Download PDF
Z Gastroenterol 2013; 51(11): 1269-1326
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1355841
Leitlinie
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Diagnostik und Therapie des hepatozellulären Karzinoms

Diagnosis of and Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
T. F. Greten
,
N. P. Malek
,
S. Schmidt
,
J. Arends
,
P. Bartenstein
,
W. Bechstein
,
T. Bernatik
,
M. Bitzer
,
A. Chavan
,
M. Dollinger
,
D. Domagk
,
O. Drognitz
,
M. Düx
,
S. Farkas
,
G. Folprecht
,
P. Galle
,
M. Geißler
,
G. Gerken
,
D. Habermehl
,
T. Helmberger
,
K. Herfarth
,
R. T. Hoffmann
,
M. Holtmann
,
P. Huppert
,
T. Jakobs
,
M. Keller
,
J. Klempnauer
,
F. Kolligs
,
J. Körber
,
H. Lang
,
F. Lehner
,
F. Lordick
,
A. Lubienski
,
M. P. Manns
,
A. Mahnken
,
M. Möhler
,
C. Mönch
,
P. Neuhaus
,
C. Niederau
,
M. Ocker
,
G. Otto
,
P. Pereira
,
G. Pott
,
J. Riemer
,
K. Ringe
,
U. Ritterbusch
,
E. Rummeny
,
P. Schirmacher
,
H. J. Schlitt
,
K. Schlottmann
,
V. Schmitz
,
A. Schuler
,
H. Schulze-Bergkamen
,
D. von Schweinitz
,
D. Seehofer
,
H. Sitter
,
C. P. Straßburg
,
C. Stroszczynski
,
D. Strobel
,
A. Tannapfel
,
J. Trojan
,
I. van Thiel
,
A. Vogel
,
F. Wacker
,
H. Wedemeyer
,
H. Wege
,
A. Weinmann
,
C. Wittekind
,
B. Wörmann
,
C. J. Zech
Further Information

Publication History

25 September 2013

27 September 2013

Publication Date:
15 November 2013 (online)

Also available at
   Permissions and Reprints

Zusammenfassung

Die interdisziplinäre Leitlinie der Qualität S3 zur Diagnose und Therapie des hepatozellulären Karzinoms (HCC) ist ein evidenz- und konsensbasiertes Instrument, um die Diagnostik und Therapie des HCC zu verbessern, da die Diagnostik und Therapie des HCC ein äußerst diffiziles Vorgehen erfordert. Es ist die Aufgabe der Leitlinie, dem Patienten (mit Verdacht auf HCC oder nachgewiesenem HCC) angemessene, wissenschaftlich begründete und aktuelle Verfahren in der Diagnostik, Therapie und Rehabilitation anzubieten. Dies gilt sowohl für die lokal begrenzte oder lokal fortgeschrittene Erkrankung als auch bei Vorliegen eines Rezidivs oder von Fernmetastasen. Die Leitlinie soll neben dem Beitrag für eine angemessene Gesundheitsversorgung auch die Basis für eine individuell zugeschnittene, qualitativ hochwertige Therapie bieten. Mit den erklärenden Hintergrundtexten ist es auch nicht spezialisierten, mitbehandelnden Kollegen möglich, den Patienten über das Vorgehen der Spezialisten, Nebenwirkungen und Ergebnisse gut zu beraten. Mittel- und langfristig sollen so die Morbidität und Mortalität von Patienten mit HCC gesenkt und die Lebensqualität erhöht werden.

Abstract

The interdisciplinary guidelines at the S3 level on the diagnosis of and therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) constitute an evidence- and consensus-based instrument that is aimed at improving the diagnosis of and therapy for HCC since these are very challenging tasks. The purpose of the guidelines is to offer the patient (with suspected or confirmed HCC) adequate, scientifically based and up-to-date procedures in diagnosis, therapy and rehabilitation. This holds not only for locally limited or focally advanced disease but also for the existence of recurrences or distant metastases. Besides making a contribution to an appropriate health-care service, the guidelines should also provide the foundation for an individually adapted, high-quality therapy. The explanatory background texts should also enable non-specialist but responsible colleagues to give sound advice to their patients concerning specialist procedures, side effects and results. In the medium and long-term this should reduce the morbidity and mortality of patients with HCC and improve their quality of life.

Schlüsselwörter

Virushepatitis - Hepatitis B - Hepatitis C

Key words

viral hepatitis - hepatitis B - hepatitis C
 

  • Literatur

  • 1 Bruix J, Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology 2011; 53 (03) 1020-1022
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Jemal A et al. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 2011; 61 (02) 69-90
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Ferlay J et al. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer 2010; 127: 2893-2917
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 El-Serag HB et al. The continuing increase in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States: an update. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139 (10) 817-823
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Marrero JA et al. NAFLD may be a common underlying liver disease in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Hepatology 2002; 36 (06) 1349-1354
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Davila JA et al. Diabetes increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States: a population based case control study. Gut 2005; 54 (04) 533-539
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Starley BQ, Calcagno CJ, Harrison SA. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma: a weighty connection. Hepatology 2010; 51 (05) 1820-1832
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Welzel TM et al. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of primary liver cancer in the United States: a study in the SEER-Medicare database. Hepatology 2011; 54 (02) 463-471
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Chen CJ et al. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. JAMA 2006; 295 (01) 65-73
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Tseng TC et al. High levels of hepatitis B surface antigen increase risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with low HBV load. Gastroenterology 2012; 142 (05) 1140-1149 e3
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Fattovich G et al. Long-term outcome of chronic hepatitis B in Caucasian patients: mortality after 25 years. Gut 2008; 57 (01) 84-90
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Sanchez-Tapias JM et al. Influence of hepatitis B virus genotype on the long-term outcome of chronic hepatitis B in western patients. Gastroenterology 2002; 123 (06) 1848-1856
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Yuen MF et al. Independent risk factors and predictive score for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 2009; 50 (01) 80-88
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Yang HI et al. Risk estimation for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B (REACH-B): development and validation of a predictive score. Lancet Oncol 2011; 12 (06) 568-574
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Zhang H et al. Genome-wide association study identifies 1p36.22 as a new susceptibility locus for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B virus carriers. Nat Genet 2010; 42 (09) 755-758
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Perz JF et al. The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide. J Hepatol 2006; 45 (04) 529-538
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Tanaka Y et al. Molecular tracing of the global hepatitis C virus epidemic predicts regional patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma mortality. Gastroenterology 2006; 130 (03) 703-714
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Kanwal F et al. Increasing prevalence of HCC and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Gastroenterology 2011; 140 (04) 1182-1188 e1
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Sangiovanni A et al. The natural history of compensated cirrhosis due to hepatitis C virus: A 17-year cohort study of 214 patients. Hepatology 2006; 43 (06) 1303-1310
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Lok AS et al. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and associated risk factors in hepatitis C-related advanced liver disease. Gastroenterology 2009; 136 (01) 138-148
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Bruix J et al. Maintenance therapy with peginterferon alfa-2b does not prevent hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2011; 140 (07) 1990-1999
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Lok AS et al. Maintenance peginterferon therapy and other factors associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with advanced hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2011; 140 (03) 840-849 ; quiz e12
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Fattovich G et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: incidence and risk factors. Gastroenterology 2004; 127 (05) S35-S50
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Kumar V et al. Genome-wide association study identifies a susceptibility locus for HCV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Genet 2011; 43 (05) 455-458
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Benvegnu L et al. Concurrent hepatitis B and C virus infection and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. A prospective study. Cancer 1994; 74 (09) 2442-2448
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Donato F, Boffetta P, Puoti M. A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies on the combined effect of hepatitis B and C virus infections in causing hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1998; 75 (03) 347-354
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Fattovich G et al. Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type B. The European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (Eurohep). Gut 2000; 46 (03) 420-426
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Ji J et al. Comparability of cancer identification among Death Registry, Cancer Registry and Hospital Discharge Registry. Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 2085-2093
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Niro GA et al. Outcome of chronic delta hepatitis in Italy: a long-term cohort study. J Hepatol 2010; 53 (05) 834-840
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Buti M et al. Clinical outcome of acute and chronic hepatitis delta over time: a long-term follow-up study. J Viral Hepat 2011; 18 (06) 434-442
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 O'Shea RS, Dasarathy S, McCullough AJ. Alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 2010; 51 (01) 307-328
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Hassan MM et al. Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: synergism of alcohol with viral hepatitis and diabetes mellitus. Hepatology 2002; 36 (05) 1206-1213
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Schoniger-Hekele M et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Austria: aetiological and clinical characteristics at presentation. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000; 12 (08) 941-948
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Mandayam S, Jamal MM, Morgan TR. Epidemiology of alcoholic liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 2004; 24 (03) 217-232
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Lu XL et al. Risk factors for alcoholic liver disease in China. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10 (16) 2423-2426
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Niederau C et al. Long-term survival in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis. Gastroenterology 1996; 110 (04) 1107-1119
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Adams PC et al. The relationship between iron overload, clinical symptoms, and age in 410 patients with genetic hemochromatosis. Hepatology 1997; 25 (01) 162-166
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Bacon BR et al. Diagnosis and management of hemochromatosis: 2011 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 2011; 54 (01) 328-343
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Philippe MA, Ruddell RG, Ramm GA. Role of iron in hepatic fibrosis: one piece in the puzzle. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13 (35) 4746-4754
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Olynyk JK. Hereditary haemochromatosis: diagnosis and management in the gene era. Liver 1999; 19 (02) 73-80
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Ertle J et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progresses to hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of apparent cirrhosis. Int J Cancer 2011; 128 (10) 2436-2443
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Calle EE et al. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U. S. adults. N Engl J Med 2003; 348 (17) 1625-1638
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Ascha MS et al. The incidence and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2010; 51 (06) 1972-1978
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Ratziu V et al. A position statement on NAFLD/NASH based on the EASL 2009 special conference. J Hepatol 2010; 53 (02) 372-384
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Bedogni G et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the Dionysos nutrition and liver study. Hepatology 2005; 42 (01) 44-52
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Reeves HVE, Bellentani S et al. The emerging impact of HCC arising on a background of NAFLD. J Hepatol 2012; 56 (Suppl 2, A-5): S3
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Cornberg M et al. Prophylaxis, diagnosis and therapy of hepatitis B virus infection – the German guideline. Z Gastroenterol 2011; 49 (07) 871-930
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Poon D et al. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma in Asia: consensus statement from the Asian Oncology Summit 2009. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10 (11) 1111-1118
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Stevens CE et al. Vertical transmission of hepatitis B antigen in Taiwan. N Engl J Med 1975; 292 (15) 771-774
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Okada K et al. e antigen and anti-e in the serum of asymptomatic carrier mothers as indicators of positive and negative transmission of hepatitis B virus to their infants. N Engl J Med 1976; 294 (14) 746-749
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Beasley RP et al. The e antigen and vertical transmission of hepatitis B surface antigen. Am J Epidemiol 1977; 105 (02) 94-98
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Lee C et al. Effect of hepatitis B immunisation in newborn infants of mothers positive for hepatitis B surface antigen: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2006; 33 (7537) 328-336
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Hsu HM et al. Seroepidemiologic survey for hepatitis B virus infection in Taiwan: the effect of hepatitis B mass immunization. J Infect Dis 1999; 179 (02) 367-370
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Chang MH et al. Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children. Taiwan Childhood Hepatoma Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997; 336 (26) 1855-1859
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Chang MH et al. Hepatitis B vaccination and hepatocellular carcinoma rates in boys and girls. JAMA 2000; 284 (23) 3040-3042
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Reddy SK et al. Outcomes of curative treatment for hepatocellular cancer in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis versus hepatitis C and alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 2012; 55: 1809-1819
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Sarrazin C et al. Prophylaxis, diagnosis and therapy of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection: the German guidelines on the management of HCV infection. Z Gastroenterol 2010; 48 (02) 289-351
    Google Scholar
  • 58 EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol 2011; 55 (02) 245-264
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 EASL clinical practice guidelines: Management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2012; 57 (01) 167-185
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Liaw YF et al. Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 351 (15) 1521-1531
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Papatheodoridis GV et al. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B patients receiving nucleos(t)ide therapy: a systematic review. J Hepatol 2010; 53 (02) 348-356
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Papatheodoridis GV et al. Virological suppression does not prevent the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients with cirrhosis receiving oral antiviral(s) starting with lamivudine monotherapy: results of the nationwide HEPNET. Greece cohort study. Gut 2011; 60 (08) 1109-1116
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Hosaka T et al. Long-term entecavir treatment reduces hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in patients with hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 2013; 58: 98-107
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Hughes SA, Wedemeyer H, Harrison PM. Hepatitis delta virus. Lancet 2011; 378 (9785) 73-85
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Wedemeyer H et al. Peginterferon plus adefovir versus either drug alone for hepatitis delta. N Engl J Med 2011; 364 (04) 322-331
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Farci P et al. Long-term benefit of interferon alpha therapy of chronic hepatitis D: regression of advanced hepatic fibrosis. Gastroenterology 2004; 126 (07) 1740-1749
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Sarrazin C et al. Expert opinion on boceprevir- and telaprevir-based triple therapies of chronic hepatitis C. Z Gastroenterol 2012; 50 (01) 57-72
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Wedemeyer H et al. Paradigmatic change in treatment of viral hepatitides. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2012; 137 (13) 640-643
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Veldt BJ et al. Sustained virologic response and clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis C and advanced fibrosis. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147 (10) 677-584
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Morgan TR et al. Outcome of sustained virological responders with histologically advanced chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2010; 52 (03) 833-844
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Cardoso AC et al. Impact of peginterferon and ribavirin therapy on hepatocellular carcinoma: incidence and survival in hepatitis C patients with advanced fibrosis. J Hepatol 2010; 52 (05) 652-657
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Di Bisceglie AM et al. Prolonged therapy of advanced chronic hepatitis C with low-dose peginterferon. N Engl J Med 2008; 359 (23) 2429-2441
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Musso G et al. A meta-analysis of randomized trials for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2010; 52 (01) 79-104
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Angelico F et al. Drugs improving insulin resistance for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and/or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; (01) CD005166
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Hauner HBG, Hamann A, Husemann B et al. Adipositas und Diabetes mellitus. Diabetologie 2011; 6: S137-S142
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Calderon RM et al. Statins in the treatment of dyslipidemia in the presence of elevated liver aminotransferase levels: a therapeutic dilemma. Mayo Clin Proc 2010; 85 (04) 349-356
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Mummadi RR et al. Effect of bariatric surgery on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 6 (12) 1396-1402
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Chavez-Tapia NC et al. Bariatric surgery for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in obese patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; CD007340 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Sanyal AJ et al. Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 2010; 362 (18) 1675-1685
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Ratziu V, Caldwell S, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Therapeutic trials in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: insulin sensitizers and related methodological issues. Hepatology 2010; 52 (06) 2206-2215
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Lavine JE et al. Effect of vitamin E or metformin for treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents: the TONIC randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2011; 305 (16) 1659-1668
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Nkontchou G et al. Insulin resistance, serum leptin, and adiponectin levels and outcomes of viral hepatitis C cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2010; 53 (05) 827-833
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Donadon V et al. Metformin and reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in diabetic patients with chronic liver disease. Liver Int 2010; 30 (05) 750-758
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Lai SW et al. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in diabetic patients and risk reduction associated with anti-diabetic therapy: a population-based cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 2012; 107 (01) 46-52
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Giovannucci E et al. Diabetes and cancer: a consensus report. Diabetes Care 2010; 33 (07) 1674-1685
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Zhang ZJ et al. Metformin for Liver Cancer Prevention in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97: 2347-2353
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Llovet JM Burroughs A, Bruix J. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 2003; 362 (9399) 1907-1917
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Sarasin FP, Giostra E, Hadengue A. Cost-effectiveness of screening for detection of small hepatocellular carcinoma in western patients with Child-Pugh class A cirrhosis. Am J Med 1996; 101 (04) 422-434
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Andersson KL et al. Cost effectiveness of alternative surveillance strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 6 (12) 1418-1424
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Colombo M. Screening and diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2009; 29 (Suppl. 01) 143-147
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Velazquez RF et al. Prospective analysis of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology 2003; 37 (03) 520-527
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Yang HI et al. Hepatitis B e antigen and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2002; 347 (03) 168-174
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Sung JJ et al. Meta-analysis: Treatment of hepatitis B infection reduces risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 28 (09) 1067-1077
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Yoshida H et al. Interferon therapy reduces the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma: national surveillance program of cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C in Japan. IHIT Study Group. Inhibition of Hepatocarcinogenesis by Interferon Therapy. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131 (03) 174-181
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2012; 56 (04) 908-943
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Zoli M et al. Efficacy of a surveillance program for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1996; 78 (05) 977-985
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Nurnberg D et al. What's the price of routine sonography – results of an analysis of costs and processes in a district hospital. Ultraschall in Med 2008; 29 (04) 405-417
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Schuler A et al. Costs of clinical ultrasound examinations – an economical cost calculation and analysis. Ultraschall in Med 2010; 31 (04) 379-386
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Henrion J et al. Screening for hepatocarcinoma in a cohort with cirrhosis mainly of alcoholic origin. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2003; 27 (05) 534-539
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Seitz K. Quality of abdominal ultrasound. Ultraschall in Med 2006; 27 (03) 217-219
    Google Scholar
  • 101 Van Vlierberghe H et al. BASL guidelines for the surveillance, diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2004; 67 (01) 14-25
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Davila JA et al. Use of surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with cirrhosis in the United States. Hepatology 2010; 52 (01) 132-141
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Hangiandreou NJ et al. Four-year experience with a clinical ultrasound quality control program. Ultrasound Med Biol 2011; 37 (08) 1350-1357
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Martensson M et al. High incidence of defective ultrasound transducers in use in routine clinical practice. Eur J Echocardiogr 2009; 10 (03) 389-394
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Martensson M, Olsson M, Brodin LA. Ultrasound transducer function: annual testing is not sufficient. Eur J Echocardiogr 2010; 11 (09) 801-805
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Sipila O, Mannila V, Vartiainen E. Quality assurance in diagnostic ultrasound. Eur J Radiol 2011; 80 (02) 519-525
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Rosenfeld E et al. Investigation of the Suitability of Tissue Phantoms for Testing the Constancy of Ultrasonic Transducer Arrays in Quality Assurance. Ultraschall Med 2012; 33: 289-294
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Seitz K, Vasilakis D, Ziegler M. Efficiency of a portable B-scan ultrasound device in comparison to a high-end machine in abdominal ultrasound. Results of a pilot study. Ultraschall in Med 2003; 24 (02) 96-100
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Ziegler CM et al. Detection of therapeutically relevant diagnoses made by sonography of the upper abdomen: portable versus high-end sonographic units – a prospective study. Ultraschall in Med 2004; 25 (06) 428-432
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Ueno S et al. Preoperative segmentation of the liver, based on 3D CT images, facilitates laparoscopic anatomic hepatic resection for small nodular hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatogastroenterology 2010; 57 (101) 807-812
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Seitz K et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for the characterization of focal liver lesions in clinical practice (DEGUM Multicenter Trial): CEUS vs. MRI – a prospective comparison in 269 patients. Ultraschall in Med 2010; 31 (05) 492-499
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Liu GJ et al. Enhancement pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound and contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Clin Imaging 2006; 30 (05) 315-321
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Seitz K et al. Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) for the characterization of focal liver lesions – prospective comparison in clinical practice: CEUS vs. CT (DEGUM multicenter trial).. Parts of this manuscript were presented at the Ultrasound Dreilandertreffen 2008, Davos. Ultraschall in Med 2009; 30 (04) 383-389
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Krug B et al. Quality control of outpatient imaging examinations in North Rhine-Westphalia, Part II. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2003; 175 (03) 346-360
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Heese F, Gorg C. The value of highest quality ultrasound as a reference for ultrasound diagnosis. Ultraschall in Med 2006; 27 (03) 220-224
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Zhang BH, Yang BH, Tang ZY. Randomized controlled trial of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2004; 130 (07) 417-422
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Chen JG et al. Screening for liver cancer: results of a randomised controlled trial in Qidong, China. J Med Screen 2003; 10 (04) 204-209
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Bolondi L. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2003; 39 (06) 1076-1084
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Singal A et al. Meta-analysis: surveillance with ultrasound for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 30 (01) 37-47
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Trevisani F et al. Serum alpha-fetoprotein for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease: influence of HBsAg and anti-HCV status. J Hepatol 2001; 34 (04) 570-575
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Teefey SA et al. Detection of primary hepatic malignancy in liver transplant candidates: prospective comparison of CT, MR imaging, US, and PET. Radiology 2003; 226 (02) 533-542
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Tranquart F et al. Real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the evaluation of focal liver lesions: diagnostic efficacy and economical issues from a French multicentric study. J Radiol 2009; 90 (01) 109-122
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Strobel D et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for the characterization of focal liver lesions – diagnostic accuracy in clinical practice (DEGUM multicenter trial). Ultraschall in Med 2008; 29 (05) 499-505
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Strobel D et al. Diagnostic accuracy of CEUS in the differential diagnosis of small (</= 20 mm) and subcentimetric (</= 10 mm) focal liver lesions in comparison with histology. Results of the DEGUM multicenter trial. Ultraschall in Med 2011; 32 (06) 593-597
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Seitz K et al. Frequency of tumor entities among liver tumors of unclear etiology initially detected by sonography in the noncirrhotic or cirrhotic livers of 1349 patients. Results of the DEGUM multicenter study. Ultraschall in Med 2011; 32 (06) 598-603
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Marrero JA et al. Des-gamma carboxyprothrombin can differentiate hepatocellular carcinoma from nonmalignant chronic liver disease in american patients. Hepatology 2003; 37 (05) 1114-1121
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Sterling RK et al. Clinical utility of AFP-L3% measurement in North American patients with HCV-related cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102 (10) 2196-2205
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Sheu JC et al. Growth rate of asymptomatic hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinical implications. Gastroenterology 1985; 89 (02) 259-266
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 129 Ebara M et al. Natural history of minute hepatocellular carcinoma smaller than three centimeters complicating cirrhosis. A study in 22 patients. Gastroenterology 1986; 90 (02) 289-298
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 130 Barbara L et al. Natural history of small untreated hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors of tumor growth rate and patient survival. Hepatology 1992; 16 (01) 132-137
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 131 Trinchet JC et al. Ultrasonographic surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: a randomized trial comparing 3- and 6-month periodicities. Hepatology 2011; 54 (06) 1987-1997
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 132 Wittekind CH, Meyer HJ. TNM Klassifikation maligner Tumoren. 7. Aufl. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH; 2010
    Google Scholar
  • 133 Tumors of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts. In: Bosman FD, et al. WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system. Lyon: IARC; 2010: 195-262
    Google Scholar
  • 134 Pathologic diagnosis of early hepatocellular carcinoma: a report of the international consensus group for hepatocellular neoplasia. Hepatology 2009; 49 (02) 658-664
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 135 Edmondson HA, Steiner PE. Primary carcinoma of the liver: a study of 100 cases among 48,900 necropsies. Cancer 1954; 7 (03) 462-503
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 136 Nzeako UC, Goodman ZD, Ishak KG. Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic livers. A clinico-histopathologic study of 804 North American patients. Am J Clin Pathol 1996; 105 (01) 65-75
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 137 Khalili K et al. Optimization of imaging diagnosis of 1–2 cm hepatocellular carcinoma: an analysis of diagnostic performance and resource utilization. J Hepatol 2011; 54 (04) 723-728
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 138 Kim JE et al. Hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma 1 cm or smaller in patients with chronic liver disease: characterization with gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI that includes diffusion-weighted imaging. Am J Roentgenol Am J Roentgenol 2011; 196 (06) W758-W765
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 139 Forner A et al. Diagnosis of hepatic nodules 20 mm or smaller in cirrhosis: Prospective validation of the noninvasive diagnostic criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2008; 47 (01) 97-104
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 140 Sangiovanni A et al. The diagnostic and economic impact of contrast imaging techniques in the diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. Gut 2010; 59 (05) 638-644
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 141 Baek CK et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease: a comparison of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI and multiphasic MDCT. Clin Radiol 2012; 67 (02) 148-156
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 142 Addley HC et al. Accuracy of hepatocellular carcinoma detection on multidetector CT in a transplant liver population with explant liver correlation. Clin Radiol 2011; 66 (04) 349-356
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 143 Burrel M et al. MRI angiography is superior to helical CT for detection of HCC prior to liver transplantation: an explant correlation. Hepatology 2003; 38 (04) 1034-1042
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 144 Yu NC et al. CT and MRI improve detection of hepatocellular carcinoma, compared with ultrasound alone, in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9 (02) 161-167
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 145 Serste T et al. Accuracy and disagreement of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodules: role of biopsy. Hepatology 2012; 55 (03) 800-806
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 146 Mandai M et al. Assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma by contrast-enhanced ultrasound with perfluorobutane microbubbles: comparison with dynamic CT. Br J Radiol 2011; 84 (1002) 499-507
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 147 Rimola J et al. Cholangiocarcinoma in cirrhosis: absence of contrast washout in delayed phases by magnetic resonance imaging avoids misdiagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2009; 50 (03) 791-798
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 148 Jang HJ, Kim TK, Wilson SR. Small nodules (1–2 cm) in liver cirrhosis: characterization with contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Eur J Radiol 2009; 72 (03) 418-424
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 149 Leoni S et al. The impact of vascular and nonvascular findings on the noninvasive diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma based on the EASL and AASLD criteria. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105 (03) 599-609
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 150 Iavarone M et al. Diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis by dynamic contrast imaging: the importance of tumor cell differentiation. Hepatology 2010; 52 (05) 1723-1730
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 151 Mita K et al. Diagnostic sensitivity of imaging modalities for hepatocellular carcinoma smaller than 2 cm. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16 (33) 4187-4192
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 152 Luca A et al. Multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic candidates for liver transplantation: prevalence of radiological vascular patterns and histological correlation with liver explants. Eur Radiol 2010; 20 (04) 898-907
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 153 Marin D et al. Detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: added value of coronal reformations from isotropic voxels with 64-MDCT. Am J Roentgenol Am J Roentgenol 2009; 192 (01) 180-187
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 154 Maetani YS et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients undergoing living-donor liver transplantation. Accuracy of multidetector computed tomography by viewing images on digital monitors. Intervirology 2008; 51 (Suppl. 01) 46-51
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 155 Ronzoni A et al. Role of MDCT in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Am J Roentgenol Am J Roentgenol 2007; 189 (04) 792-798
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 156 Rhee H et al. Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI findings of early hepatocellular carcinoma as defined by new histologic criteria. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012; 35 (02) 393-398
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 157 Saito K et al. Histological grade of differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of the efficacy of diffusion-weighted MRI with T2-weighted imaging and angiography-assisted CT. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2012; 56 (03) 261-269
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 158 Park MJ et al. Outcomes of follow-up CT for small (5–10-mm) arterially enhancing nodules in the liver and risk factors for developing hepatocellular carcinoma in a surveillance population. Eur Radiol 2010; 20 (10) 2397-2404
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 159 Talbot JN et al. Detection of hepatocellular carcinoma with PET/CT: a prospective comparison of 18F-fluorocholine and 18F-FDG in patients with cirrhosis or chronic liver disease. J Nucl Med 2010; 51 (11) 1699-1706
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 160 Lee JE et al. Diagnostic value for extrahepatic metastases of hepatocellular carcinoma in positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18 (23) 2979-2987
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 161 Colli A et al. Accuracy of ultrasonography, spiral CT, magnetic resonance, and alpha-fetoprotein in diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101 (03) 513-523
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 162 Di Bisceglie AM et al. Serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in patients with advanced hepatitis C: results from the HALT-C Trial. J Hepatol 2005; 43 (03) 434-441
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 163 Yamashita T et al. EpCAM and alpha-fetoprotein expression defines novel prognostic subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 2008; 68 (05) 1451-1461
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 164 Koike Y et al. Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin as a useful predisposing factor for the development of portal venous invasion in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective analysis of 227 patients. Cancer 2001; 91 (03) 561-569
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 165 Tao LY et al. Comparison of serum tumor markers for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. Am Surg 2010; 76 (11) 1210-1213
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 166 Sato Y, Sekine T, Ohwada S. Alpha-fetoprotein-producing rectal cancer: calculated tumor marker doubling time. J Surg Oncol 1994; 55 (04) 265-268
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 167 Adachi Y et al. AFP-producing gastric carcinoma: multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in 270 patients. Oncology 2003; 65 (02) 95-101
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 168 N'Kontchou G et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term results and prognostic factors in 235 Western patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2009; 50 (05) 1475-1483
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 169 Kobayashi M et al. Highly sensitive AFP-L3% assay is useful for predicting recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative treatment pre- and postoperatively. Hepatol Res 2011; 41 (11) 1036-1045
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 170 Herszenyi L et al. Fine-needle biopsy in focal liver lesions: the usefulness of a screening programme and the role of cytology and microhistology. Ital J Gastroenterol 1995; 27 (09) 473-478
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 171 Durand F et al. Assessment of the benefits and risks of percutaneous biopsy before surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2001; 35 (02) 254-258
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 172 Wang P et al. Diagnostic value and complications of fine needle aspiration for primary liver cancer and its influence on the treatment outcome-a study based on 3011 patients in China. Eur J Surg Oncol 2008; 34 (05) 541-546
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 173 Caturelli E et al. Cytological vs microhistological diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: comparative accuracies in the same fine-needle biopsy specimen. Dig Dis Sci 1996; 41 (12) 2326-2331
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 174 Llovet JM, Bruix J. Novel advancements in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma in 2008. J Hepatol 2008; 48 (Suppl. 01) S20-S37
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 175 Roskams T. Anatomic pathology of hepatocellular carcinoma: impact on prognosis and response to therapy. Clin Liver Dis 2011; 15 (02) 245-259 , vii-x
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 176 Wiesner RH, Freeman RB, Mulligan DC. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular cancer: the impact of the MELD allocation policy. Gastroenterology 2004; 127 (05) S261-S267
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 177 Sugimachi K et al. Prognostic significance of preoperative imaging in recipients of living donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Transplantation 2011; 91 (05) 570-574
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 178 Caturelli E et al. Diagnosis of liver nodules observed in chronic liver disease patients during ultrasound screening for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97 (02) 397-405
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 179 Becker-Weidman DJ et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma lesion characterization: single-institution clinical performance review of multiphase gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging – comparison to prior same-center results after MR systems improvements. Radiology 2011; 261 (03) 824-833
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 180 Caturelli E et al. Ultrasound guided fine needle biopsy of early hepatocellular carcinoma complicating liver cirrhosis: a multicentre study. Gut 2004; 53 (09) 1356-1362
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 181 Maturen KE et al. Lack of tumor seeding of hepatocellular carcinoma after percutaneous needle biopsy using coaxial cutting needle technique. Am J Roentgenol Am J Roentgenol 2006; 187 (05) 1184-1187
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 182 Bialecki ES et al. Comparison of liver biopsy and noninvasive methods for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4 (03) 361-368
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 183 Silva MA et al. Needle track seeding following biopsy of liver lesions in the diagnosis of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut 2008; 57 (11) 1592-1596
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 184 Mullhaupt B et al. Is tumor biopsy necessary?. Liver Transpl 2011; 17 (Suppl. 02) S14-S25
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 185 Wittekind C, Meyer HJ. TNM. Klassifikation maligner Tumoren. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim: 2010
    Google Scholar
  • 186 Edge SBBD, Compton CC, Fritz AG et al. , editors. AJCC Cancer Staging Handbook. 7th ed. New York: Springer; 2010
    Google Scholar
  • 187 Llovet JM et al. Liver transplantation for small hepatocellular carcinoma: the tumor-node-metastasis classification does not have prognostic power. Hepatology 1998; 27 (06) 1572-1577
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 188 D'Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, Pagliaro L. Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review of 118 studies. J Hepatol 2006; 44 (01) 217-231
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 189 Hollebecque A et al. Safety and efficacy of sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma: the impact of the Child-Pugh score. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34 (10) 1193-1201
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 190 Mazzaferro V et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1996; 334 (11) 693-699
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 191 Okuda K et al. Natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma and prognosis in relation to treatment. Study of 850 patients. Cancer 1985; 56 (04) 918-928
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 192 A new prognostic system for hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study of 435 patients: the Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) investigators. Hepatology 1998; 28 (03) 751-755
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 193 Leung TW et al. Construction of the Chinese University Prognostic Index for hepatocellular carcinoma and comparison with the TNM staging system, the Okuda staging system, and the Cancer of the Liver Italian Program staging system: a study based on 926 patients. Cancer 2002; 94 (06) 1760-1769
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 194 Kitai S et al. Validation of a new prognostic staging system for hepatocellular carcinoma: a comparison of the biomarker-combined Japan Integrated Staging Score, the conventional Japan Integrated Staging Score and the BALAD Score. Oncology 2008; 75 (Suppl. 01) 83-90
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 195 Llovet JM, Bru C, Bruix J. Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification. Semin Liver Dis 1999; 19 (03) 329-338
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 196 Llovet JM et al. Design and endpoints of clinical trials in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100 (10) 698-711
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 197 Greten TF, Manns MP. Hepatocellular carcinoma – diagnosis and treatment. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2008; 133 (38) 1907-1910
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 198 Benson 3rd AB et al. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: hepatobiliary cancers. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2009; 7 (04) 350-391
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 199 Lang H et al. Survival and recurrence rates after resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in noncirrhotic livers. J Am Coll Surg 2007; 205 (01) 27-36
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 200 Laurent C et al. Prognostic factors and longterm survival after hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma originating from noncirrhotic liver. J Am Coll Surg 2005; 201 (05) 656-662
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 201 Dupont-Bierre E et al. Resection of hepatocellular carcinoma in noncirrhotic liver: analysis of risk factors for survival. J Am Coll Surg 2005; 201 (05) 663-670
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 202 Nishikawa H et al. Comparison of percutaneous radiofrequency thermal ablation and surgical resection for small hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Gastroenterol 2011; 11: 143
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 203 McWilliams JP et al. Percutaneous ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: current status. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2010; 21 (08) S204-S213
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 204 Poon RT et al. Significance of resection margin in hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma: A critical reappraisal. Ann Surg 2000; 231 (04) 544-551
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 205 Shi M et al. Partial hepatectomy with wide versus narrow resection margin for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg 2007; 245 (01) 36-43
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 206 Minagawa M et al. Selection criteria for repeat hepatectomy in patients with recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 2003; 238 (05) 703-710
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 207 Stipa F et al. Outcome of patients with fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 2006; 106 (06) 1331-1338
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 208 Schlitt HJ et al. Recurrence patterns of hepatocellular and fibrolamellar carcinoma after liver transplantation. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17 (01) 324-331
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 209 Jonas S et al. Vascular invasion and histopathologic grading determine outcome after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2001; 33 (05) 1080-1086
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 210 Mazzaferro V et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15 (04) 1001-1007
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 211 Mazzaferro V et al. Predicting survival after liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma beyond the Milan criteria: a retrospective, exploratory analysis. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10 (01) 35-43
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 212 Yi NJ et al. Current role of surgery in treatment of early stage hepatocellular carcinoma: resection versus liver transplantation. Oncology 2008; 75 (Suppl. 01) 124-128
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 213 Yao FY et al. Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: validation of the UCSF-expanded criteria based on preoperative imaging. Am J Transplant 2007; 7 (11) 2587-2596
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 214 Llovet JM, Schwartz M, Mazzaferro V. Resection and liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 2005; 25 (02) 181-200
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 215 Yamakado K et al. Early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: radiofrequency ablation combined with chemoembolization versus hepatectomy. Radiology 2008; 247 (01) 260-266
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 216 Peng ZW et al. Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sequential transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and RF ablation versus RF ablation alone: a prospective randomized trial. Radiology 2012; 262 (02) 689-700
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 217 Chua TC et al. Systematic review of neoadjuvant transarterial chemoembolization for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2010; 30 (02) 166-174
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 218 Morimoto M et al. Midterm outcomes in patients with intermediate-sized hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial for determining the efficacy of radiofrequency ablation combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Cancer 2010; 116 (23) 5452-5460
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 219 Kim JH et al. Medium-sized (3.1–5.0 cm) hepatocellular carcinoma: transarterial chemoembolization plus radiofrequency ablation versus radiofrequency ablation alone. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18 (06) 1624-1629
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 220 Shibata T et al. Small hepatocellular carcinoma: is radiofrequency ablation combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization more effective than radiofrequency ablation alone for treatment?. Radiology 2009; 252 (03) 905-913
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 221 Imamura H et al. Assessment of hepatic reserve for indication of hepatic resection: decision tree incorporating indocyanine green test. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2005; 12 (01) 16-22
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 222 Stockmann M et al. Prediction of postoperative outcome after hepatectomy with a new bedside test for maximal liver function capacity. Ann Surg 2009; 250 (01) 119-125
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 223 Fong Y et al. An analysis of 412 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma at a Western center. Ann Surg 1999; 229 (06) 790-799 discussion 799–800
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 224 Gouillat C et al. Resection of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients: longterm results of a prospective study. J Am Coll Surg 1999; 189 (03) 282-290
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 225 Lang H, Broelsch CE. Liver resection and transplantation for hepatic tumors. Internist 2007; 48 (01) 30-39
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 226 Eguchi S et al. Recurrence-free survival more than 10 years after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 2011; 98 (04) 552-557
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 227 Kim BW et al. Risk factors for immediate post-operative fatal recurrence after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12 (01) 99-104
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 228 Shah SA et al. Factors associated with early recurrence after resection for hepatocellular carcinoma and outcomes. J Am Coll Surg 2006; 202 (02) 275-283
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 229 Ohmoto K et al. Comparison of therapeutic effects between radiofrequency ablation and percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy for small hepatocellular carcinomas. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 24 (02) 223-227
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 230 Ferrari FS et al. Treatment of small HCC through radiofrequency ablation and laser ablation. Comparison of techniques and long-term results. Radiol Med 2007; 112 (03) 377-393
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 231 Wu F et al. Extracorporeal high intensity focused ultrasound ablation in the treatment of patients with large hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2004; 11 (12) 1061-1069
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 232 Lencioni R et al. Early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: long-term results of percutaneous image-guided radiofrequency ablation. Radiology 2005; 234 (03) 961-967
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 233 Llovet JM et al. Increased risk of tumor seeding after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for single hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2001; 33 (05) 1124-1129
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 234 Mulier S et al. Complications of radiofrequency coagulation of liver tumours. Br J Surg 2002; 89 (10) 1206-1222
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 235 de Baere T et al. Adverse events during radiofrequency treatment of 582 hepatic tumors. Am J Roentgenol Am J Roentgenol 2003; 181 (03) 695-700
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 236 Rossi S et al. Percutaneous RF interstitial thermal ablation in the treatment of hepatic cancer. Am J Roentgenol Am J Roentgenol 1996; 167 (03) 759-768
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 237 Guglielmi A et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus surgical resection for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. J Gastrointest Surg 2008; 12 (01) 192-198
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 238 Vivarelli M et al. Surgical resection versus percutaneous radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhotic liver. Ann Surg 2004; 240 (01) 102-107
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 239 Chan AC et al. Survival analysis of re-resection versus radiofrequency ablation for intrahepatic recurrence after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg 2012; 36 (01) 151-156
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 240 Chen MS et al. A prospective randomized trial comparing percutaneous local ablative therapy and partial hepatectomy for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 2006; 243 (03) 321-328
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 241 Huang J et al. A randomized trial comparing radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection for HCC conforming to the Milan criteria. Ann Surg 2010; 252 (06) 903-912
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 242 Li L et al. Clinical outcomes of radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection for small hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27 (01) 51-58
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 243 Hong SN et al. Comparing the outcomes of radiofrequency ablation and surgery in patients with a single small hepatocellular carcinoma and well-preserved hepatic function. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 39 (03) 247-252
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 244 Montorsi M et al. Survival and recurrences after hepatic resection or radiofrequency for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients: a multivariate analysis. J Gastrointest Surg 2005; 9 (01) 62-67 ; discussion 67 – 68
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 245 Cho CM et al. The comparative results of radiofrequency ablation versus surgical resection for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Korean J Hepatol 2005; 11 (01) 59-71
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 246 Ogihara M, Wong LL, Machi J. Radiofrequency ablation versus surgical resection for single nodule hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term outcomes. HPB 2005; 7 (03) 214-221
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 247 Lu MD et al. Surgical resection versus percutaneous thermal ablation for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized clinical trial. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2006; 86 (12) 801-805
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 248 Lupo L et al. Single hepatocellular carcinoma ranging from 3 to 5 cm: radiofrequency ablation or resection?. HPB 2007; 9 (06) 429-434
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 249 Takahashi S et al. Initial treatment response is essential to improve survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent curative radiofrequency ablation therapy. Oncology 2007; 72 (Suppl. 01) 98-103
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 250 Abu-Hilal M et al. Surgical resection versus radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of small unifocal hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2008; 12 (09) 1521-1526
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 251 Santambrogio R et al. Surgical resection versus laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and Child-Pugh class a liver cirrhosis. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16 (12) 3289-3298
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 252 Xu HX et al. Prognostic factors for long-term outcome after percutaneous thermal ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a survival analysis of 137 consecutive patients. Clin Radiol 2005; 60 (09) 1018-1025
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 253 Lu MD et al. Percutaneous microwave and radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective comparative study. J Gastroenterol 2005; 40 (11) 1054-1060
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 254 Ikeda M et al. Radiofrequency ablation and percutaneous ethanol injection in patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma: a comparative study. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2001; 31 (07) 322-326
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 255 Lencioni RA et al. Small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: randomized comparison of radio-frequency thermal ablation versus percutaneous ethanol injection. Radiology 2003; 228 (01) 235-240
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 256 Lin SM et al. Radiofrequency ablation improves prognosis compared with ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma < or =4 cm. Gastroenterology 2004; 127 (06) 1714-1723
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 257 Shiina S et al. A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency ablation with ethanol injection for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2005; 129 (01) 122-130
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 258 Brunello F et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus ethanol injection for early hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomized controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008; 43 (06) 727-735
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 259 Orlando A et al. Radiofrequency thermal ablation vs. percutaneous ethanol injection for small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104 (02) 514-524
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 260 Castells A et al. Treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients: a cohort study comparing surgical resection and percutaneous ethanol injection. Hepatology 1993; 18 (05) 1121-1126
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 261 Gournay J et al. Percutaneous ethanol injection vs. resection in patients with small single hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective case-control study with cost analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16 (08) 1529-1538
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 262 Daniele B et al. Hepatic resection and percutaneous ethanol injection as treatments of small hepatocellular carcinoma: a Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP 08) retrospective case-control study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003; 36 (01) 63-67
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 263 Ryu M et al. Therapeutic results of resection, transcatheter arterial embolization and percutaneous transhepatic ethanol injection in 3225 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective multicenter study. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1997; 27 (04) 251-257
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 264 Arii S et al. Results of surgical and nonsurgical treatment for small-sized hepatocellular carcinomas: a retrospective and nationwide survey in Japan. The Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan. Hepatology 2000; 32 (06) 1224-1229
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 265 Bruix J et al. Clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusions of the Barcelona-2000 EASL conference. European Association for the Study of the Liver. J Hepatol 2001; 35 (03) 421-430
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 266 Bruix J, Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2005; 42 (05) 1208-1236
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 267 Livraghi T et al. Small hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment with radio-frequency ablation versus ethanol injection. Radiology 1999; 210 (03) 655-661
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 268 Lin SM et al. Randomised controlled trial comparing percutaneous radiofrequency thermal ablation, percutaneous ethanol injection, and percutaneous acetic acid injection to treat hepatocellular carcinoma of 3 cm or less. Gut 2005; 54 (08) 1151-1156
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 269 Shiina S et al. Nonsurgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: from percutaneous ethanol injection therapy and percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy to radiofrequency ablation. Oncology 2002; 62 (Suppl. 01) 64-68
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 270 Minami Y, Kudo M. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: Current status. World J Radiol 2010; 2 (11) 417-424
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 271 Goldberg SN et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency tissue ablation: does perfusion-mediated tissue cooling limit coagulation necrosis?. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1998; 9 (01) 101-111
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 272 Ballem N et al. Laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term follow-up. HPB 2008; 10 (05) 315-320
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 273 Curley SA et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular cancer in 110 patients with cirrhosis. Ann Surg 2000; 232 (03) 381-391
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 274 Topal B et al. Morbidity and mortality of laparoscopic vs. open radiofrequency ablation for hepatic malignancies. Eur J Surg Oncol 2007; 33 (05) 603-607
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 275 Minami Y et al. Treatment of large and/or multiple hepatic malignancies: open surgical approaches of radiofrequency ablation. Hepatogastroenterology 2007; 54 (80) 2358-2360
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 276 Kudo M. Radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: updated review in 2010. Oncology 2010; 78 (Suppl. 01) 113-124
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 277 Izumi N. Recent advances of radiofrequency ablation for early hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 26 (Suppl. 01) 115-122
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 278 Crocetti L et al. Peri-intraprocedural imaging: US, CT, and MRI. Abdom Imaging 2011; 36: 648-660
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 279 Claudon M et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) – update 2008. Ultraschall in Med 2008; 29 (01) 28-44
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 280 Schraml C et al. Diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced computed tomography in the immediate assessment of radiofrequency ablation success in colorectal liver metastases. Abdom Imaging 2008; 33 (06) 643-651
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 281 Pandeya GD et al. Feasibility of noninvasive temperature assessment during radiofrequency liver ablation on computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2011; 35 (03) 356-360
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 282 Clasen S, Pereira PL. Magnetic resonance guidance for radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 27 (02) 421-433
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 283 Terraz S et al. Radiofrequency ablation of small liver malignancies under magnetic resonance guidance: progress in targeting and preliminary observations with temperature monitoring. Eur Radiol 2010; 20 (04) 886-897
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 284 Mazzaferro V et al. Radiofrequency ablation of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients awaiting liver transplantation: a prospective study. Ann Surg 2004; 240 (05) 900-909
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 285 Pompili M et al. Percutaneous ablation procedures in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma submitted to liver transplantation: Assessment of efficacy at explant analysis and of safety for tumor recurrence. Liver Transpl 2005; 11 (09) 1117-1126
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 286 Wong LL et al. Pre-transplant treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: assessment of tumor necrosis in explanted livers. Clin Transplant 2004; 18 (03) 227-234
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 287 Yao FY et al. Excellent outcome following down-staging of hepatocellular carcinoma prior to liver transplantation: an intention-to-treat analysis. Hepatology 2008; 48 (03) 819-827
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 288 Graziadei IW et al. Chemoembolization followed by liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma impedes tumor progression while on the waiting list and leads to excellent outcome. Liver Transpl 2003; 9 (06) 557-563
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 289 Majno PE et al. Influence of preoperative transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization on resection and transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Ann Surg 1997; 226 (06) 688-701 ; discussion 701–703
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 290 Millonig G et al. Response to preoperative chemoembolization correlates with outcome after liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 2007; 13 (02) 272-279
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 291 Otto G et al. Response to transarterial chemoembolization as a biological selection criterion for liver transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 2006; 12 (08) 1260-1267
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 292 Chapman WC et al. Outcomes of neoadjuvant transarterial chemoembolization to downstage hepatocellular carcinoma before liver transplantation. Ann Surg 2008; 248 (04) 617-625
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 293 Fisher RA et al. Non-resective ablation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: effectiveness measured by intention-to-treat and dropout from liver transplant waiting list. Clin Transplant 2004; 18 (05) 502-512
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 294 Llovet JM et al. Cost effectiveness of adjuvant therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma during the waiting list for liver transplantation. Gut 2002; 50 (01) 123-128
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 295 Yao FY et al. A follow-up analysis of the pattern and predictors of dropout from the waiting list for liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: implications for the current organ allocation policy. Liver Transpl 2003; 9 (07) 684-692
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 296 Hayashi PH et al. Hepatic artery chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients listed for liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2004; 4 (05) 782-787
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 297 Helmberger T et al. Liver resection or combined chemoembolization and radiofrequency ablation improve survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Digestion 2007; 75 (02) 104-112
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 298 Porrett PM et al. Lack of benefit of pre-transplant locoregional hepatic therapy for hepatocellular cancer in the current MELD era. Liver Transpl 2006; 12 (04) 665-673
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 299 Ravaioli M et al. Partial necrosis on hepatocellular carcinoma nodules facilitates tumor recurrence after liver transplantation. Transplantation 2004; 78 (12) 1780-1786
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 300 Cornberg M et al. The German guideline for the management of hepatitis B virus infection: short version. J Viral Hepat 2008; 15 (Suppl. 01) 1-21
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 301 Shen YC et al. Adjuvant interferon therapy after curative therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): a meta-regression approach. J Hepatol 2010; 52 (06) 889-894
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 302 Breitenstein S et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of interferon after curative treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with viral hepatitis. Br J Surg 2009; 96 (09) 975-981
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 303 Mazzaferro V et al. Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence with alpha-interferon after liver resection in HCV cirrhosis. Hepatology 2006; 44 (06) 1543-1554
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 304 Ji J et al. MicroRNA expression, survival, and response to interferon in liver cancer. N Engl J Med 2009; 361 (15) 1437-1447
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 305 Zhang CH et al. Effects of interferon alpha treatment on recurrence and survival after complete resection or ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Cancer 2009; 124 (12) 2982-2988
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 306 Miyake Y et al. Meta-analysis: interferon-alpha prevents the recurrence after curative treatment of hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Viral Hepat 2010; 17 (04) 287-292
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 307 Samuel M et al. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy for surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; (01) CD001199
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 308 Zimmerman MA et al. Antiviral prophylaxis and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma following liver transplantation in patients with hepatitis B. Transplant Proc 2007; 39 (10) 3276-3280
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 309 Zimmerman MA et al. Predictors of long-term outcome following liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-center experience. Transpl Int 2007; 20 (09) 747-753
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 310 Toso C et al. De novo sirolimus-based immunosuppression after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term outcomes and side effects. Transplantation 2007; 83 (09) 1162-1168
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 311 Chinnakotla S et al. Impact of sirolimus on the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2009; 15 (12) 1834-1842
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 312 Vivarelli M et al. Sirolimus in liver transplant recipients: a large single-center experience. Transplant Proc 2010; 42 (07) 2579-2584
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 313 Toso C et al. Sirolimus-based immunosuppression is associated with increased survival after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2010; 51 (04) 1237-1243
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 314 Kneteman NM et al. Sirolimus-based immunosuppression for liver transplantation in the presence of extended criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 2004; 10 (10) 1301-1311
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 315 Zimmerman MA et al. Sirolimus-based immunosuppression following liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 2008; 14 (05) 633-638
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 316 Schnitzbauer AA et al. A prospective randomised, open-labeled, trial comparing sirolimus-containing versus mTOR-inhibitor-free immunosuppression in patients undergoing liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2010; 10: 190
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 317 Guglielmi A et al. Comparison of seven staging systems in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in a cohort of patients who underwent radiofrequency ablation with complete response. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103 (03) 597-604
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 318 Yoon JH et al. Comparison of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging versus four-phase multi-detector row computed tomography in assessing tumor regression after radiofrequency ablation in subjects with hepatocellular carcinomas. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2010; 21 (03) 348-356
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 319 Vauthey JN et al. Pretreatment assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma: expert consensus statement. HPB 2010; 12 (05) 289-299
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 320 Schima W et al. Post-treatment imaging of liver tumours. Cancer Imaging 2007; 7 Spec No A: S28-S36
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 321 Frieser M et al. Efficacy of contrast-enhanced US versus CT or MRI for the therapeutic control of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation in the case of hepatic malignancies. Ultraschall in Med 2011; 32 (02) 148-153
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 322 Schacherer D et al. Transabdominal ultrasound with echoenhancement by contrast media in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis 2009; 27 (02) 109-113
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 323 Lencioni R, Piscaglia F, Bolondi L. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2008; 48 (05) 848-857
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 324 Crocetti L, de Baere T, Lencioni R. Quality improvement guidelines for radiofrequency ablation of liver tumours. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2010; 33 (01) 11-17
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 325 Tsai MC et al. Favorable alpha-fetoprotein decrease as a prognostic surrogate in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after radiofrequency ablation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25 (03) 605-612
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 326 Willatt JM et al. MR Imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma in the cirrhotic liver: challenges and controversies. Radiology 2008; 247 (02) 311-330
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 327 Escartin A et al. Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2007; 39 (07) 2308-2310
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 328 Lo CM et al. Randomized controlled trial of transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2002; 35 (05) 1164-1171
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 329 Llovet JM et al. Arterial embolisation or chemoembolisation versus symptomatic treatment in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 359 (9319) 1734-1739
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 330 Wible BC et al. Longitudinal quality of life assessment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after primary transarterial chemoembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2010; 21 (07) 1024-1030
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 331 Bronowicki JP et al. Transcatheter oily chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. A 4-year study of 127 French patients. Cancer 1994; 74 (01) 16-24
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 332 Stefanini GF et al. Efficacy of transarterial targeted treatments on survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. An Italian experience. Cancer 1995; 75 (10) 2427-2434
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 333 Huppert PE et al. Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinomas: which factors determine therapeutic response and survival?. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2004; 176 (03) 375-385
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 334 Herber S et al. [Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) of the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with portal vein thrombosis – experiences]. Zentralbl Chir 2007; 132 (04) 306-315
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 335 Okazaki M et al. Intraperitoneal hemorrhage from hepatocellular carcinoma: emergency chemoembolization or embolization. Radiology 1991; 180 (03) 647-651
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 336 Chung JW et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein invasion: results of treatment with transcatheter oily chemoembolization. Am J Roentgenol Am J Roentgenol 1995; 165 (02) 315-321
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 337 Georgiades CS et al. Safety and efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2005; 16 (12) 1653-1659
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 338 Luo J et al. Transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis: a prospective comparative study. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18 (02) 413-420
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 339 Chung GE et al. Transarterial chemoembolization can be safely performed in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma invading the main portal vein and may improve the overall survival. Radiology 2011; 258 (02) 627-634
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 340 Uraki J et al. Transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma invading the portal veins: therapeutic effects and prognostic factors. Eur J Radiol 2004; 51 (01) 12-18
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 341 Zhang XB et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma invading the main portal vein: treatment with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and portal vein stenting. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2009; 32 (01) 52-61
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 342 Kim JH et al. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization vs. chemoinfusion for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with major portal vein thrombosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 29 (12) 1291-1298
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 343 Marelli L et al. Transarterial therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: which technique is more effective? A systematic review of cohort and randomized studies. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2007; 30 (01) 6-25
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 344 Doci R et al. Intrahepatic chemotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1988; 61 (10) 1983-1987
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 345 Atiq OT et al. Treatment of unresectable primary liver cancer with intrahepatic fluorodeoxyuridine and mitomycin C through an implantable pump. Cancer 1992; 69 (04) 920-924
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 346 Ikeda M et al. Transcatheter arterial chemotherapy with and without embolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology 2004; 66 (01) 24-31
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 347 Hamada A et al. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with use of an implanted port system in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: prognostic factors. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004; 15 (08) 835-841
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 348 Kirchhoff TD et al. Chemoocclusion vs chemoperfusion for treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised trial. Eur J Surg Oncol 2006; 32 (02) 201-207
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 349 Lammer J et al. Prospective randomized study of doxorubicin-eluting-bead embolization in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: results of the PRECISION V study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2010; 33 (01) 41-52
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 350 Malagari K et al. Prospective randomized comparison of chemoembolization with doxorubicin-eluting beads and bland embolization with BeadBlock for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2010; 33 (03) 541-551
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 351 Reyes DK et al. Single-center phase II trial of transarterial chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: initial experience in the United States. Cancer J 2009; 15 (06) 526-532
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 352 Salem R et al. Radioembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma using Yttrium-90 microspheres: a comprehensive report of long-term outcomes. Gastroenterology 2010; 138 (01) 52-64
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 353 Vente MA et al. Yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolization for the treatment of liver malignancies: a structured meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 2009; 19 (04) 951-959
    Google Scholar
  • 354 Lau WY et al. Patient selection and activity planning guide for selective internal radiotherapy with yttrium-90 resin microspheres. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 82 (01) 401-407
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 355 Ernst O et al. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization: comparison of planned periodic chemoembolization and chemoembolization based on tumor response. Am J Roentgenol Am J Roentgenol 1999; 172 (01) 59-64
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 356 Shim JH et al. Which response criteria best help predict survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma following chemoembolization? A validation study of old and new models. Radiology 2012; 262 (02) 708-718
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 357 Therasse P et al. New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, National Cancer Institute of the United States, National Cancer Institute of Canada. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92 (03) 205-216
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 358 Lencioni R, Llovet JM. Modified RECIST (mRECIST) assessment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 2010; 30 (01) 52-60
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 359 Hunt SJ et al. Radiologic monitoring of hepatocellular carcinoma tumor viability after transhepatic arterial chemoembolization: estimating the accuracy of contrast-enhanced cross-sectional imaging with histopathologic correlation. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2009; 20 (01) 30-38
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 360 Mornex F et al. Feasibility and efficacy of high-dose three-dimensional-conformal radiotherapy in cirrhotic patients with small-size hepatocellular carcinoma non-eligible for curative therapies – mature results of the French Phase II RTF-1 trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 66 (04) 1152-1158
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 361 Skinner HD et al. Radiation treatment outcomes for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Oncol 2011; 50 (08) 1191-1198
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 362 Andolino DL et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 81 (04) e447-e453
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 363 Law AL et al. Treatment of primary liver cancer using highly-conformal radiotherapy with kV-image guidance and respiratory control. Radiother Oncol 2012; 102 (01) 56-61
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 364 Kato H et al. Results of the first prospective study of carbon ion radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with liver cirrhosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 59 (05) 1468-1476
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 365 Komatsu S et al. Clinical results and risk factors of proton and carbon ion therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 2011; 117 (21) 4890-4904
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 366 Bush DA et al. High-dose proton beam radiotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma: preliminary results of a phase II trial. Gastroenterology 2004; 127 (05) S189-S193
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 367 Bush DA et al. The safety and efficacy of high-dose proton beam radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase 2 prospective trial. Cancer 2011; 117 (13) 3053-3059
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 368 Kawashima M et al. Phase II study of radiotherapy employing proton beam for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (09) 1839-1846
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 369 Worns MA et al. Safety and efficacy of sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in consideration of concomitant stage of liver cirrhosis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2009; 43 (05) 489-495
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 370 Schutte K et al. Sorafenib therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in advanced liver cirrhosis. Digestion 2011; 83 (04) 275-282
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 371 Miller AA et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of sorafenib in patients with hepatic or renal dysfunction: CALGB 60301. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27 (11) 1800-1805
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 372 Yau T et al. Phase 2 open-label study of single-agent sorafenib in treating advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in a hepatitis B-endemic Asian population: presence of lung metastasis predicts poor response. Cancer 2009; 115 (02) 428-436
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 373 Shim JH et al. Practical efficacy of sorafenib monotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients in a Hepatitis B virus-endemic area. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 135 (04) 617-625
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 374 Pinter M et al. Prognostic factors in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34 (08) 949-959
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 375 Cheng AL et al. Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients in the Asia-Pacific region with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase III randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10 (01) 25-34
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 376 Kim JE et al. Sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma according to Child-Pugh class of liver function. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2011; 68 (05) 1285-1290
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 377 Llovet JM et al. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2008; 359 (04) 378-390
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 378 Ozenne V et al. Tolerance and outcome of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 22 (09) 1106-1110
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 379 Abou-Alfa GK et al. Safety and Efficacy of Sorafenib in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) and Child-Pugh A versus B Cirrhosis. Gastrointest Cancer Res 2011; 4 (02) 40-44
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 380 Pinter M et al. Sorafenib in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma from mild to advanced stage liver cirrhosis. Oncologist 2009; 14 (01) 70-76
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 381 Iavarone M et al. Field-practice study of sorafenib therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective multicenter study in Italy. Hepatology 2011; 54 (06) 2055-2063
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 382 Abou-Alfa GK et al. Phase II study of sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24 (26) 4293-4300
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 383 Worns MA et al. Systemic therapies in hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis 2009; 27 (02) 175-188
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 384 Personeni N et al. Usefulness of alpha-fetoprotein response in patients treated with sorafenib for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2012; 57 (01) 101-107
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 385 Barbare JC et al. Treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with long-acting octreotide: a phase III multicentre, randomised, double blind placebo-controlled study. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45 (10) 1788-1797
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 386 Verset G et al. Efficacy of the combination of long-acting release octreotide and tamoxifen in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised multicentre phase III study. Br J Cancer 2007; 97 (05) 582-588
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 387 Gish RG et al. Phase III randomized controlled trial comparing the survival of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated with nolatrexed or doxorubicin. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25 (21) 3069-3075
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 388 Yeo W et al. A randomized phase III study of doxorubicin versus cisplatin/interferon alpha-2b/doxorubicin/fluorouracil (PIAF) combination chemotherapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97 (20) 1532-1538
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 389 Chow PK et al. High-dose tamoxifen in the treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Hepatology 2002; 36 (05) 1221-1226
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 390 Martinez Cerezo FJ et al. Controlled trial of tamoxifen in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 1994; 20 (06) 702-706
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 391 Engstrom PF et al. A phase II trial of tamoxifen in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1990; 65 (12) 2641-2643
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 392 Farinati F et al. Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective controlled trial with tamoxifen. J Hepatol 1990; 11 (03) 297-301
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 393 Tamoxifen in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised controlled trial. CLIP Group (Cancer of the Liver Italian Programme). Lancet 1998; 352 (9121) 17-20
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 394 Llovet JM, Bruix J. Systematic review of randomized trials for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Chemoembolization improves survival. Hepatology 2003; 37 (02) 429-442
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 395 Riestra S et al. Tamoxifen does not improve survival of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol 1998; 26 (03) 200-203
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 396 Nowak AK, Findlay M, Culjak G. Tamoxifen for hepatocellular carcinoma (Review). Clinical Trials 2009; Published Online: January 21, 2009
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 397 Villa E et al. Type of estrogen receptor determines response to antiestrogen therapy. Cancer Res 1996; 56 (17) 3883-3885
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 398 Villa E et al. Variant estrogen receptor messenger RNA species detected in human primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 1995; 55 (03) 498-500
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 399 Chow PK et al. Randomised double-blind trial of megestrol acetate vs placebo in treatment-naive advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2011; 105 (07) 945-952
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 400 Kouroumalis E et al. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with octreotide: a randomised controlled study. Gut 1998; 42 (03) 442-447
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 401 Yuen MF et al. A randomized placebo-controlled study of long-acting octreotide for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2002; 36 (03) 687-691
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 402 Slijkhuis WA et al. Octreotide therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 39 (04) 333-338
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 403 Cebon J et al. Somatostatin receptor expression, tumour response, and quality of life in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with long-acting octreotide. Br J Cancer 2006; 95 (07) 853-361
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 404 Becker G et al. Long-acting octreotide versus placebo for treatment of advanced HCC: a randomized controlled double-blind study. Hepatology 2007; 45 (01) 9-15
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 405 Kern MA et al. Proapoptotic and antiproliferative potential of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in human liver tumor cells. Hepatology 2002; 36 (04) 885-894
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 406 Malka D et al. Antitumoral effect of celecoxib in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (21) 4805-4806
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 407 Bassiouny AR, Zaky A, Neenaa HM. Synergistic effect of celecoxib on 5-fluorouracil-induced apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Ann Hepatol 2010; 9 (04) 410-418
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 408 Greten TF, Manns MP, Korangy F. Immunotherapy of HCC. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2008; 3 (01) 31-39
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 409 Zhu AX et al. Efficacy, safety, and potential biomarkers of sunitinib monotherapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27 (18) 3027-3035
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 410 Koeberle D et al. Continuous Sunitinib treatment in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK) and Swiss Association for the Study of the Liver (SASL) multicenter phase II trial (SAKK 77/06). Oncologist 2010; 15 (03) 285-292
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 411 Faivre S et al. Safety and efficacy of sunitinib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: an open-label, multicentre, phase II study. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10 (08) 794-800
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 412 Siegel AB et al. Phase II trial evaluating the clinical and biologic effects of bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26 (18) 2992-2998
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 413 Thomas MB et al. Phase II trial of the combination of bevacizumab and erlotinib in patients who have advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27 (06) 843-850
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 414 Yau T et al. Phase II study of bevacizumab and erlotinib in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients with sorafenib-refractory disease. Invest New Drugs 2012; 30: 2384-2390
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 415 Zhu AX et al. Phase II study of gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in combination with bevacizumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24 (12) 1898-1903
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 416 Hsu CH et al. Efficacy and tolerability of bevacizumab plus capecitabine as first-line therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2010; 102 (06) 981-986
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 417 Sun W et al. Phase 2 trial of bevacizumab, capecitabine, and oxaliplatin in treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 2011; 117 (14) 3187-3192
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 418 Philip PA et al. Phase II study of Erlotinib (OSI-774) in patients with advanced hepatocellular cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23 (27) 6657-6663
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 419 Thomas MB et al. Phase 2 study of erlotinib in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 2007; 110 (05) 1059-1067
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 420 Chiorean EG et al. Phase II Trial of Erlotinib and Docetaxel in Advanced and Refractory Hepatocellular and Biliary Cancers: Hoosier Oncology Group GI06-101. Oncologist 2012; 17 (01) e13-e26
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 421 Zhu AX et al. Phase 2 study of cetuximab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 2007; 110 (03) 581-589
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 422 Asnacios A et al. Gemcitabine plus oxaliplatin (GEMOX) combined with cetuximab in patients with progressive advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a multicenter phase 2 study. Cancer 2008; 112 (12) 2733-2739
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 423 Sanoff HK et al. Phase II Study of Capecitabine, Oxaliplatin, and Cetuximab for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Gastrointest Cancer Res 2011; 4 (03) 78-83
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 424 Finn RS et al. Phase II, open-label study of brivanib as second-line therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18 (07) 2090-2098
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 425 Kim KW, Lee JM, Choi BI. Assessment of the treatment response of HCC. Abdom Imaging 2011; 36 (03) 300-314
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 426 Maksimovic O et al. Evaluation of response in malignant tumors treated with the multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib: a multitechnique imaging assessment. Am J Roentgenol Am J Roentgenol 2010; 194 (01) 5-14
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 427 Horger M et al. Early MRI response monitoring of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma under treatment with the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib. BMC Cancer 2009; 9: 208
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 428 Spira D et al. Comparison of different tumor response criteria in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after systemic therapy with the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib. Acad Radiol 2011; 18 (01) 89-96
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 429 Riaz A et al. Role of the EASL, RECIST, and WHO response guidelines alone or in combination for hepatocellular carcinoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. J Hepatol 2011; 54 (04) 695-704
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 430 Evert M, Dombrowski F. Hepatocellular carcinoma in the non-cirrhotic liver. Pathologe 2008; 29 (01) 47-52
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 431 Nagahama H et al. Predictive factors for tumor response to systemic chemotherapy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1997; 27 (05) 321-324
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 432 Leung TW et al. Factors predicting response and survival in 149 patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma treated by combination cisplatin, interferon-alpha, doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy. Cancer 2002; 94 (02) 421-427
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 433 Lai CL et al. Doxorubicin versus no antitumor therapy in inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. A prospective randomized trial. Cancer 1988; 62 (03) 479-483
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 434 Jelic S, Sotiropoulos GC. Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2010; 21 (Suppl. 05) v59-v64
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 435 Nowak AK, Chow PK, Findlay M. Systemic therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a review. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40 (10) 1474-1484
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 436 Thomas MB et al. Systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: cytotoxic chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15 (04) 1008-1014
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 437 Edeline J et al. Systemic chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma in non-cirrhotic liver: a retrospective study. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15 (06) 713-716
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 438 Abou-Alfa GK et al. Doxorubicin plus sorafenib vs doxorubicin alone in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized trial. JAMA 2010; 304 (19) 2154-2160
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 439 Yeo W et al. Hepatitis B reactivation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing systemic chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 2004; 15 (11) 1661-1666
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 440 Pinna AD et al. Treatment of fibrolamellar hepatoma with subtotal hepatectomy or transplantation. Hepatology 1997; 26 (04) 877-883
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 441 Hemming AW et al. Aggressive surgical management of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 1997; 1 (04) 342-346
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 442 Patt YZ et al. Phase II trial of systemic continuous fluorouracil and subcutaneous recombinant interferon Alfa-2b for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21 (03) 421-427
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 443 Plauth M et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Liver disease. Clin Nutr 2006; 25 (02) 285-294
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 444 Mendenhall CL et al. VA cooperative study on alcoholic hepatitis. II: Prognostic significance of protein-calorie malnutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 43 (02) 213-218
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 445 Mendenhall CL et al. A study of oral nutritional support with oxandrolone in malnourished patients with alcoholic hepatitis: results of a Department of Veterans Affairs cooperative study. Hepatology 1993; 17 (04) 564-576
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 446 Mendenhall CL et al. Protein energy malnutrition in severe alcoholic hepatitis: diagnosis and response to treatment. The VA Cooperative Study Group #275. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1995; 19 (04) 258-265
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 447 Arends J et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Non-surgical oncology. Clin Nutr 2006; 25 (02) 245-259
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 448 Dewys WD et al. Prognostic effect of weight loss prior to chemotherapy in cancer patients. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Am J Med 1980; 69 (04) 491-497
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 449 Andreyev HJ et al. Why do patients with weight loss have a worse outcome when undergoing chemotherapy for gastrointestinal malignancies?. Eur J Cancer 1998; 34 (04) 503-509
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 450 van Eys J. Effect of nutritional status on responses to therapy. Cancer Res 1982; 42 (02) 747s-753s
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 451 Ollenschlager G et al. Nutritional behaviour and quality of life during oncological polychemotherapy: results of a prospective study on the efficacy of oral nutrition therapy in patients with acute leukaemia. Eur J Clin Invest 1992; 22 (08) 546-553
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 452 Tubiana M et al. Prognostic factors in 454 cases of Hodgkin's disease. Cancer Res 1971; 31 (11) 1801-1810
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 453 Swenerton KD et al. Prognostic factors in metastatic breast cancer treated with combination chemotherapy. Cancer Res 1979; 39 (05) 1552-1562
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 454 Pedersen H et al. The prognostic significance of weight loss and its integration in stage-grouping of oesophageal cancer. Acta Chir Scand 1982; 148 (04) 363-366
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 455 Fein R et al. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. Prognostic factors and results of therapy. Cancer 1985; 56 (10) 2512-2518
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 456 van Bokhorst-de van der S et al. The impact of nutritional status on the prognoses of patients with advanced head and neck cancer. Cancer 1999; 86 (03) 519-527
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 457 Bunout D et al. Nutritional support in hospitalized patients with alcoholic liver disease. Eur J Clin Nutr 1989; 43 (09) 615-621
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 458 Kearns PJ et al. Accelerated improvement of alcoholic liver disease with enteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 1992; 102 (01) 200-205
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 459 Le CornuKA et al. A prospective randomized study of preoperative nutritional supplementation in patients awaiting elective orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplantation 2000; 69 (07) 1364-1369
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 460 Hirsch S et al. Controlled trial on nutrition supplementation in outpatients with symptomatic alcoholic cirrhosis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1993; 17 (02) 119-124
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 461 Kondrup J, Muller MJ. Energy and protein requirements of patients with chronic liver disease. J Hepatol 1997; 27 (01) 239-247
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 462 Cabre E et al. Effect of total enteral nutrition on the short-term outcome of severely malnourished cirrhotics. A randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1990; 98 (03) 715-720
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 463 Knox LS et al. Energy expenditure in malnourished cancer patients. Ann Surg 1983; 197 (02) 152-162
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 464 Dempsey DT et al. Energy expenditure in malnourished gastrointestinal cancer patients. Cancer 1984; 53 (06) 1265-1273
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 465 Dempsey DT et al. Energy expenditure in malnourished patients with colorectal cancer. Arch Surg 1986; 121 (07) 789-795
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 466 Hansell DT, Davies JW, Burns HJ. Effects of hepatic metastases on resting energy expenditure in patients with colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 1986; 73 (08) 659-662
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 467 Fredrix EW et al. Effect of different tumor types on resting energy expenditure. Cancer Res 1991; 51 (22) 6138-6141
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 468 Moses AW et al. Reduced total energy expenditure and physical activity in cachectic patients with pancreatic cancer can be modulated by an energy and protein dense oral supplement enriched with n-3 fatty acids. Br J Cancer 2004; 90 (05) 996-1002
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 469 Gibney E et al. Total energy expenditure in patients with small-cell lung cancer: results of a validated study using the bicarbonate-urea method. Metabolism 1997; 46 (12) 1412-1417
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 470 Staal-van den Brekel AJ et al. Increased resting energy expenditure and weight loss are related to a systemic inflammatory response in lung cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13 (10) 2600-2605
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 471 Cabre E et al. Short- and long-term outcome of severe alcohol-induced hepatitis treated with steroids or enteral nutrition: a multicenter randomized trial. Hepatology 2000; 32 (01) 36-42
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 472 Plauth M et al. ESPEN guidelines for nutrition in liver disease and transplantation. Clin Nutr 1997; 16 (02) 43-55
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 473 Smith J et al. Enteral hyperalimentation in undernourished patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 35 (01) 56-72
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 474 Cordoba J et al. Normal protein diet for episodic hepatic encephalopathy: results of a randomized study. J Hepatol 2004; 41 (01) 38-43
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 475 de Ledinghen V et al. Early feeding or enteral nutrition in patients with cirrhosis after bleeding from esophageal varices? A randomized controlled study. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42 (03) 536-541
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 476 Loser C, Folsch UR. Guidelines for treatment with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. German Society of Digestive and Metabolic Diseases. Z Gastroenterol 1996; 34 (06) 404-408
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 477 Weimann A et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Surgery including organ transplantation. Clin Nutr 2006; 25 (02) 224-244
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 478 Shukla HS et al. Enteral hyperalimentation in malnourished surgical patients. Indian J Med Res 1984; 80: 339-346
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 479 Von Meyenfeldt MF et al. Perioperative nutritional support: a randomised clinical trial. Clin Nutr 1992; 11 (04) 180-186
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 480 Perioperative total parenteral nutrition in surgical patients. The Veterans Affairs Total Parenteral Nutrition Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1991; 325 (08) 525-532
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 481 Heyland DK et al. Total parenteral nutrition in the surgical patient: a meta-analysis. Can J Surg 2001; 44 (02) 102-111
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 482 Reilly J et al. Nutritional support after liver transplantation: a randomized prospective study. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1990; 14 (04) 386-391
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 483 Kanematsu T et al. Lack of preventive effect of branched-chain amino acid solution on postoperative hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized, prospective trial. Surgery 1988; 104 (03) 482-488
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 484 Hu QG, Zheng QC. The influence of Enteral Nutrition in postoperative patients with poor liver function. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9 (04) 843-846
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 485 Lewis SJ et al. Early enteral feeding versus "nil by mouth" after gastrointestinal surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. BMJ 2001; 323 (7316) 773-776
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 486 Marik PE, Zaloga GP. Early enteral nutrition in acutely ill patients: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 2001; 29 (12) 2264-2270
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 487 Schilder JM et al. A prospective controlled trial of early postoperative oral intake following major abdominal gynecologic surgery. Gynecol Oncol 1997; 67 (03) 235-240
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 488 Stewart BT et al. Early feeding after elective open colorectal resections: a prospective randomized trial. Aust N Z J Surg 1998; 68 (02) 125-128
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 489 Moiniche S et al. Convalescence and hospital stay after colonic surgery with balanced analgesia, early oral feeding, and enforced mobilisation. Eur J Surg 1995; 161 (04) 283-288
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 490 Kremer AE et al. Pathogenesis and treatment of pruritus in cholestasis. Drugs 2008; 68 (15) 2163-2182
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 491 AWMF-S2k-Leitlinie (AWMF-Register Nr. 013/048, Version 2.1/2011): Diagnostisches und therapeutisches Vorgehen bei chronischem Pruritus.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 492 Stander S et al. Pathogenesis of pruritus. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2011; 9 (06) 456-463
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 493 Bachs L et al. Comparison of rifampicin with phenobarbitone for treatment of pruritus in biliary cirrhosis. Lancet 1989; 1 (8638) 574-576
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 494 Ghent CN, Carruthers SG. Treatment of pruritus in primary biliary cirrhosis with rifampin. Results of a double-blind, crossover, randomized trial. Gastroenterology 1988; 94 (02) 488-493
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 495 Terg R et al. Efficacy and safety of oral naltrexone treatment for pruritus of cholestasis, a crossover, double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Hepatol 2002; 37 (06) 717-722
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 496 Bergasa NV et al. A controlled trial of naloxone infusions for the pruritus of chronic cholestasis. Gastroenterology 1992; 102 (02) 544-549
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 497 Mayo MJ et al. Sertraline as a first-line treatment for cholestatic pruritus. Hepatology 2007; 45 (03) 666-674
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 498 Lindor KD. Ursodiol for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Mayo Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis-Ursodeoxycholic Acid Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997; 336 (10) 691-695
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 499 Talwalkar JA et al. Natural history of pruritus in primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 1 (04) 297-302
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 500 Zapata R et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. A 12-year experience. Liver Int 2005; 25 (03) 548-554
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 501 Lemyze M et al. Aerobic capacity in patients with chronic liver disease: Very modest effect of liver transplantation. Presse Med 2010; 39 (07) e174-e181
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 502 Epstein SK et al. Aerobic capacity is associated with 100-day outcome after hepatic transplantation. Liver Transpl 2004; 10 (03) 418-424
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 503 van Ginneken BT et al. Physical fitness, fatigue, and quality of life after liver transplantation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007; 100 (03) 345-353
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 504 Cramp F, Daniel J. Exercise for the management of cancer-related fatigue in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008 Apr 16; (2): CD 006145. doi: 10.1002/14651858. CD 006145.pub2
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 505 van den Berg-Emons R et al. Fatigue is a major problem after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2006; 12 (06) 928-933
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 506 van Ginneken BT et al. Effects of a rehabilitation programme on daily functioning, participation, health-related quality of life, anxiety and depression in liver transplant recipients. Disabil Rehabil 2010; 32 (25) 2107-2112
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 507 Schwibbe G. Changes in quality of life in oncological patients in the course of an inpatient after-care program. Rehabilitation 1991; 30 (02) 55-62
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 508 Gartner U et al. Physical complaints, stress and quality of life of oncologic patients. Effects and patient assessment in inpatient rehabilitation. Med Klin 1996; 91 (08) 501-508
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 509 Sanson-Fisher R et al. The unmet supportive care needs of patients with cancer. Supportive Care Review Group. Cancer 2000; 88 (01) 226-237
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 510 Kleeberg UR et al. Patient satisfaction and quality of life in cancer outpatients: results of the PASQOC study. Support Care Cancer 2005; 13 (05) 303-310
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 511 Fallowfield L, Jenkins V. Communicating sad, bad, and difficult news in medicine. Lancet 2004; 363 (9405) 312-319
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 512 Ong LM et al. Doctor-patient communication and cancer patients’ quality of life and satisfaction. Patient Educ Couns 2000; 41 (02) 145-156
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 513 de Haes H, Teunissen S. Communication in palliative care: a review of recent literature. Curr Opin Oncol 2005; 17 (04) 345-350
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 514 Fukui S et al. A randomized study assessing the efficacy of communication skill training on patients’ psychologic distress and coping: nurses’ communication with patients just after being diagnosed with cancer. Cancer 2008; 113 (06) 1462-1470
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 515 Razavi D et al. How to optimize physicians' communication skills in cancer care: results of a randomized study assessing the usefulness of posttraining consolidation workshops. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21 (16) 3141-3149
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 516 Lienard A et al. Factors that influence cancer patients’ and relatives’ anxiety following a three-person medical consultation: impact of a communication skills training program for physicians. Psychooncology 2008; 17 (05) 488-496
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 517 Edwards A, Elwyn G. Inside the black box of shared decision making: distinguishing between the process of involvement and who makes the decision. Health Expect 2006; 9 (04) 307-320
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 518 Butow P et al. Shared decision making coding systems: how do they compare in the oncology context?. Patient Educ Couns 2010; 78 (02) 261-268
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 519 Gordon EJ et al. Are informed consent forms for organ transplantation and donation too difficult to read?. Clin Transplant 2012; 26 (02) 275-283
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 520 Volk ML et al. Patient decision making about organ quality in liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2011; 17 (12) 1387-1393
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 521 Rodrigue JR, Hanto DW, Curry MP. Patients' expectations and success criteria for liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2011; 17 (11) 1309-1317
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 522 Butow PN, Tattersall MH, Goldstein D. Communication with cancer patients in culturally diverse societies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 809: 317-329
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 523 Dowsett SM et al. Communication styles in the cancer consultation: preferences for a patient-centred approach. Psychooncology 2000; 9 (02) 147-156
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 524 Epstein RM. Making communication research matter: what do patients notice, what do patients want, and what do patients need?. Patient Educ Couns 2006; 60 (03) 272-278
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 525 Zachariae R et al. Association of perceived physician communication style with patient satisfaction, distress, cancer-related self-efficacy, and perceived control over the disease. Br J Cancer 2003; 88 (05) 658-665
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 526 Strasser F et al. Impact of physician sitting versus standing during inpatient oncology consultations: patients' preference and perception of compassion and duration. A randomized controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manage 2005; 29 (05) 489-497
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 527 Fogarty LA et al. Can 40 seconds of compassion reduce patient anxiety?. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17 (01) 371-379
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 528 Venetis MK et al. An evidence base for patient-centered cancer care: a meta-analysis of studies of observed communication between cancer specialists and their patients. Patient Educ Couns 2009; 77 (03) 379-383
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 529 Arora NK. Interacting with cancer patients: the significance of physicians' communication behavior. Soc Sci Med 2003; 57 (05) 791-806
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 530 Arora V et al. Communication failures in patient sign-out and suggestions for improvement: a critical incident analysis. Qual Saf Health Care 2005; 14 (06) 401-407
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 531 Girgis A et al. Impact of two supportive care interventions on anxiety, depression, quality of life, and unmet needs in patients with nonlocalized breast and colorectal cancers. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27 (36) 6180-6190
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 532 Detmar SB et al. Health-related quality-of-life assessments and patient-physician communication: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288 (23) 3027-3034
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 533 Velikova G et al. Measuring quality of life in routine oncology practice improves communication and patient well-being: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22 (04) 714-724
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 534 Taenzer P et al. Impact of computerized quality of life screening on physician behaviour and patient satisfaction in lung cancer outpatients. Psychooncology 2000; 9 (03) 203-213
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 535 Velikova G et al. Patients report improvements in continuity of care when quality of life assessments are used routinely in oncology practice: secondary outcomes of a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46 (13) 2381-2388
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 536 McLachlan SA et al. Randomized trial of coordinated psychosocial interventions based on patient self-assessments versus standard care to improve the psychosocial functioning of patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19 (21) 4117-4125
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 537 Bonnetain F et al. Quality of life as a prognostic factor of overall survival in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: results from two French clinical trials. Qual Life Res 2008; 17 (06) 831-843
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 538 Yeo W et al. Quality of life is predictive of survival in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2006; 17 (07) 1083-1089
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 539 Gotay CC et al. The prognostic significance of patient-reported outcomes in cancer clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26 (08) 1355-1363
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 540 Quinten C et al. Baseline quality of life as a prognostic indicator of survival: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from EORTC clinical trials. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10 (09) 865-871
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 541 Bullinger M. German translation and psychometric testing of the SF-36 Health Survey: preliminary results from the IQOLA Project. International Quality of Life Assessment. Soc Sci Med 1995; 41 (10) 1359-1366
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 542 Aaronson NK et al. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30: a quality-of-life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85 (05) 365-376
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 543 Cella DF et al. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy scale: development and validation of the general measure. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11 (03) 570-579
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 544 Ware DL. The SF-36 health survey. In: Spilker B, (ed) Quality of life and pharmaeconomics in clinical trials. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1996: 337-346
    Google Scholar
  • 545 Blazeby JM et al. Clinical and psychometric validation of a questionnaire module, the EORTC QLQ-STO 22, to assess quality of life in patients with gastric cancer. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40 (15) 2260-2268
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 546 Steel JL et al. Health-related quality of life: Hepatocellular carcinoma, chronic liver disease, and the general population. Qual Life Res 2007; 16 (02) 203-215
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 547 Fan SY, Eiser C, Ho MC. Health-related quality of life in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 8 (07) 559-564 e1–10
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 548 Lai YH et al. Fatigue experiences in hepatocellular carcinoma patients during six weeks of stereotactic radiotherapy. Oncologist 2007; 12 (02) 221-230
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 549 Tsai LY et al. Fatigue and its associated factors in hospice cancer patients in Taiwan. Cancer Nurs 2007; 30 (01) 24-30
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 550 Zabora J et al. The prevalence of psychological distress by cancer site. Psychooncology 2001; 10 (01) 19-28
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 551 Sharpe M et al. Major depression in outpatients attending a regional cancer centre: screening and unmet treatment needs. Br J Cancer 2004; 90 (02) 314-320
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 552 Keller M et al. Recognition of distress and psychiatric morbidity in cancer patients: a multi-method approach. Ann Oncol 2004; 15 (08) 1243-1249
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 553 Singer S et al. Screening for mental disorders in laryngeal cancer patients: a comparison of 6 methods. Psychooncology 2008; 17 (03) 280-286
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 554 Mitchell AJ et al. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorder in oncological, haematological, and palliative-care settings: a meta-analysis of 94 interview-based studies. Lancet Oncol 2011; 12 (02) 160-174
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 555 Mehnert A et al. Prevalence of mental disorders, psychosocial distress and need for psychosocial support in cancer patients: study protocol of an epidemiological multi-center study. BMC Psychiatry 2012; 12 (01) 70
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 556 Miovic M, Block S. Psychiatric disorders in advanced cancer. Cancer 2007; 110 (08) 1665-1676
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 557 Fallowfield L et al. Psychiatric morbidity and its recognition by doctors in patients with cancer. Br J Cancer 2001; 84 (08) 1011-1015
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 558 Sollner W et al. How successful are oncologists in identifying patient distress, perceived social support, and need for psychosocial counselling?. Br J Cancer 2001; 84 (02) 179-185
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 559 Patrick D. National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference Statement: Symptom management in cancer: pain, depression and fatigue. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1110-1117
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 560 Strong V et al. Management of depression for people with cancer (SMaRT oncology 1): a randomised trial. Lancet 2008; 372 (9632) 40-48
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 561 Ell K et al. Randomized controlled trial of collaborative care management of depression among low-income patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26 (27) 4488-4496
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 562 Herschbach C, Weis J. Screeningverfahren in der Psychoonkologie Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft. Berlin: 2010
    Google Scholar
  • 563 Weis J, Domann U. Interventions in the rehabilitation of breast cancer patients--a critical literature review of the state of the art. Rehabilitation 2006; 45 (03) 129-145
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 564 Mehnert A, Müller D, Lehmann C et al. Die deutsche Version des NCCN Distress-Thermometers-Empirische Prüfung eines Screening-Instruments zur Erfassung psychosozialer Belastung bei Krebspatienten. ZPPP; 54 (03) 213-223
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 565 Holland JC, Bultz BD. The NCCN guideline for distress management: a case for making distress the sixth vital sign. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2007; 5 (01) 3-7
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 566 Roth AJ et al. Rapid screening for psychologic distress in men with prostate carcinoma: a pilot study. Cancer 1998; 82 (10) 1904-1908
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 567 Whooley MA et al. Case-finding instruments for depression. Two questions are as good as many. J Gen Intern Med 1997; 12 (07) 439-445
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 568 Chochinov HM et al. Effect of dignity therapy on distress and end-of-life experience in terminally ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2011; 12 (08) 753-762
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 569 Sommerfeldt S, Ihrig A, Brechtel A et al. Psychoonkologisches Screening in der Routineversorgung. Psychosomatik und Konsiliarpsychiatrie 2007; Volume 1, Issue 4: 293-297
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 570 Weis J, Blettner G, Schwarz R. Psychooncological Care in Germany: Quality and Quantity. Z Psychosom Med Psychother 2000; 46 (01) 4-17
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 571 Clinical practice guidelines for the psychosocial care of adults with cancer. National Health and Medical Research (NHMRC) 2003;
    PubMedGoogle Scholar