role of the nutritional status and the nutritional support. Clin Nutr 2007; 26: 698-709
• 273 Klek S, Sierzega M, Szybinski P et al. Perioperative nutrition in malnourished surgical cancer patients – a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Clin Nutr 2011; 30: 708-713
• 274 Kompan L, Kremzar B, Gadzijev E et al. Effects of early enteral nutrition on intestinal permeability and the development of multiple organ failure after multiple injury. Intensive Care Med 1999; 25: 157-161
• 275 Perel P, Yanagawa T, Bunn F et al. Nutritional support for head-injured patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; (04) CD001530
• 276 Brown RO, Hunt H, Mowatt-Larssen CA et al. Comparison of specialized and standard enteral formulas in trauma patients. Pharmacotherapy 1994; 14: 314-320
• 277 Daly JM, Lieberman MD, Goldfine J et al. Enteral nutrition with supplemental arginine, RNA, and omega-3 fatty acids in patients after operation: immunologic, metabolic, and clinical outcome. Surgery 1992; 112: 56-67
• 278 Bower RH, Cerra FB, Bershadsky B et al. Early enteral administration of a formula (Impact) supplemented with arginine, nucleotides, and fish oil in intensive care unit patients: results of a multicenter, prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Crit Care Med 1995; 23: 436-449
• 279 Daly JM, Weintraub FN, Shou J et al. Enteral nutrition during multimodality therapy in upper gastrointestinal cancer patients. Ann Surg 1995; 221: 327-338
• 280 Gianotti L, Braga M, Vignali A et al. Effect of route of delivery and formulation of postoperative nutritional support in patients undergoing major operations for malignant neoplasms. Arch Surg 1997; 132: 1222-1229; discussion 1229 – 1230
• 281 Heslin MJ, Latkany L, Leung D et al. A prospective, randomized trial of early enteral feeding after resection of upper gastrointestinal malignancy. Ann Surg 1997; 226: 567-577; discussion 577 – 580
• 282 Moore FA, Moore EE, Kudsk KA et al. Clinical benefits of an immune-enhancing diet for early postinjury enteral feeding. J Trauma 1994; 37: 607-615
• 283 Kudsk KA, Minard G, Croce MA et al. A randomized trial of isonitrogenous enteral diets after severe trauma. An immune-enhancing diet reduces septic complications. Ann Surg 1996; 224: 531-540; discussion 540 – 543
• 284 Mendez C, Jurkovich GJ, Garcia I et al. Effects of an immune-enhancing diet in critically injured patients. J Trauma 1997; 42: 933-940; discussion 940 – 941
• 285 Weimann A, Bastian L, Bischoff WE et al. Influence of arginine, omega-3 fatty acids and nucleotide-supplemented enteral support on systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure in patients after severe trauma. Nutrition 1998; 14: 165-172
• 286 Snyderman CH, Kachman K, Molseed L et al. Reduced postoperative infections with an immune-enhancing nutritional supplement. Laryngoscope 1999; 109: 915-921
• 287 Senkal M, Mumme A, Eickhoff U et al. Early postoperative enteral immunonutrition: clinical outcome and cost-comparison analysis in surgical patients. Crit Care Med 1997; 25: 1489-1496
• 288 Klek S, Kulig J, Sierzega M et al. The impact of immunostimulating nutrition on infectious complications after upper gastrointestinal surgery: a prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Ann Surg 2008; 248: 212-220
• 289 Heys SD, Walker LG, Smith I et al. Enteral nutritional supplementation with key nutrients in patients with critical illness and cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Ann Surg 1999; 229: 467-477
• 290 Beale RJ, Bryg DJ, Bihari DJ. Immunonutrition in the critically ill: a systematic review of clinical outcome. Crit Care Med 1999; 27: 2799-2805
• 291 Heyland DK, Novak F, Drover JW et al. Should immunonutrition become routine in critically ill patients? A systematic review of the evidence. JAMA 2001; 286: 944-953
• 292 Montejo JC, Zarazaga A, Lopez-Martinez J et al. Immunonutrition in the intensive care unit. A systematic review and consensus statement. Clin Nutr 2003; 22: 221-233
• 293 Marik PE, Zaloga GP. Immunonutrition in high-risk surgical patients: a systematic review and analysis of the literature. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2010; 34: 378-386
• 294 Cerantola Y, Hubner M, Grass F et al. Immunonutrition in gastrointestinal surgery. Br J Surg 2011; 98: 37-48
• 295 Drover JW, Dhaliwal R, Weitzel L et al. Perioperative use of arginine-supplemented diets: a systematic review of the evidence. J Am Coll Surg 2011; 212: 385-399, 399.e1
• 296 Stableforth WD, Thomas S, Lewis SJ. A systematic review of the role of immunonutrition in patients undergoing surgery for head and neck cancer. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009; 38: 103-110
• 297 Wilhelm SM, Kale-Pradhan PB. Combination of arginine and omega-3 fatty acids enteral nutrition in critically ill and surgical patients: a meta-analysis. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2010; 3: 459-469
• 298 Marimuthu K, Varadhan KK, Ljungqvist O et al. A meta-analysis of the effect of combinations of immune modulating nutrients on outcome in patients undergoing major open gastrointestinal surgery. Ann Surg 2012; 255: 1060-1068
• 299 Osland E, Hossain MB, Khan S et al. Effect of Timing of Pharmaconutrition (Immunonutrition) Administration on Outcomes of Elective Surgery for Gastrointestinal Malignancies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013; Feb 14 [Epub ahead of print]
• 300 Farreras N, Artigas V, Cardona D et al. Effect of early postoperative enteral immunonutrition on wound healing in patients undergoing surgery for gastric cancer. Clin Nutr 2005; 24: 55-65
• 301 Buijs N, van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren MA, Langius JA et al. Perioperative arginine-supplemented nutrition in malnourished patients with head and neck cancer improves long-term survival. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92: 1151-1156
• 302 Houdijk AP, Rijnsburger ER, Jansen J et al. Randomised trial of glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition on infectious morbidity in patients with multiple trauma. Lancet 1998; 352: 772-776
• 303 Garcia-de-Lorenzo A, Zarazaga A, Garcia-Luna PP et al. Clinical evidence for enteral nutritional support with glutamine: a systematic review. Nutrition 2003; 19: 805-811
• 304 Conejero R, Bonet A, Grau T et al. Effect of a glutamine-enriched enteral diet on intestinal permeability and infectious morbidity at 28 days in critically ill patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a randomized, single-blind, prospective, multicenter study. Nutrition 2002; 18: 716-721
• 305 Zhou YP, Jiang ZM, Sun YH et al. The effect of supplemental enteral glutamine on plasma levels, gut function, and outcome in severe burns: a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2003; 27: 241-245
• 306 Kotzampassi K, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Voudouris A et al. Benefits of a synbiotic formula (Synbiotic 2000Forte) in critically Ill trauma patients: early results of a randomized controlled trial. World J Surg 2006; 30: 1848-1855
• 307 Rayes N, Seehofer D, Hansen S et al. Early enteral supply of lactobacillus and fiber versus selective bowel decontamination: a controlled trial in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 2002; 74: 123-127
• 308 Rayes N, Seehofer D, Theruvath T et al. Supply of pre- and probiotics reduces bacterial infection rates after liver transplantation – a randomized, double-blind trial. Am J Transplant 2005; 5: 125-130
• 309 Rayes N, Seehofer D, Theruvath T et al. Effect of enteral nutrition and synbiotics on bacterial infection rates after pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy: a randomized, double-blind trial. Ann Surg 2007; 246: 36-41
• 310 Kanazawa H, Nagino M, Kamiya S et al. Synbiotics reduce postoperative infectious complications: a randomized controlled trial in biliary cancer patients undergoing hepatectomy. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2005; 390: 104-113
• 311 Sugawara G, Nagino M, Nishio H et al. Perioperative synbiotic treatment to prevent postoperative infectious complications in biliary cancer surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg 2006; 244: 706-714
• 312 Usami M, Miyoshi M, Kanbara Y et al. Effects of perioperative synbiotic treatment on infectious complications, intestinal integrity, and fecal flora and organic acids in hepatic surgery with or without cirrhosis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2011; 35: 317-328
• 313 Kinross JM, Markar S, Karthikesalingam A et al. A meta-analysis of probiotic and synbiotic use in elective surgery: does nutrition modulation of the gut microbiome improve clinical outcome?. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013; 37: 243-253
• 314 Gu WJ, Deng T, Gong YZ et al. The effects of probiotics in early enteral nutrition on the outcomes of trauma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013; 37: 310-317
• 315 Okazaki M, Matsukuma S, Suto R et al. Perioperative synbiotic therapy in elderly patients undergoing gastroenterological surgery: a prospective, randomized control trial. Nutrition 2013; 29: 1224-1230
• 316 Falcao de Arruda IS, de Aguilar-Nascimento JE. Benefits of early enteral nutrition with glutamine and probiotics in brain injury patients. Clin Sci (Lond) 2004; 106: 287-292
• 317 Braga M, Gianotti L, Gentilini O et al. Feeding the gut early after digestive surgery: results of a nine-year experience. Clin Nutr 2002; 21: 59-65
• 318 Daly JM, Bonau R, Stofberg P et al. Immediate postoperative jejunostomy feeding. Clinical and metabolic results in a prospective trial. Am J Surg 1987; 153: 198-206
• 319 Delany HM, Carnevale N, Garvey JW et al. Postoperative nutritional support using needle catheter feeding jejunostomy. Ann Surg 1977; 186: 165-170
• 320 Gabor S, Renner H, Matzi V et al. Early enteral feeding compared with parenteral nutrition after oesophageal or oesophagogastric resection and reconstruction. Br J Nutr 2005; 93: 509-513
• 321 Gupta V. Benefits versus risks: a prospective audit. Feeding jejunostomy during esophagectomy. World J Surg 2009; 33: 1432-1438
• 322 Kemen M, Senkal M, Homann HH et al. Early postoperative enteral nutrition with arginine-omega-3 fatty acids and ribonucleic acid-supplemented diet versus placebo in cancer patients: an immunologic evaluation of Impact. Crit Care Med 1995; 23: 652-659
• 323 Ligthart-Melis GC, Weijs PJ, te Boveldt ND et al. Dietician-delivered intensive nutritional support is associated with a decrease in severe postoperative complications after surgery in patients with esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus 2013; 26: 587-593
• 324 Han-Geurts IJ, Hop WC, Verhoef C et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing feeding jejunostomy with nasoduodenal tube placement in patients undergoing oesophagectomy. Br J Surg 2007; 94: 31-35
• 325 Sica GS, Sujendran V, Wheeler J et al. Needle catheter jejunostomy at esophagectomy for cancer. J Surg Oncol 2005; 91: 276-279
• 326 Markides GA, Alkhaffaf B, Vickers J. Nutritional access routes following oesophagectomy – a systematic review. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011; 65: 565-573
• 327 Senkal M, Koch J, Hummel T et al. Laparoscopic needle catheter jejunostomy: modification of the technique and outcome results. Surg Endosc 2004; 18: 307-309
• 328 Bruining HA, Schattenkerk ME, Obertop H et al. Acute abdominal pain due to early postoperative elemental feeding by needle jejunostomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1983; 157: 40-42
• 329 Schattenkerk ME, Obertop H, Bruining HA et al. Early postoperative enteral feeding by a needle catheter jejunostomy after 100 esophageal resections and reconstructions for cancer. Clin Nutr 1984; 3: 47
• 330 Strickland GF, Greene FL. Needle-catheter jejunostomy for postoperative nutritional support. South Med J 1986; 79: 1389-1392
• 331 Vestweber KH, Eypasch E, Paul A et al. Fine-needle catheter jejunostomy. Z Gastroenterol 1989; 27 (Suppl. 02) 69-72
• 332 Myers JG, Page CP, Stewart RM et al. Complications of needle catheter jejunostomy in 2,022 consecutive applications. Am J Surg 1995; 170: 547-550; discussion 550 – 551
• 333 Eddy VA, Snell JE, Morris Jr JA. Analysis of complications and long-term outcome of trauma patients with needle catheter jejunostomy. Am Surg 1996; 62: 40-44
• 334 Biffi R, Lotti M, Cenciarelli S et al. Complications and long-term outcome of 80 oncology patients undergoing needle catheter jejunostomy placement for early postoperative enteral feeding. Clin Nutr 2000; 19: 277-279
• 335 Chin KF, Townsend S, Wong W et al. A prospective cohort study of feeding needle catheter jejunostomy in an upper gastrointestinal surgical unit. Clin Nutr 2004; 23: 691-696
• 336 Ramamurthy A, Negi SS, Chaudhary A. Prophylactic tube jejunostomy: a worthwhile undertaking. Surg Today 2008; 38: 420-424
• 337 Sarr MG. Appropriate use, complications and advantages demonstrated in 500 consecutive needle catheter jejunostomies. Br J Surg 1999; 86: 557-561
• 338 Yermilov I, Jain S, Sekeris E et al. Utilization of parenteral nutrition following pancreaticoduodenectomy: is routine jejunostomy tube placement warranted?. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54: 1582-1588
• 339 Gerritsen A, Besselink MG, Cieslak KP et al. Efficacy and complications of nasojejunal, jejunostomy and parenteral feeding after pancreaticoduodenectomy. J Gastrointest Surg 2012; 16: 1144-1151
• 340 Braga M, Capretti G, Pecorelli N et al. A prognostic score to predict major complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Ann Surg 2011; 254: 702-707; discussion 707 – 708
• 341 Gaddy MC, Max MH, Schwab CW et al. Small bowel ischemia: a consequence of feeding jejunostomy?. South Med J 1986; 79: 180-182
• 342 Brenner DW, Schellhammer PF. Mortality associated with feeding catheter jejunostomy after radical cystectomy. Urology 1987; 30: 337-340
• 343 Rai J, Flint LM, Ferrara JJ. Small bowel necrosis in association with jejunostomy tube feedings. Am Surg 1996; 62: 1050-1054
• 344 Lawlor DK, Inculet RI, Malthaner RA. Small-bowel necrosis associated with jejunal tube feeding. Can J Surg 1998; 41: 459-462
• 345 Scaife CL, Saffle JR, Morris SE. Intestinal obstruction secondary to enteral feedings in burn trauma patients. J Trauma 1999; 47: 859-863
• 346 Jorba R, Fabregat J, Borobia FG et al. Small bowel necrosis in association with early postoperative enteral feeding after pancreatic resection. Surgery 2000; 128: 111-112
• 347 Zern RT, Clarke-Pearson DL. Pneumatosis intestinalis associated with enteral feeding by catheter jejunostomy. Obstet Gynecol 1985; 65: 81S-83S
• 348 Schloerb PR, Wood JG, Casillan AJ et al. Bowel necrosis caused by water in jejunal feeding. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2004; 28: 27-29
• 349 Loser C, Aschl G, Hebuterne X et al. ESPEN guidelines on artificial enteral nutrition – percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). Clin Nutr 2005; 24: 848-861
• 350 Ouattara M, D’Journo XB, Loundou A et al. Body mass index kinetics and risk factors of malnutrition one year after radical oesophagectomy for cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2012; 41: 1088-1093
• 351 Haverkort EB, Binnekade JM, de Haan RJ et al. Suboptimal intake of nutrients after esophagectomy with gastric tube reconstruction. J Acad Nutr Diet 2012; 112: 1080-1087
• 352 Kyle UG, Bosaeus I, de Lorenzo AD et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysis – part II: utilization in clinical practice. Clin Nutr 2004; 23: 1430-1453
• 353 Weimann A, Stenkhoff P, Wirth D et al. Mangelernährung – Erkennung, prognostische Bedeutung und Konsequenzen in der klinischen Praxis. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2000; (Suppl Kongreßband 1999) 671-676
• 354 Bae JM, Park JW, Yang HK et al. Nutritional status of gastric cancer patients after total gastrectomy. World J Surg 1998; 22: 254-260; discussion 260 – 261
• 355 Ulander K, Jeppsson B, Grahn G. Postoperative energy intake in patients after colorectal cancer surgery. Scand J Caring Sci 1998; 12: 131-138
• 356 Heyland D. Canadian Clinical Practice Guidelines Update 2013 – The use of enteral versus parenteral nutrition. www.criticalcarenutrition.com
• 357 Wasiak J, Cleland H, Jeffery R. Early versus delayed enteral nutrition support for burn injuries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; (03) CD005489
• 358 Rousseau AF, Losser MR, Ichai C et al. ESPEN endorsed recommendations: nutritional therapy in major burns. Clin Nutr 2013; 32: 497-502
• 359 Theilla M, Singer P, Cohen J et al. A diet enriched in eicosapentanoic acid, gamma-linolenic acid and antioxidants in the prevention of new pressure ulcer formation in critically ill patients with acute lung injury: A randomized, prospective, controlled study. Clin Nutr 2007; 26: 752-757
• 360 Houwing RH, Rozendaal M, Wouters-Wesseling W et al. A randomised, double-blind assessment of the effect of nutritional supplementation on the prevention of pressure ulcers in hip-fracture patients. Clin Nutr 2003; 22: 401-405
• 361 Collins CE, Kershaw J, Brockington S. Effect of nutritional supplements on wound healing in home-nursed elderly: a randomized trial. Nutrition 2005; 21: 147-155
• 362 Stratton RJ, Ek AC, Engfer M et al. Enteral nutritional support in prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2005; 4: 422-450
• 363 Ohura T, Nakajo T, Okada S et al. Evaluation of effects of nutrition intervention on healing of pressure ulcers and nutritional states (randomized controlled trial). Wound Repair Regen 2011; 19: 330-336
• 364 van Anholt RD, Sobotka L, Meijer EP et al. Specific nutritional support accelerates pressure ulcer healing and reduces wound care intensity in non-malnourished patients. Nutrition 2010; 26: 867-872
• 365 Cereda E, Gini A, Pedrolli C et al. Disease-specific, versus standard, nutritional support for the treatment of pressure ulcers in institutionalized older adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57: 1395-1402
• 366 Frias Soriano L, Lage Vazquez MA, Maristany CP et al. The effectiveness of oral nutritional supplementation in the healing of pressure ulcers. J Wound Care 2004; 13: 319-322
• 367 Berger MM, Binnert C, Chiolero RL et al. Trace element supplementation after major burns increases burned skin trace element concentrations and modulates local protein metabolism but not whole-body substrate metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 1301-1306
• 368 Harrison J, McKiernan J, Neuberger JM. A prospective study on the effect of recipient nutritional status on outcome in liver transplantation. Transpl Int 1997; 10: 369-374
• 369 Forli L, Pedersen JI, Bjortuft O et al. Dietary support to underweight patients with end-stage pulmonary disease assessed for lung transplantation. Respiration 2001; 68: 51-57
• 370 Le Cornu KA, McKiernan FJ, Kapadia SA et al. A prospective randomized study of preoperative nutritional supplementation in patients awaiting elective orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation 2000; 69: 1364-1369
• 371 Chin SE, Shepherd RW, Thomas BJ et al. Nutritional support in children with end-stage liver disease: a randomized crossover trial of a branched-chain amino acid supplement. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 56: 158-163
• 372 Plank LD, McCall JL, Gane EJ et al. Pre- and postoperative immunonutrition in patients undergoing liver transplantation: a pilot study of safety and efficacy. Clin Nutr 2005; 24: 288-296
• 373 Lindell SL, Hansen T, Rankin M et al. Donor nutritional status – a determinant of liver preservation injury. Transplantation 1996; 61: 239-247
• 374 Langer G, Grossmann K, Fleischer S et al. Nutritional interventions for liver-transplanted patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 8 CD007605
• 375 Plauth M, Merli M, Kondrup J et al. ESPEN guidelines for nutrition in liver disease and transplantation. Clin Nutr 1997; 16: 43-55
• 376 Weimann A, Kuse ER, Bechstein WO et al. Perioperative parenteral and enteral nutrition for patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Results of a questionnaire from 16 European transplant units. Transpl Int 1998; 11 (Suppl. 01) 289-291
• 377 Murray M, Grogan TA, Lever J et al. Comparison of tacrolimus absorption in transplant patients receiving continuous versus interrupted enteral nutritional feeding. Ann Pharmacother 1998; 32: 633-636
• 378 Hasse JM, Blue LS, Liepa GU et al. Early enteral nutrition support in patients undergoing liver transplantation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1995; 19: 437-443
• 379 Pescovitz MD, Mehta PL, Leapman SB et al. Tube jejunostomy in liver transplant recipients. Surgery 1995; 117: 642-647
• 380 Rovera GM, Graham TO, Hutson WR et al. Nutritional management of intestinal allograft recipients. Transplant Proc 1998; 30: 2517-2518
• 381 Rovera GM, Strohm S, Bueno J et al. Nutritional monitoring of pediatric intestinal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 1998; 30: 2519-2520
• 382 Rovera GM, Schoen RE, Goldbach B et al. Intestinal and multivisceral transplantation: dynamics of nutritional management and functional autonomy. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2003; 27: 252-259
• 383 Schulz RJ, Dignass A, Pascher A et al. New dietary concepts in small bowel transplantation. Transplant Proc 2002; 34: 893-895
• 384 Kuse ER, Kotzerke J, Muller S et al. Hepatic reticuloendothelial function during parenteral nutrition including an MCT/LCT or LCT emulsion after liver transplantation – a double-blind study. Transpl Int 2002; 15: 272-277
• 385 Delafosse B, Viale JP, Pachiaudi C et al. Long- and medium-chain triglycerides during parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients. Am J Physiol 1997; 272: E550-555
• 386 Zhu X, Wu Y, Qiu Y et al. Effects of omega-3 fish oil lipid emulsion combined with parenteral nutrition on patients undergoing liver transplantation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013; 37: 68-74
• 387 Plank LD, Mathur S, Gane EJ et al. Perioperative immunonutrition in liver transplantation. Clinical Nutrition 2010; 5 (Suppl. 02) 3
• 388 Nickkholgh A, Schneider H, Encke J et al. PROUD: effects of preoperative long-term immunonutrition in patients listed for liver transplantation. Trials 2007; 8: 20
• 389 Li YS, Li JS, Jiang JW et al. Glycyl-glutamine-enriched long-term total parenteral nutrition attenuates bacterial translocation following small bowel transplantation in the pig. J Surg Res 1999; 82: 106-111
• 390 Marin VB, Rebollo MG, Castillo-Duran CD et al. Controlled study of early postoperative parenteral nutrition in children. J Pediatr Surg 1999; 34: 1330-1335
• 391 Shulman RJ, Phillips S. Parenteral nutrition in infants and children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003; 36: 587-607
• 392 Mirtallo J, Canada T, Johnson D et al. Safe practices for parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2004; 28: 39-70
• 393 Deutsche Arbeitsgemeinschaft für künstliche Ernährung (DAKE), Österreichische Arbeitsgemeinschaft für künstliche Ernährung (AKE). Empfehlungen zur parenteralen Infusions- und Ernährungstherapie im Kindesalter. Klin Pädiatr 1987; 199: 315-317
• 394 Albers MJ, Steyerberg EW, Hazebroek FW et al. Glutamine supplementation of parenteral nutrition does not improve intestinal permeability, nitrogen balance, or outcome in newborns and infants undergoing digestive-tract surgery: results from a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Ann Surg 2005; 241: 599-606
• 395 Amii LA, Moss RL. Nutritional support of the pediatric surgical patient. Curr Opin Pediatr 1999; 11: 237-240
• 396 Seida JC, Mager DR, Hartling L et al. Parenteral omega-3 fatty acid lipid emulsions for children with intestinal failure and other conditions: a systematic review. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013; 37: 44-55
• 397 Kaufman SS. Prevention of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease in children. Pediatr Transplant 2002; 6: 37-42
• 398 Sondheimer JM, Cadnapaphornchai M, Sontag M et al. Predicting the duration of dependence on parenteral nutrition after neonatal intestinal resection. J Pediatr 1998; 132: 80-84
• 399 American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Standards of practice. Nutrition support physician: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract 1988; 3: 154-156
• 400 Torres AJ, Rubio MA. The Endocrine Society’s Clinical Practice Guideline on endocrine and nutritional management of the post-bariatric surgery patient: commentary from a European Perspective. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 165: 171-176
• 401 Allied Health Sciences Section Ad Hoc Nutrition Committee. Aills L, Blankenship J, Buffington C et al. ASMBS Allied Health Nutritional Guidelines for the Surgical Weight Loss Patient. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2008; 4: S73-108
• 402 Olmos MA, Vazquez MJ, Gorria MJ et al. Effect of parenteral nutrition on nutrition status after bariatric surgery for morbid obesity. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2005; 29: 445-450
• 403 Ballesta C, Berindoague R, Cabrera M et al. Management of anastomotic leaks after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obes Surg 2008; 18: 623-630
• 404 Gonzalez R, Sarr MG, Smith CD et al. Diagnosis and contemporary management of anastomotic leaks after gastric bypass for obesity. J Am Coll Surg 2007; 204: 47-55
• 405 Gonzalez R, Nelson LG, Gallagher SF et al. Anastomotic leaks after laparoscopic gastric bypass. Obes Surg 2004; 14: 1299-1307
• 406 Eguchi S, Takatsuki M, Hidaka M et al. Perioperative synbiotic treatment to prevent infectious complications in patients after elective living donor liver transplantation: a prospective randomized study. Am J Surg 2011; 201: 498-502
• 407 Rayes N, Hansen S, Seehofer D et al. Early enteral supply of fiber and Lactobacilli versus conventional nutrition: a controlled trial in patients with major abdominal surgery. Nutrition 2002; 18: 609-615
• 408 McNaught CE, Woodcock NP, MacFie J et al. A prospective randomised study of the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum 299V on indices of gut barrier function in elective surgical patients. Gut 2002; 51: 827-831
• 409 Anderson AD, McNaught CE, Jain PK et al. Randomised clinical trial of synbiotic therapy in elective surgical patients. Gut 2004; 53: 241-245
• 410 Nomura T, Tsuchiya Y, Nashimoto A et al. Probiotics reduce infectious complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Hepatogastroenterology 2007; 54: 661-663
• 411 Spindler-Vesel A, Bengmark S, Vovk I et al. Synbiotics, prebiotics, glutamine, or peptide in early enteral nutrition: a randomized study in trauma patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2007; 31: 119-126
• 412 Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Bengmark S, Kanellakopoulou K et al. Pro- and synbiotics to control inflammation and infection in patients with multiple injuries. J Trauma 2009; 67: 815-821