Abstract
Poland syndrome is a combination of chest wall deformity and absent or hypoplastic
pectoralis muscle and breast associated with shortening and brachysyndactyly of the
upper limb. Clinical presentation varies widely; therefore, reconstructive procedures
have to be adapted to the deformity, ranging from chest wall stabilization or augmentation,
dynamic muscle transfer, nipple and areola repositioning, and breast augmentation
using prosthesis or autologous tissue transfer. Other congenital breast anomalies
include supernumerary nipple and areola (polythelia) and breast (polymastia), which
can generally be found on the embryonic mammary ridge. Absence of the nipple, areola
(athelia), or the breast tissue (amastia) is less frequent.
Keywords
Poland syndrome - breast - pectoralis muscle - polythelia - polymastia athelia - amastia
