Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00000069.xml
Download PDF
Semin Liver Dis 2012; 32(03): 195-200
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1323623
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1323623
Virology of Hepatitis D Virus
Further Information
Publication History
Publication Date:
29 August 2012 (online)
Abstract
Although much of the current understanding of the replication of hepatitis D virus (HDV) has been gained from ex vivo rather than in vivo studies, many seemingly unique aspects have been discovered. These include the ultra-small size and circular conformation of the RNA genome, the presence on the viral RNAs of two ribozymes, the role of RNA-directed RNA transcription by redirection of host enzymes, the requirement of site-specific, posttranscriptional RNA-editing, and more. This review addresses recent insights, remaining controversies, and just plain deficits in our understanding of HDV replication.
-
References
- 1 Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Aricò S , et al. Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers. Gut 1977; 18 (12) 997-1003
- 2 Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Gerin JL, London WT, Sly DL, Purcell RH. Transmission of the hepatitis B virus-associated delta antigen to chimpanzees. J Infect Dis 1980; 141 (5) 590-602
- 3 Tseng C-H, Lai MMC. Hepatitis delta virus RNA replication. Viruses 2009; 1 (3) 818-831
- 4 Taylor JM. Structure and replication of HDV RNA. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 307: 1-23
- 5 Taylor JM. Chapter 3. Replication of the hepatitis delta virus RNA genome. Adv Virus Res 2009; 74: 103-121
- 6 Lai MM. RNA replication without RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: surprises from hepatitis delta virus. J Virol 2005; 79 (13) 7951-7958
- 7 Hughes SA, Wedemeyer H, Harrison PM. Hepatitis delta virus. Lancet 2011; 378 (9785) 73-85
- 8 Niro GA, Gioffreda D, Fontana R. Hepatitis delta virus infection: open issues. Dig Liver Dis 2011; 43 (Suppl. 01) S19-S24
- 9 Greco-Stewart VS, Miron P, Abrahem A, Pelchat M. The human RNA polymerase II interacts with the terminal stem-loop regions of the hepatitis delta virus RNA genome. Virology 2007; 357 (1) 68-78
- 10 Flores R, Gas M-E, Molina-Serrano D , et al. Viroid replication: rolling-circles, enzymes and ribozymes. Viruses 2009; 1 (2) 317-334
- 11 Kuo MY-P, Goldberg J, Coates L, Mason W, Gerin J, Taylor J. Molecular cloning of hepatitis delta virus RNA from an infected woodchuck liver: sequence, structure, and applications. J Virol 1988; 62 (6) 1855-1861
- 12 Casey J, Gerin J. Hepatitis delta virus: RNA editing and genotype variations. In: Dinter-Gottlieb G, , ed. The Unique Hepatitis Delta Virus. Austin, TX: R.G. Landes, Co.; 1995: 111-124
- 13 Radjef N, Gordien E, Ivaniushina V , et al. Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate a wide and ancient radiation of African hepatitis delta virus, suggesting a deltavirus genus of at least seven major clades. J Virol 2004; 78 (5) 2537-2544
- 14 Deny P. Hepatitis delta virus genetic variability: from genotypes I, II, III to eight major clades. In: Casey JL, , ed. Hepatitis Delta Virus. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer; 2006: 151-171
- 15 Rocheleau L, Pelchat M. The Subviral RNA Database: a toolbox for viroids, the hepatitis delta virus and satellite RNAs research. BMC Microbiol 2006; 6: 24
- 16 Le Gal F, Gault E, Ripault MP , et al. Eighth major clade for hepatitis delta virus. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12 (9) 1447-1450
- 17 Chang J, Gudima SO, Taylor JM. Evolution of hepatitis delta virus RNA genome following long-term replication in cell culture. J Virol 2005; 79 (21) 13310-13316
- 18 Casey JL, Tennant BC, Gerin JL. Genetic changes in hepatitis delta virus from acutely and chronically infected woodchucks. J Virol 2006; 80 (13) 6469-6477
- 19 Gudima S, Wu S-Y, Chiang C-M, Moraleda G, Taylor J. Origin of hepatitis delta virus mRNA. J Virol 2000; 74 (16) 7204-7210
- 20 Doudna JA, Lorsch JR. Ribozyme catalysis: not different, just worse. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2005; 12 (5) 395-402
- 21 Ferré-D'Amaré AR, Zhou K, Doudna JA. Crystal structure of a hepatitis delta virus ribozyme. Nature 1998; 395 (6702) 567-574
- 22 Reid CE, Lazinski DW. A host-specific function is required for ligation of a wide variety of ribozyme-processed RNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97 (1) 424-429
- 23 Sharmeen L, Kuo MY, Taylor J. Self-ligating RNA sequences on the antigenome of human hepatitis delta virus. J Virol 1989; 63 (3) 1428-1430
- 24 Salehi-Ashtiani K, Lupták A, Litovchick A, Szostak JW. A genomewide search for ribozymes reveals an HDV-like sequence in the human CPEB3 gene. Science 2006; 313 (5794) 1788-1792
- 25 Webb C-HT, Riccitelli NJ, Ruminski DJ, Lupták A. Widespread occurrence of self-cleaving ribozymes. Science 2009; 326 (5955) 953
- 26 He LF, Ford E, Purcell RH, London WT, Phillips J, Gerin JL. The size of the hepatitis delta agent. J Med Virol 1989; 27 (1) 31-33
- 27 Gudima S, He Y, Meier A , et al. Assembly of hepatitis delta virus: particle characterization, including the ability to infect primary human hepatocytes. J Virol 2007; 81 (7) 3608-3617
- 28 Ryu WS, Netter HJ, Bayer M, Taylor J. Ribonucleoprotein complexes of hepatitis delta virus. J Virol 1993; 67 (6) 3281-3287
- 29 Alves C, Cheng H, Roder H, Taylor J. Intrinsic disorder and oligomerization of the hepatitis delta virus antigen. Virology 2010; 407 (2) 333-340
- 30 Chao M, Hsieh S-Y, Taylor J. Role of two forms of hepatitis delta virus antigen: evidence for a mechanism of self-limiting genome replication. J Virol 1990; 64 (10) 5066-5069
- 31 Chang FL, Chen PJ, Tu SJ, Wang CJ, Chen DS. The large form of hepatitis delta antigen is crucial for assembly of hepatitis delta virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88 (19) 8490-8494
- 32 Lai MMC. Hepatitis delta antigen: biochemical properties and functional roles in HDV replication. In: Handa H, Yamaguchi Y, , eds. Hepatitis Delta Virus. Georgetown TX: Landes Bioscience; 2006: 38-51
- 33 Tseng CH, Cheng TS, Shu CY, Jeng KS, Lai MM. Modification of small hepatitis delta virus antigen by SUMO protein. J Virol 2010; 84 (2) 918-927
- 34 Glenn JS, Watson JA, Havel CM, White JM. Identification of a prenylation site in delta virus large antigen. Science 1992; 256 (5061) 1331-1333
- 35 Bordier BB, Ohkanda J, Liu P , et al. In vivo antiviral efficacy of prenylation inhibitors against hepatitis delta virus. J Clin Invest 2003; 112 (3) 407-414
- 36 Zuccola HJ, Rozzelle JE, Lemon SM, Erickson BW, Hogle JM. Structural basis of the oligomerization of hepatitis delta antigen. Structure 1998; 6 (7) 821-830
- 37 Urban S. New insights into hepatitis B and hepatitis delta virus entry. Future Medicine 2008; 3: 253-264
- 38 Schulze A, Gripon P, Urban S. Hepatitis B virus infection initiates with a large surface protein-dependent binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Hepatology 2007; 46 (6) 1759-1768
- 39 Leistner CM, Gruen-Bernhard S, Glebe D. Role of glycosaminoglycans for binding and infection of hepatitis B virus. Cell Microbiol 2008; 10 (1) 122-133
- 40 Glebe D, Urban S. Viral and cellular determinants involved in hepadnaviral entry. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13 (1) 22-38
- 41 Han Z, Nogusa S, Nicolas E, Balachandran S, Taylor J. Interferon impedes an early step of hepatitis delta virus infection. PLoS ONE 2011; 6 (7) e22415
- 42 Lozach P-Y, Huotari J, Helenius A. Late-penetrating viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2011; 1 (1) 35-43
- 43 Lütgehetmann M, Mancke LV, Volz T , et al. Humanized chimeric uPA mouse model for the study of hepatitis B and D virus interactions and preclinical drug evaluation. Hepatology 2012; 55 (3) 685-694 10.1002/hep.24758
- 44 Taylor JM. Hepatitis delta virus: cis and trans functions required for replication. Cell 1990; 61 (3) 371-373
- 45 Branch AD, Levine BJ, Robertson HD. The brotherhood of circular RNA pathogens: viroids, circular satellites, and the delta agent. Semin Virol 1990; 1: 143-152
- 46 Chang J, Nie X, Chang HE, Han Z, Taylor J. Transcription of hepatitis delta virus RNA by RNA polymerase II. J Virol 2008; 82 (3) 1118-1127
- 47 Wang CC, Chang TC, Lin CW , et al. Nucleic acid binding properties of the nucleic acid chaperone domain of hepatitis delta antigen. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31 (22) 6481-6492
- 48 Yamaguchi Y, Filipovska J, Yano K , et al. Stimulation of RNA polymerase II elongation by hepatitis delta antigen. Science 2001; 293 (5527) 124-127
- 49 Yamaguchi K, Handa H. Hepatitis delta antigen and RNA polymerase II. In: Handa H, Yamada S, , eds. Hepatitis Delta Virus. Georgetown TX: Landes Bioscience; 2006: 1-10
- 50 Polson AG, Ley III HL, Bass BL, Casey JL. Hepatitis delta virus RNA editing is highly specific for the amber/W site and is suppressed by hepatitis delta antigen. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18 (4) 1919-1926
- 51 Lazinski DW, Taylor JM. Expression of hepatitis delta virus RNA deletions: cis and trans requirements for self-cleavage, ligation, and RNA packaging. J Virol 1994; 68 (5) 2879-2888
- 52 Cao D, Haussecker D, Huang Y, Kay MA. Combined proteomic-RNAi screen for host factors involved in human hepatitis delta virus replication. RNA 2009; 15 (11) 1971-1979
- 53 Gudima SO, Chang J, Taylor JM. Features affecting the ability of hepatitis delta virus RNAs to initiate RNA-directed RNA synthesis. J Virol 2004; 78 (11) 5737-5744
- 54 Wu TT, Netter HJ, Lazinski DW, Taylor JM. Effects of nucleotide changes on the ability of hepatitis delta virus to transcribe, process, and accumulate unit-length, circular RNA. J Virol 1997; 71 (7) 5408-5414
- 55 Filipovska J, Konarska MM. Specific HDV RNA-templated transcription by pol II in vitro. RNA 2000; 6 (1) 41-54
- 56 Greco-Stewart VS, Pelchat M. Interaction of host cellular proteins with components of the hepatitis delta virus. Viruses 2010; 2 (1) 189-212
- 57 Sureau C, Taylor J, Chao M, Eichberg JW, Lanford RE. Cloned hepatitis delta virus cDNA is infectious in the chimpanzee. J Virol 1989; 63 (10) 4292-4297
- 58 Luo GX, Chao M, Hsieh S-Y, Sureau C, Nishikura K, Taylor J. A specific base transition occurs on replicating hepatitis delta virus RNA. J Virol 1990; 64 (3) 1021-1027
- 59 Polson AG, Bass BL, Casey JL. RNA editing of hepatitis delta virus antigenome by dsRNA-adenosine deaminase. Nature 1996; 380 (6573) 454-456
- 60 Wong SK, Sato S, Lazinski DW. Substrate recognition by ADAR1 and ADAR2. RNA 2001; 7 (6) 846-858
- 61 Chang J, Taylor J. In vivo RNA-directed transcription, with template switching, by a mammalian RNA polymerase. EMBO J 2002; 21 (1-2) 157-164
- 62 Chao M. RNA recombination in hepatitis delta virus: implications regarding the abilities of mammalian RNA polymerases. Virus Res 2007; 127 (2) 208-215
- 63 Wedemeyer H, Yurdaydìn C, Dalekos GN , et al; HIDIT Study Group. Peginterferon plus adefovir versus either drug alone for hepatitis delta. N Engl J Med 2011; 364 (4) 322-331
- 64 Guilhot S, Huang S-N, Xia Y-P, La Monica N, Lai MMC, Chisari FV. Expression of the hepatitis delta virus large and small antigens in transgenic mice. J Virol 1994; 68 (2) 1052-1058
- 65 Taylor JM. Viral hepatitis D. In: Monga SPS, , ed. Molecular Pathology of Liver Diseases. New York: Springer + Business Media; 2011: 589-595
- 66 Chang J, Gudima SO, Tarn C, Nie X, Taylor JM. Development of a novel system to study hepatitis delta virus genome replication. J Virol 2005; 79 (13) 8182-8188
- 67 Casey JL, Brown TL, Colan EJ, Wignall FS, Gerin JL. A genotype of hepatitis D virus that occurs in northern South America. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90 (19) 9016-9020
- 68 Gomes-Gouvêa MS, Soares MC, Bensabath G , et al. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis delta virus genotypes in outbreaks of fulminant hepatitis (Labrea black fever) in the western Brazilian Amazon region. J Gen Virol 2009; 90 (Pt 11) 2638-2643
- 69 Paraná R, Kay A, Molinet F , et al. HDV genotypes in the Western Brazilian Amazon region: a preliminary report. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006; 75 (3) 475-479
- 70 Sureau C, Guerra B, Lee H. The middle hepatitis B virus envelope protein is not necessary for infectivity of hepatitis delta virus. J Virol 1994; 68 (6) 4063-4066
- 71 Sureau C, Moriarty AM, Thornton GB, Lanford RE. Production of infectious hepatitis delta virus in vitro and neutralization with antibodies directed against hepatitis B virus pre-S antigens. J Virol 1992; 66 (2) 1241-1245
- 72 Watanabe T, Sorensen EM, Naito A, Schott M, Kim S, Ahlquist P. Involvement of host cellular multivesicular body functions in hepatitis B virus budding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104 (24) 10205-10210
- 73 Chai N, Gudima S, Chang J, Taylor J. Immunoadhesins containing pre-S domains of hepatitis B virus large envelope protein are secreted and inhibit virus infection. J Virol 2007; 81 (10) 4912-4918
- 74 Fiedler M, Lu M, Siegel F, Whipple J, Roggendorf M. Immunization of woodchucks (Marmota monax) with hepatitis delta virus DNA vaccine. Vaccine 2001; 19 (32) 4618-4626
- 75 Fiedler M, Roggendorf M. Immunology of HDV infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 307: 187-209
- 76 Chang J, Nie X, Gudima S, Taylor J. Action of inhibitors on accumulation of processed hepatitis delta virus RNAs. J Virol 2006; 80 (7) 3205-3214
- 77 Taylor JM. Replication of human hepatitis delta virus: influence of studies on subviral plant pathogens. Adv Virus Res 1999; 54: 45-60
- 78 Taylor J, Pelchat M. Origin of hepatitis δ virus. Future Microbiol 2010; 5 (3) 393-402