Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2013; 73(9): 874-889
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York S3-Guideline on Diagnostics, Therapy and Follow-up of Malignant
Ovarian Tumours Short version 1.0 – AWMF registration number: 032/035OL, June 2013 S3-Leitlinie Diagnostik, Therapie und Nachsorge maligner
Ovarialtumoren Kurzversion 1.0 – AWMF-Registernummer: 032/035OL, Juni 2013
U. Wagner
,
P. Harter
,
F. Hilpert
,
S. Mahner
,
A. Reuß
,
A. du Bois
,
E. Petru
,
W. Meier
,
P. Ortner
,
K. König
,
K. Lindel
,
D. Grab
,
P. Piso
,
O. Ortmann
,
I. Runnebaum
,
J. Pfisterer
,
D. Lüftner
,
N. Frickhofen
,
F. Grünwald
,
B. O. Maier
,
J. Diebold
,
S. Hauptmann
,
F. Kommoss
,
G. Emons
,
B. Radeleff
,
M. Gebhardt
,
N. Arnold
,
G. Calaminus
,
I. Weisse
,
J. Weis
,
J. Sehouli
,
D. Fink
,
A. Burges
,
A. Hasenburg
,
C. Eggert
16 References
1 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines
Network. SIGN #75: Epithelial ovarian cancer. A national clinical guideline. Scottish
Intercollegiate Guidelines Network; 2003 2 The Australian Cancer Network and National Breast Cancer
Centre. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of women with epithelial ovarian
cancer. Camperdown, NSW: National Breast Cancer Centre; 2004 3 Menon U et al. Sensitivity and specificity of multimodal and ultrasound screening
for ovarian
cancer, and stage distribution of detected cancers: results of the prevalence
screen of the UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS). Lancet
Oncol 2009; 10: 327-340 4 Kobayashi H et al. A randomized study of screening for ovarian cancer: a multicenter
study in
Japan. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2008; 18: 414-420 5 Buys SS et al. Effect of screening on ovarian cancer mortality: the Prostate, Lung,
Colorectal
and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 2011; 305: 2295-2303
6 Fung MF et al. Screening postmenopausal women for ovarian cancer: a systematic review.
J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2004; 26: 717-728 7 van Nagell Jr. JR et al. Long-term survival of women with epithelial ovarian cancer
detected by
ultrasonographic screening. Obstet Gynecol 2011; 118: 1212-1221 8 Timmerman D et al. Simple ultrasound-based rules for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer.
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2008; 31: 681-690 9 Timmerman D et al. Terms, definitions and measurements to describe the sonographic
features of
adnexal tumors: a consensus opinion from the International Ovarian Tumor
Analysis (IOTA) Group. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 16: 500-505 10 Karlan BY et al. Peritoneal serous papillary carcinoma, a phenotypic variant of familial
ovarian
cancer: implications for ovarian cancer screening. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 180:
917-928 11 Moller P et al. The BRCA1 syndrome and other inherited breast or breast-ovarian cancers
in a
Norwegian prospective series. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37: 1027-1032 12 Taylor L, Schwarz H. Identification of a soluble OX40 isoform: development of a specific
and
quantitative immunoassay. J Immunol Methods 2001; 255: 67-72 13 van der Velde NM et al. Time to stop ovarian cancer screening in BRCA1/2 mutation
carriers?. Int J Cancer 2009; 124: 919-923 14 Rustin GJ et al. Early versus delayed treatment of relapsed ovarian cancer (MRC OV05/EORTC55955):
a randomised trial. Lancet 2010; 376: 1155-1163 15 Forstner R et al. ESUR guidelines: ovarian cancer staging and follow-up. Eur Radiol
2010; 20: 2773-2780 16 Peng NJ et al. Early detection of recurrent ovarian cancer in patients with low-level
increases
in serum CA-125 levels by 2-[F-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission
tomography/computed tomography. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2011; 26: 175-181 17 Gu P et al. CA 125, PET alone, PET-CT, CT and MRI in diagnosing recurrent ovarian
carcinoma:
a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol 2009; 71: 164-174 18 Partridge EE, Barnes MN. Epithelial ovarian cancer: prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
CA Cancer J Clin 1999; 49: 297-320 19 ESMO. ESMO minimum clinical recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up
of
ovarian cancer. Ann Oncol 2001; 12: 1205-1207 20 Jacobs I, Bast Jr. RC. The CA 125 tumour-associated antigen: a review of the literature.
Hum Reprod 1989; 4: 1-12 21 IQWIG. Positronenemissionstomographie (PET) und PET/CT bei Ovarialkarzinom. 2011.
http://www.iqwiq.de 22 Torizuka T et al. Ovarian cancer recurrence: role of whole-body positron emission
tomography using
2-[fluorine-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2002; 29: 797-803
23 Takekuma M et al. Positron emission tomography with 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose for
the detection of
recurrent ovarian cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 2005; 10: 177-181 24 Rebbeck TR et al. Prophylactic oophorectomy in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations.
N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1616-1622 25 Kauff ND et al. Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2
mutation. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1609-1615 26 Haber D. Prophylactic oophorectomy to reduce the risk of ovarian and breast cancer
in
carriers of BRCA mutations. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1660-1662 27 Finch A et al. Salpingo-oophorectomy and the risk of ovarian, fallopian tube, and
peritoneal
cancers in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 Mutation. JAMA 2006; 296: 185-192 28 Rebbeck TR et al. PROSE Study Group. Effect of short-term hormone replacement therapy
on breast cancer risk reduction
after bilateral prophylactic oophorectomy in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers:
the PROSE Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 7804-7810 29 Madalinska JB et al. The impact of hormone replacement therapy on menopausal symptoms
in younger
high-risk women after prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 3576-3582
30 Parker WH et al. Ovarian conservation at the time of hysterectomy and long-term health
outcomes
in the nursesʼ health study. Obstet Gynecol 2009; 113: 1027-1037 31 Madalinska JB et al. Quality-of-life effects of prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy
versus gynecologic
screening among women at increased risk of hereditary ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol
2005; 23: 6890-6898 32 Wagner TM et al. Attitude towards prophylactic surgery and effects of genetic counselling
in
families with BRCA mutations. Austrian Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer
Group. Br J Cancer 2000; 82: 1249-1253 33 Hallowell N. A qualitative study of the information needs of high-risk women undergoing
prophylactic oophorectomy. Psychooncology 2000; 9: 486-495 34 Fry A et al. Prophylactic oophorectomy versus screening: psychosocial outcomes in
women at
increased risk of ovarian cancer. Psychooncology 2001; 10: 231-241 35 Antoniou A et al. Average risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with BRCA1
or BRCA2
mutations detected in case Series unselected for family history: a combined
analysis of 22 studies. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72: 1117-1130 36 Bonadona V et al. Cancer risks associated with germline mutations in MLH1, MSH2,
and MSH6 genes in
Lynch syndrome. JAMA 2011; 305: 2304-2310 37 Chen S et al. Characterization of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in a large United States
sample. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 863-871 38 Dreyer G. Screening for gynaecologic cancers in genetically predisposed women. Best
Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 26: 267-282 39 Tinelli A et al. Hereditary ovarian cancers: from BRCA mutations to clinical management.
A modern
appraisal. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2010; 29: 339-350 40 Malamou-Mitsi V et al. Prognostic significance of HER-2, p 53 and Bcl-2 in patients
with epithelial
ovarian cancer. Anticancer Res 2007; 27: 1157-1165 41 Kommoss S et al. Independent prognostic significance of cell cycle regulator proteins
p 16(INK4a)
and pRb in advanced-stage ovarian carcinoma including optimally debulked
patients: a translational research subprotocol of a randomised study of the
Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynaekologische Onkologie Ovarian Cancer Study Group. Br J Cancer
2007; 96: 306-313 42 Secord AA et al. Co-expression of angiogenic markers and associations with prognosis
in advanced
epithelial ovarian cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 2007;
106: 221-232 43 Bellati F et al. Immunology of gynecologic neoplasms: analysis of the prognostic
significance of
the immune status. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2009; 9: 541-565 44 Cree IA. Chemosensitivity and chemoresistance testing in ovarian cancer. Curr Opin
Obstet Gynecol 2009; 21: 39-43 45 Harry VN, Gilbert FJ, Parkin DE. Predicting the response of advanced cervical and
ovarian tumors to therapy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2009; 64: 548-560 46 Itamochi H, Kigawa J, Terakawa N. Mechanisms of chemoresistance and poor prognosis
in ovarian clear cell
carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 653-658 47 Liu N, Wang X, Sheng X. ‘Triple negative epithelial ovarian cancer and pathologic
markers for
prognosis. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2011; 23: 19-23 48 Sabatier R et al. Gene expression profiling and prediction of clinical outcome in
ovarian
cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2009; 72: 98-109 49 Tian C et al. CA-125 change after chemotherapy in prediction of treatment outcome
among
advanced mucinous and clear cell epithelial ovarian cancers: a Gynecologic
Oncology Group study. Cancer 2009; 115: 1395-1403 50 Trainer AH et al. Moving toward personalized medicine: treatment-focused genetic
testing of women
newly diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010; 20: 704-716 51 Shaw MC et al. Development of an evidence-based algorithm for the management of ovarian
cancer. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2003; 24: 117-125 52 Ayhan A et al. Oncologic and reproductive outcome after fertility-saving surgery
in ovarian
cancer. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2003; 24: 223-232 53 Gershenson DM. Fertility-sparing surgery for malignancies in women. J Natl Cancer
Inst Monogr 2005; 34: 43-47 54 Morice P et al. Conservative treatment in epithelial ovarian cancer: results of a
multicentre
study of the GCCLCC (Groupe des Chirurgiens de Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer)
and SFOG (Societe Francaise dʼOncologie Gynecologique). Hum Reprod 2005; 20: 1379-1385
55 Leitao Jr. MM, Chi DS. Fertility-sparing options for patients with gynecologic malignancies.
Oncologist 2005; 10: 613-622 56 Dexeus S, Labastida R, Dexeus D. Conservative management of epithelial ovarian cancer.
Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2005; 26: 473-478 57 Monk BJ, Disaia PJ. What is the role of conservative primary surgical management
of epithelial
ovarian cancer: the United States experience and debate. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2005;
15 (Suppl. 03) 199-205 58 Colombo N et al. Role of conservative surgery in ovarian cancer: the European experience.
Int J Gynecol Cancer 2005; 15 (Suppl. 03) 206-211 59 Marhhom E, Cohen I. Fertility preservation options for women with malignancies. Obstet
Gynecol Surv 2007; 62: 58-72 60 Denschlag D et al. Clinical recommendation on fertility preservation in borderline
ovarian
neoplasm: ovarian stimulation and oocyte retrieval after conservative
surgery. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2010; 70: 160-165 61 Sarnacki S, Brisse H. Surgery of ovarian tumors in children. Horm Res Paediatr 2011;
75: 220-224 62 Zanetta G et al. Conservative surgery for stage I ovarian carcinoma in women of childbearing
age. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104: 1030-1035 63 Schilder JM et al. Outcome of reproductive age women with stage IA or IC invasive
epithelial
ovarian cancer treated with fertility-sparing therapy. Gynecol Oncol 2002; 87: 1-7
64 Morice P et al. Results of conservative management of epithelial malignant and borderline
ovarian tumours. Hum Reprod Update 2003; 9: 185-192 65 Duska LR et al. Epithelial ovarian carcinoma in the reproductive age group. Cancer
1999; 85: 2623-2629 66 Medeiros LR et al. Laparoscopy versus laparotomy for FIGO Stage I ovarian cancer.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; (4) CD005344 67 Trope C, Kaern J. Adjuvant chemotherapy for early-stage ovarian cancer: review of
the
literature. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 2909-2920 68 Panici PB et al. Laparoscopy compared with laparoscopically guided minilaparotomy
for large
adnexal masses: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110 (2 Pt 1) 241-248
69 Ghezzi F et al. Should adnexal mass size influence surgical approach? A series of
186
laparoscopically managed large adnexal masses. BJOG 2008; 115: 1020-1027 70 Fagotti A et al. Should laparoscopy be included in the work-up of advanced ovarian
cancer
patients attempting interval debulking surgery?. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 116: 72-77 71 Kindermann G, Maassen V, Kuhn W. Laparoscopic management of ovarian tumors subsequently
diagnosed as malignant: a
survey from 127 German departments of obstetrics and gynecology. J Pelvic Surgery
1996; 2: 245-251 72 Canis M et al. Laparoscopic management of adnexal masses: a gold standard?. Curr
Opin Obstet Gynecol 2002; 14: 423-428 73 Randall TC, Rubin SC. Surgical management of ovarian cancer. Semin Surg Oncol 1999;
17: 173-180 74 Axtell AE et al. Multi-institutional reciprocal validation study of computed tomography
predictors of suboptimal primary cytoreduction in patients with advanced ovarian
cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 384-389 75 Wimberger P et al. Influence of residual tumor on outcome in ovarian cancer patients
with FIGO
stage IV disease: an exploratory analysis of the AGO-OVAR (Arbeitsgemeinschaft
Gynaekologische Onkologie Ovarian Cancer Study Group). Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 17: 1642-1648
76 Gadducci A et al. Relationship between time interval from primary surgery to the
start of taxane-
plus platinum-based chemotherapy and clinical outcome of patients with advanced
epithelial ovarian cancer: results of a multicenter retrospective Italian
study. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 751-758 77 Trope C, Kaern J. Primary surgery for ovarian cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2006; 32:
844-852 78 Bristow RE et al. Delaying the primary surgical effort for advanced ovarian cancer:
a systematic
review of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and interval cytoreduction. Gynecol Oncol 2007;
104: 480-490 79 Wimberger P et al. Prognostic factors for complete debulking in advanced ovarian
cancer and its
impact on survival. An exploratory analysis of a prospectively randomized phase
III study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynaekologische Onkologie Ovarian Cancer
Study Group (AGO-OVAR). Gynecol Oncol 2007; 106: 69-74 80 Vernooij F et al. The outcomes of ovarian cancer treatment are better when provided
by gynecologic
oncologists and in specialized hospitals: a systematic review. Gynecol Oncol 2007;
105: 801-812 81 Elit LM et al. Surgical outcomes in women with ovarian cancer. Can J Surg 2008; 51:
346-354 82 Gerestein CG et al. The prediction of progression-free and overall survival in women
with an
advanced stage of epithelial ovarian carcinoma. BJOG 2009; 116: 372-380 83 du Bois A et al. Role of surgical outcome as prognostic factor in advanced epithelial
ovarian
cancer: a combined exploratory analysis of 3 prospectively randomized phase 3
multicenter trials: by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynaekologische Onkologie
Studiengruppe Ovarialkarzinom (AGO-OVAR) and the Groupe dʼInvestigateurs
Nationaux Pour les Etudes des Cancers de lʼOvaire (GINECO). Cancer 2009; 115: 1234-1244
84 Gerestein CG et al. Causes of postoperative mortality after surgery for ovarian cancer.
Eur J Cancer 2009; 45: 2799-2803 85 Einenkel J et al. Characteristics and management of diaphragm involvement in patients
with primary
advanced-stage ovarian, fallopian tube, or peritoneal cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer
2009; 19: 1288-1297 86 Tixier H et al. Evaluation of pelvic posterior exenteration in the management of
advanced-stage
ovarian cancer. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2010; 281: 505-510 87 Gerestein CG et al. Prediction of residual disease after primary cytoreductive surgery
for
advanced-stage ovarian cancer: accuracy of clinical judgment. Int J Gynecol Cancer
2009; 19: 1511-1515 88 Aletti GD et al. Identification of patient groups at highest risk from traditional
approach to
ovarian cancer treatment. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 120: 23-28 89 du Bois A et al. Variations in institutional infrastructure, physician specialization
and
experience, and outcome in ovarian cancer: a systematic review. Gynecol Oncol 2009;
112: 422-436 90 Vergote I et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy or primary surgery in stage IIIC or IV
ovarian
cancer. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 943-953 91 Schwartz PE et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer: long-term
survival. Gynecol Oncol 1999; 72: 93-99 92 van der Burg ME et al. The effect of debulking surgery after induction chemotherapy
on the prognosis in
advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecological Cancer Cooperative Group of
the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. N Engl J Med 1995;
332: 629-634 93 Rose PG et al. Gynecologic Oncology Group. Secondary surgical cytoreduction for advanced
ovarian carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2489-2497 94 Redman CW et al. Intervention debulking surgery in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer.
Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994; 101: 142-146 95 Tangjitgamol S et al. Interval debulking surgery for advanced epithelial ovarian
cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; (10) CD006014 96 Winter-Roach BA, Kitchener HC, Dickinson HO. Adjuvant (post-surgery) chemotherapy
for early stage epithelial ovarian
cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; (3) CD004706 97 Young RC et al. Adjuvant therapy in stage I and stage II epithelial ovarian cancer.
Results of
two prospective randomized trials. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1021-1027 98 Trope C et al. Are borderline tumors of the ovary overtreated both surgically and
systemically?
A review of four prospective randomized trials including 253 patients with
borderline tumors. Gynecol Oncol 1993; 51: 236-243 99 Trimbos JB et al. Impact of adjuvant chemotherapy and surgical staging in early-stage
ovarian
carcinoma: European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Adjuvant
ChemoTherapy in Ovarian Neoplasm trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 113-125 100 Timmers PJ et al. Clear cell carcinoma compared to serous carcinoma in early ovarian
cancer: same
prognosis in a large randomized trial. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19: 88-93 101 Trimbos B et al. Surgical staging and treatment of early ovarian cancer: long-term
analysis from
a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010; 102: 982-987 102 Adams G et al. Platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy for early-stage epithelial ovarian
cancer:
single or combination chemotherapy?. BJOG 2010; 117: 1459-1467 103 Takano M et al. Less impact of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage I clear cell carcinoma
of the
ovary: a retrospective Japan Clear Cell Carcinoma Study. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010;
20: 1506-1510 104 Garcia-Saenz JA et al. Platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy on moderate- and high-risk
stage I and II
epithelian ovarian cancer patients. Long-term single institution experience and
literature review. Clin Transl Oncol 2011; 13: 121-132 105 Trimbos JB et al. International Collaborative Ovarian Neoplasm trial 1 and Adjuvant
ChemoTherapy
In Ovarian Neoplasm trial: two parallel randomized phase III trials of adjuvant
chemotherapy in patients with early-stage ovarian carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;
95: 105-112 106 Colombo N et al. International Collaborative Ovarian Neoplasm trial 1: a randomized
trial of
adjuvant chemotherapy in women with early-stage ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst
2003; 95: 125-132 107 Vergote I et al. Prognostic importance of degree of differentiation and cyst rupture
in stage I
invasive epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Lancet 2001; 357: 176-182 108 Ho CM et al. Evaluation of complete surgical staging with pelvic and para-aortic
lymphadenectomy and paclitaxel plus carboplatin chemotherapy for improvement of
survival in stage I ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2003; 88: 394-399
109 Kitchener HC. Adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival after resection of stage 1
ovarian
cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2005; 31: 323-327 110 Shimada M et al. Outcome of patients with early ovarian cancer undergoing three courses
of
adjuvant chemotherapy following complete surgical staging. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2005;
15: 601-605 111 Bell J et al. Randomized phase III trial of three versus six cycles of adjuvant carboplatin
and paclitaxel in early stage epithelial ovarian carcinoma: a Gynecologic
Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 102: 432-439 112 Obermair A et al. A new prognostic model for FIGO stage 1 epithelial ovarian cancer.
Gynecol Oncol 2007; 104: 607-611 113 Skirnisdottir I, Sorbe B. Survival and prognostic factors in early-stage epithelial
ovarian carcinoma
treated with taxane-based adjuvant chemotherapy. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 1231-1237
114 Chan JK et al. Prognostic factors for high-risk early-stage epithelial ovarian cancer:
a
Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer 2008; 112: 2202-2210 115 Takano M et al. Clear cell carcinoma of the ovary: a retrospective multicentre experience
of 254
patients with complete surgical staging. Br J Cancer 2006; 94: 1369-1374 116 Chan JK et al. The potential benefit of 6 vs. 3 cycles of chemotherapy in subsets
of women with
early-stage high-risk epithelial ovarian cancer: an exploratory analysis of a
Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 116: 301-306 117 Mannel RS et al. A randomized phase III trial of IV carboplatin and paclitaxel × 3
courses
followed by observation versus weekly maintenance low-dose paclitaxel in
patients with early-stage ovarian carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group
Study. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 122: 89-94 118 NICE. NICE clinical guideline 122. The recognition and initial management of ovarian
cancer. 2011 [cited 2012 September 7]. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG122 Stand: 07.09.2012 119 NHS National Institute for Health and Clinical
Excellence. Technology Appraisal Guidance 91 Paclitaxel, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin
hydrochloride and topotecan for second-line or subsequent treatment of advanced
ovarian cancer. 2005 [cited 2012 September 7]. http://www.nice.org.uk/TA091 Stand: 07.09.2012 120 ICON Collaborators. ICON2: randomised trial of single-agent carboplatin against three-drug
combination of CAP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin) in women with
ovarian cancer. ICON Collaborators. International Collaborative Ovarian Neoplasm
Study. Lancet 1998; 352: 1571-1576 121 ICON Collaborators. Paclitaxel plus carboplatin versus standard chemotherapy with
either
single-agent carboplatin or cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in
women with ovarian cancer: the ICON3 randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 505-515 122 McGuire WP et al. Cyclophosphamide and cisplatin compared with paclitaxel and cisplatin
in
patients with stage III and stage IV ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1-6 123 Muggia FM et al. Phase III randomized study of cisplatin versus paclitaxel versus
cisplatin and
paclitaxel in patients with suboptimal stage III or IV ovarian cancer: a
gynecologic oncology group study. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 106-115 124 Neijt JP et al. Exploratory phase III study of paclitaxel and cisplatin versus paclitaxel
and
carboplatin in advanced ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 3084-3092 125 Piccart MJ et al. Randomized intergroup trial of cisplatin-paclitaxel versus
cisplatin-cyclophosphamide in women with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer:
three-year results. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 699-708 126 West RJ, Zweig SF. Meta-analysis of chemotherapy regimens for ovarian carcinoma:
a reassessment of
cisplatin, cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin versus cisplatin and
cyclophosphamide. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1997; 18: 343-348 127 Ozols RF. Chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. Semin Oncol 1999; 26 (6 Suppl. 18) 34-40
128 du Bois A, Neijt JP, Thigpen JT. First line chemotherapy with carboplatin plus paclitaxel
in advanced ovarian
cancer – a new standard of care?. Ann Oncol 1999; 10 (Suppl. 01) 35-41 129 Aabo K et al. Chemotherapy in advanced ovarian cancer: four systematic meta-analyses
of
individual patient data from 37 randomized trials. Advanced Ovarian Cancer
Trialistsʼ Group. Br J Cancer 1998; 78: 1479-1487 130 du Bois A et al. A randomized clinical trial of cisplatin/paclitaxel versus
carboplatin/paclitaxel as first-line treatment of ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst
2003; 95: 1320-1329 131 Ozols RF et al. Phase III trial of carboplatin and paclitaxel compared with cisplatin
and
paclitaxel in patients with optimally resected stage III ovarian cancer: a
Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 3194-3200 132 Burger RA et al. Incorporation of bevacizumab in the primary treatment of ovarian
cancer. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 2473-2483 133 Perren TJ et al. A phase 3 trial of bevacizumab in ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 2011;
365: 2484-2496 134 McGuire 3rd WP. High-dose chemotherapeutic approaches to ovarian cancer management.
Semin Oncol 2000; 27(3 Suppl. 7): 41-46 135 Mobus V et al. Phase III trial of high-dose sequential chemotherapy with peripheral
blood stem
cell support compared with standard dose chemotherapy for first-line treatment
of advanced ovarian cancer: intergroup trial of the AGO-Ovar/AIO and EBMT. J Clin
Oncol 2007; 25: 4187-4193 136 Katsumata N et al. Dose-dense paclitaxel once a week in combination with carboplatin
every 3 weeks
for advanced ovarian cancer: a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled
trial. Lancet 2009; 374: 1331-1338 137 Hoskins P et al. Advanced ovarian cancer: phase III randomized study of sequential
cisplatin-topotecan and carboplatin-paclitaxel vs. carboplatin-paclitaxel. J Natl
Cancer Inst 2010; 102: 1547-1556 138 Jaaback K, Johnson N. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy for the initial management of
primary epithelial
ovarian cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; (1) CD005340 139 Buyse M et al. Using the expected survival to explain differences between the results
of
randomized trials: a case in advanced ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 1682-1687
140 Aravantinos G et al. Paclitaxel plus carboplatin versus paclitaxel plus alternating
carboplatin and
cisplatin for initial treatment of advanced ovarian cancer: long-term efficacy
results: a Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group (HeCOG) study. Ann Oncol 2005; 16:
1116-1122 141 Dizon DS et al. Two for good measure: six versus eight cycles of carboplatin and
paclitaxel as
adjuvant treatment for epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2006; 100: 417-421
142 Armstrong DK et al. Intraperitoneal cisplatin and paclitaxel in ovarian cancer. N
Engl J Med 2006; 354: 34-43 143 Grenman S et al. A randomised phase III study comparing high-dose chemotherapy to
conventionally
dosed chemotherapy for stage III ovarian cancer: the Finnish Ovarian Cancer
(FINOVA) study. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42: 2196-2199 144 Spriggs DR et al. Phase III randomized trial of intravenous cisplatin plus a 24-
or 96-hour
infusion of paclitaxel in epithelial ovarian cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology
Group Study. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 4466-4471 145 Lhomme C et al. Phase III study of valspodar (PSC833) combined with paclitaxel and
carboplatin
compared with paclitaxel and carboplatin alone in patients with stage IV or
suboptimally debulked stage III epithelial ovarian cancer or primary peritoneal
cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 2674-2682 146 Safra T et al. Combined weekly carboplatin and paclitaxel as primary treatment of
advanced
epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2009; 114: 215-218 147 Lambert HE et al. A randomized trial of five versus eight courses of cisplatin or
carboplatin in
advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma. A North Thames Ovary Group Study. Ann Oncol
1997; 8: 327-333 148 Sorbe B. Swedish-Norgewian Ovarian Cancer Study
Group. Consolidation treatment of advanced (FIGO stage III) ovarian carcinoma in
complete surgical remission after induction chemotherapy: a randomized,
controlled, clinical trial comparing whole abdominal radiotherapy, chemotherapy,
and no further treatment. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2003; 13: 278-286 149 Mei L et al. Maintenance chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. Cochrane Database Syst
Rev 2010; (9) CD007414 150 Berek J et al. Oregovomab maintenance monoimmunotherapy does not improve outcomes
in advanced
ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 418-425 151 Pecorelli S et al. Phase III trial of observation versus six courses of paclitaxel
in patients with
advanced epithelial ovarian cancer in complete response after six courses of
paclitaxel/platinum-based chemotherapy: final results of the After-6 protocol
1. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 4642-4648 152 Penson RT et al. Phase II study of carboplatin, paclitaxel, and bevacizumab with
maintenance
bevacizumab as first-line chemotherapy for advanced mullerian tumors. J Clin Oncol
2010; 28: 154-159 153 Pomel C et al. Hyperthermic intra-peritoneal chemotherapy using oxaliplatin as consolidation
therapy for advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Results of a phase II
prospective multicentre trial. CHIPOVAC study. Eur J Surg Oncol 2010; 36: 589-593
154 Hess LM et al. Continued chemotherapy after complete response to primary therapy
among women
with advanced ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer 2010; 116: 5251-5260 155 Williams C, Simera I, Bryant A. Tamoxifen for relapse of ovarian cancer. Cochrane
Database Syst Rev 2010; (3) CD001034 156 ten Bokkel Huinink W et al. Topotecan versus paclitaxel for the treatment of recurrent
epithelial ovarian
cancer. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 2183-2193 157 Parmar MK et al. Paclitaxel plus platinum-based chemotherapy versus conventional
platinum-based
chemotherapy in women with relapsed ovarian cancer: the ICON4/AGO-OVAR-2.2
trial. Lancet 2003; 361: 2099-2106 158 Gordon AN et al. Recurrent epithelial ovarian carcinoma: a randomized phase III study
of
pegylated liposomal doxorubicin versus topotecan. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 3312-3322
159 Cantu MG et al. Randomized controlled trial of single-agent paclitaxel versus cyclophosphamide,
doxorubicin, and cisplatin in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer who
responded to first-line platinum-based regimens. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 1232-1237
160 Blackledge G et al. Response of patients in phase II studies of chemotherapy in ovarian
cancer:
implications for patient treatment and the design of phase II trials. Br J Cancer
1989; 59: 650-653 161 Eisenhauer EA et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST
guideline
(version 1.1). Eur J Cancer 2009; 45: 228-247 162 Rustin GJ et al. Definitions for response and progression in ovarian cancer clinical
trials
incorporating RECIST 1.1 and CA 125 agreed by the Gynecological Cancer
Intergroup (GCIG). Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011; 21: 419-423 163 Friedlander M et al. Gynecologic Cancer InterGroup. Clinical trials in recurrent
ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011; 21: 771-775 164 Meier W et al. Topotecan versus treosulfan, an alkylating agent, in patients with
epithelial
ovarian cancer and relapse within 12 months following 1st-line
platinum/paclitaxel chemotherapy. A prospectively randomized phase III trial by
the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynaekologische Onkologie Ovarian Cancer Study Group
(AGO-OVAR). Gynecol Oncol 2009; 114: 199-205 165 ten Bokkel Huinink W, Lane SR, Ross GA. Long-term survival in a phase III, randomised
study of topotecan versus
paclitaxel in advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2004; 15: 100-103 166 Vergote I et al. Phase 3 randomised study of canfosfamide (Telcyta, TLK286) versus
pegylated
liposomal doxorubicin or topotecan as third-line therapy in patients with
platinum-refractory or -resistant ovarian cancer. 2009. (1879-0852 [Electronic]) 167 Ferrandina G et al. Phase III trial of gemcitabine compared with pegylated liposomal
doxorubicin in
progressive or recurrent ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 890-896 168 Mutch DG et al. Randomized phase III trial of gemcitabine compared with pegylated
liposomal
doxorubicin in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007;
25: 2811-2818 169 du Bois A et al. Chemotherapy versus hormonal treatment in platinum- and paclitaxel-refractory
ovarian cancer: a randomised trial of the German Arbeitsgemeinschaft
Gynaekologische Onkologie (AGO) Study Group Ovarian Cancer. Ann Oncol 2002; 13: 251-257
170 Sehouli J et al. Nonplatinum topotecan combinations versus topotecan alone for recurrent
ovarian
cancer: results of a phase III study of the North-Eastern German Society of
Gynecological Oncology Ovarian Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 3176-3182
171 Peng LH, Chen XY, Wu TX. Topotecan for ovarian cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2008; (2) CD005589 172 Eisenkop SM, Friedman RL, Spirtos NM. The role of secondary cytoreductive surgery
in the treatment of patients with
recurrent epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 2000; 88: 144-153 173 Harter P et al. Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynaekologische Onkologie Ovarian
Committee; AGO Ovarian Cancer Study Group. Surgery in recurrent ovarian cancer: the
Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynaekologische
Onkologie (AGO) DESKTOP OVAR trial. Ann Surg Oncol 2006; 13: 1702-1710 174 Sehouli J et al. Role of secondary cytoreductive surgery in ovarian cancer relapse:
who will
benefit? A systematic analysis of 240 consecutive patients. J Surg Oncol 2010; 102:
656-662 175 Galaal K et al. Cytoreductive surgery plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone
for recurrent
epithelial ovarian cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; (6) CD007822 176 Bristow RE, Puri I, Chi DS. Cytoreductive surgery for recurrent ovarian cancer: a
meta-analysis. Gynecol Oncol 2009; 112: 265-274 177 Harter P et al. Prospective validation study of a predictive score for operability
of recurrent
ovarian cancer: the Multicenter Intergroup Study DESKTOP II. A project of the
AGO Kommission OVAR, AGO Study Group, NOGGO, AGO-Austria, and MITO. Int J Gynecol
Cancer 2011; 21: 289-295 178 Kew F et al. Evaluation of follow-up strategies for patients with epithelial ovarian
cancer
following completion of primary treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; (6) CD006119 179 Gadducci A et al. Surveillance procedures for patients treated for epithelial ovarian
cancer: a
review of the literature. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 17: 21-31 180 Guidozzi F, Daponte A. Estrogen replacement therapy for ovarian carcinoma survivors:
A randomized
controlled trial. Cancer 1999; 86: 1013-1018 181 Eeles RA et al. Hormone replacement therapy and survival after surgery for ovarian
cancer. BMJ 1991; 302: 259-262 182 Ursic-Vrscaj M, Bebar S, Zakelj MP. Hormone replacement therapy after invasive ovarian
serous cystadenocarcinoma
treatment: the effect on survival. Menopause 2001; 8: 70-75 183 Mascarenhas C et al. Use of hormone replacement therapy before and after ovarian
cancer diagnosis and
ovarian cancer survival. Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 2907-2915 184 WHO. Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Breast and
female genital Organs. 3rd. ed. Switzerland: WHO-Press; 2003 185 Kaern J, Trope CG, Abeler VM. A retrospective study of 370 borderline tumors of the
ovary treated at the
Norwegian Radium Hospital from 1970 to 1982. A review of clinicopathologic
features and treatment modalities. Cancer 1993; 71: 1810-1820 186 Leake JF et al. Long-term follow-up of serous ovarian tumors of low malignant potential.
Gynecol Oncol 1992; 47: 150-158 187 Odegaard E et al. Surgery of borderline tumors of the ovary: retrospective comparison
of
short-term outcome after laparoscopy or laparotomy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2007;
86: 620-626 188 Camatte S et al. Impact of surgical staging in patients with macroscopic “stage I”
ovarian
borderline tumours: analysis of a continuous series of 101 cases. Eur J Cancer 2004;
40: 1842-1849 189 Menczer J, Chetrit A, Sadetzki S. The effect of hysterectomy on survival of patients
with borderline ovarian
tumors. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 125: 372-375 190 du Bois A, Ewald-Riegler N. Borderline-Tumoren des Ovars – eine systematische Übersicht.
Geburtsh Frauenheilk 2009; 69: 807-833 191 Morice P et al. Recommendations of the Fertility Task Force of the European Society
of
Gynecologic Oncology about the conservative management of ovarian malignant
tumors. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011; 21: 951-963 192 Faluyi O et al. Interventions for the treatment of borderline ovarian tumours. Cochrane
Database Syst Rev 2010; (9) CD007696 193 Miller BE et al. Prognostic factors in adult granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. Cancer
1997; 79: 1951-1955 194 Nosov V et al. Predictors of recurrence of ovarian granulosa cell tumors. Int J Gynecol
Cancer 2009; 19: 628-633 195 Colombo N et al. Management of ovarian stromal cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:
2944-2951 196 Sehouli J et al. Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary: 10 years follow-up data of 65
patients. Anticancer Res 2004; 24 (2C) 1223-1229 197 Zanagnolo V, Pasinetti B, Sartori E. Clinical review of 63 cases of sex cord stromal
tumors. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2004; 25: 431-438 198 Evans 3rd AT et al. Clinicopathologic review of 118 granulosa and 82 theca cell tumors.
Obstet Gynecol 1980; 55: 231-238 199 Zhang M et al. Prognostic factors responsible for survival in sex cord stromal tumors
of the
ovary – an analysis of 376 women. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 104: 396-400 200 Fotopoulou C et al. Adult granulosa cell tumors of the ovary: tumor dissemination
pattern at primary
and recurrent situation, surgical outcome. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 119: 285-290 201 Zambetti M et al. cis-platinum/vinblastine/bleomycin combination chemotherapy in
advanced or
recurrent granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol 1990; 36: 317-320 202 Colombo N et al. Cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin combination chemotherapy in
metastatic
granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. Obstet Gynecol 1986; 67: 265-268 203 Mahdi H et al. Prognostic impact of lymphadenectomy in clinically early stage malignant
germ
cell tumour of the ovary. Br J Cancer 2011; 105: 493-497 204 Gershenson DM. Management of ovarian germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 2938-2943
205 Pectasides D, Pectasides E, Kassanos D. Germ cell tumors of the ovary. Cancer Treat
Rev 2008; 34: 427-441 206 Kumar S et al. The prevalence and prognostic impact of lymph node metastasis in malignant
germ
cell tumors of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 110: 125-132 207 Oltmann SC et al. Pediatric ovarian malignancies: how efficacious are current staging
practices?. J Pediatr Surg 2010; 45: 1096-1102 208 Gobel U et al. Treatment of germ cell tumors in children: results of European trials
for
testicular and non-testicular primary sites. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1990; 10: 89-98
209 Marina NM et al. Complete surgical excision is effective treatment for children with
immature
teratomas with or without malignant elements: a Pediatric Oncology
Group/Childrenʼs Cancer Group Intergroup Study. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 2137-2143 210 Gershenson DM et al. Second-look laparotomy in the management of malignant germ cell
tumors of the
ovary. Obstet Gynecol 1986; 67: 789-793 211 Billmire D et al. Outcome and staging evaluation in malignant germ cell tumors of
the ovary in
children and adolescents: an intergroup study. J Pediatr Surg 2004; 39: 424-429 discussion
424–429 212 Beiner ME et al. Cystectomy for immature teratoma of the ovary. Gynecol Oncol 2004;
93: 381-384 213 Cushing B et al. Surgical resection alone is effective treatment for ovarian immature
teratoma in
children and adolescents: a report of the Pediatric Oncology Group and the
Childrenʼs Cancer Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 181: 353-358 214 Kang H et al. Outcome and reproductive function after cumulative high-dose combination
chemotherapy with bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin (BEP) for patients with
ovarian endodermal sinus tumor. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 111: 106-110 215 Chan JK et al. Association of lymphadenectomy and survival in stage I ovarian cancer
patients. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 109: 12-19 216 Kim HS et al. Systematic lymphadenectomy for survival in epithelial ovarian cancer:
a
meta-analysis. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010; 20: 520-528 217 Maggioni A et al. Randomised study of systematic lymphadenectomy in patients with
epithelial
ovarian cancer macroscopically confined to the pelvis. Br J Cancer 2006; 95: 699-704
218 Suzuki S et al. Is there any association between retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy
and survival
benefit in ovarian clear cell carcinoma patients?. Ann Oncol 2008; 19: 1284-1287 219 Yang X et al. Prognosis in epithelial ovarian cancer: clinical analysis of 287 pelvic
and
para-aortic lymphadenectomy. Chinese-German Journal of Clinical Oncology 2007; 6:
492-496 220 Yokoyama Y et al. Evaluation of cytoreductive surgery with pelvic and paraaortic
lymphadenectomy
and intermittent cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy for improvement of
long-term survival in ovarian cancer. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1999; 20: 361-366 221 Young RC et al. Staging laparotomy in early ovarian cancer. JAMA 1983; 250: 3072-3076
222 Piver MS, Barlow JJ, Lele SB. Incidence of subclinical metastasis in stage I and
II ovarian carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol 1978; 52: 100-104 223 Buchsbaum HJ et al. Surgical staging of carcinoma of the ovaries. Surg Gynecol Obstet
1989; 169: 226-232 224 Griffiths CT. Surgical resection of tumor bulk in the primary treatment of ovarian
carcinoma. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1975; 42: 101-104 225 Hoskins WJ et al. The influence of cytoreductive surgery on recurrence-free interval
and survival
in small-volume stage III epithelial ovarian cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology
Group study. Gynecol Oncol 1992; 47: 159-166 226 Hacker NF et al. Primary cytoreductive surgery for epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet
Gynecol 1983; 61: 413-420 227 Hunter RW, Alexander ND, Soutter WP. Meta-analysis of surgery in advanced ovarian
carcinoma: is maximum cytoreductive
surgery an independent determinant of prognosis?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166: 504-511
228 Allen DG, Heintz AP, Touw FW. A meta-analysis of residual disease and survival in
stage III and IV carcinoma
of the ovary. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1995; 16: 349-356 229 Voest EE, van Houwelingen JC, Neijt JP. A meta-analysis of prognostic factors in
advanced ovarian cancer with median
survival and overall survival (measured with the log (relative risk] as main
objectives. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1989; 25: 711-720 230 Nguyen HN et al. National survey of ovarian carcinoma. Part V. The impact of physicianʼs
specialty on patientsʼ survival. Cancer 1993; 72: 3663-3670 231 Junor EJ et al. Specialist gynaecologists and survival outcome in ovarian cancer:
a Scottish
national study of 1866 patients. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999; 106: 1130-1136 232 Bristow RE et al. Survival effect of maximal cytoreductive surgery for advanced ovarian
carcinoma
during the platinum era: a meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 1248-1259 233 Elattar A et al. Optimal primary surgical treatment for advanced epithelial ovarian
cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; (8) CD007565 234 Ang C et al. Ultra-radical (extensive) surgery versus standard surgery for the primary
cytoreduction of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;
(4) CD007697 235 Bashir S et al. Surgical technique of diaphragm full-thickness resection and trans-diaphragmatic
decompression of pneumothorax during cytoreductive surgery for ovarian
cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2010; 119: 255-258 236 Sehouli J et al. Primary versus interval debulking surgery in advanced ovarian cancer:
results
from a systematic single-center analysis. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010; 20: 1331-1340
237 Pfisterer J et al. Gemcitabine plus carboplatin compared with carboplatin in patients
with
platinum-sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer: an intergroup trial of the
AGO-OVAR, the NCIC CTG, and the EORTC GCG. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 4699-4707 238 Pujade-Lauraine E et al. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin and carboplatin compared
with paclitaxel and
carboplatin for patients with platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer in late
relapse. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 3323-3329
