Molecular Adaptations to Concurrent Training

Abstract

This study investigated the chronic effects of concurrent training (CT) on morphological and molecular adaptations. 37 men (age=23.7±5.5 year) were divided into 4 groups: interval (IT), strength (ST) and concurrent (CT) training and a control group (C) and underwent 8 weeks of training. Maximum strength (1RM) and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) were evaluated before and after training. Muscle samples were obtained before the training program and 48 h after the last training session. VO_2max improved in 5±0.95% and 15±1.3% (pre- to post-test) in groups CT and IT, respectively, when compared to C. Time to exhaustion (TE) improved from pre- to post-test when compared to C (CT=6.1±0.58%; IT=8.3±0.88%; ST=3.2±0.66%). 1RM increased from pre-to post-test only in ST and CT groups (ST=18.5±3.16%; CT=17.6±3.01%). Similarly, ST and CT groups increased quadriceps CSA from pre-to post-test (6.2±1.4%; 7.8±1.66%). The p70S6K1 total protein content increased after CT. The ST group showed increased Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 (45.0±3.3%) whereas AMPK phosphorylation at Thr172 increased only in IT group, (100±17.6%). In summary, our data suggest that despite the differences in molecular adaptations between training regimens, CT did not blunt muscle strength and hypertrophy increments when compared with ST.

Key words

maximum dynamic strength - muscle hypertrophy - interval training

• References

• 1 Aguilar V, Alliouachene S, Sotiropoulos A, Sobering A, Athea Y, Djouadi F, Miraux S, Thiaudiere E, Foretz M, Viollet B, Diolez P, Bastin J, Benit P, Rustin P, Carling D, Sandri M, Ventura-Clapier R, Pende M. S6 kinase deletion suppresses muscle growth adaptations to nutrient availability by activating AMP kinase. Cell Metab 2007; 5: 476-487
• 2 Atherton PJ, Babraj J, Smith K, Singh J, Rennie MJ, Wackerhage H. Selective activation of AMPK-PGC-1alpha or PKB-TSC2-mTOR signaling can explain specific adaptive responses to endurance or resistance training-like electrical muscle stimulation. FASEB J 2005; 19: 786-788
• 3 Barbet NC, Schneider U, Helliwell SB, Stansfield I, Tuite MF, Hall MN. TOR controls translation initiation and early G1 progression in yeast. Mol Biol Cell 1996; 7: 25-42
• 4 Bodine SC, Stitt TN, Gonzalez M, Kline WO, Stover GL, Bauerlein R, Zlotchenko E, Scrimgeour A, Lawrence JC, Glass DJ, Yancopoulos GD. Akt/mTOR pathway is a crucial regulator of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and can prevent muscle atrophy in vivo. Nature 2001; 3: 1014-1019
• 5 Bolster DR, Crozier SJ, Kimball SR, Jefferson LS. AMP-activated protein kinase suppresses protein synthesis in rat skeletal muscle through down-regulated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 23977-23980
• 6 Brown LE, Weir JP. ASEP procedures recommendation I: accurate assessment of muscular strength and power. JEPonline 2001; 4: 1-21
• 7 Cochran AJ, Little JP, Tarnopolsky MA, Gibala MJ. Carbohydrate feeding during recovery alters the skeletal muscle metabolic response to repeated sessions of high-intensity interval exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 108: 628-636
• 8 Coffey VG, Hawley JA. The molecular bases of training adaptation. Sports Med 2007; 37: 737-763
• 9 de Souza EO, Rosa LFC, Pires FO, Wilson J, Franchini E, Tricoli V, Ugrinowitsch C. The acute effects of varying strength exercises bouts on 5km running. J Sports Sci Med 2011; 10: 565-570
• 10 de Souza EO, Tricoli V, Franchini E, Paulo AC, Regazzini M, Ugrinowitsch C. Acute effect of two aerobic exercise modes on maximum strength and strength endurance. J Strength Cond Res 2007; 21: 1286-1290
• 11 Deldicque L, Atherton P, Patel R, Theisen D, Nielens H, Rennie MJ, Francaux M. Effects of resistance exercise with and without creatine supplementation on gene expression and cell signaling in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 2008; 104: 371-378
• 12 Docherty D, Sporer B. A proposed model for examining the interference phenomenon between concurrent aerobic and strength training. Sports Med 2000; 30: 385-394
• 13 Dreyer HC, Fujita S, Cadenas JG, Chinkes DL, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Resistance exercise increases AMPK activity and reduces 4E-BP1 phosphorylation and protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2006; 576: 613-624
• 14 Frosig C, Jorgensen SB, Hardie DG, Richter EA, Wojtaszewski JF. 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase activity and protein expression are regulated by endurance training in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 2004; 286: E411-E417
• 15 Glowacki SP, Martin SE, Maurer A, Baek W, Green JS, Crouse SF. Effects of resistance, endurance, and concurrent exercise on training outcomes in men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36: 2119-2127
• 16 Gorostiaga EM, Walter CB, Foster C, Hickson RC. Uniqueness of interval and continuous training at the same maintained exercise intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol 1991; 63: 101-107
• 17 Hara K, Yonezawa K, Kozlowski MT, Sugimoto T, Andrabi K, Weng QP, Kasuga M, Nishimoto I, Avruch J. Regulation of eIF-4E BP1 phosphorylation by mTOR. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 26457-26463
• 18 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Update - ethical standards in sport and exercise science research. Int J Sports Med 2011; 32: 819-821
• 19 Hickson R. Interference of strength development by simultaneously training for strength and endurance. Eur J Appl Physiol 1980; 45: 255-263
• 20 Holloszy JO. Regulation by exercise of skeletal muscle content of mitochondria and GLUT4. J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 59 (Suppl. 07) 5-18
• 21 Howley ET, Bassett Jr DR, Welch HG. Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake: review and commentary. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995; 27: 1292-1301
• 22 Jager S, Handschin C, St-Pierre J, Spiegelman BM. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) action in skeletal muscle via direct phosphorylation of PGC-1alpha. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104: 12017-12022
• 23 Jorgensen SB, Richter EA, Wojtaszewski JF. Role of AMPK in skeletal muscle metabolic regulation and adaptation in relation to exercise. J Physiol 2006; 574: 17-31
• 24 Kraemer WJ, Patton JF, Gordon SE, Harman EA, Deschenes MR, Reynolds K, Newton RU, Triplett NT, Dziados JE. Compatibility of high-intensity strength and endurance training on hormonal and skeletal muscle adaptations. J Appl Physiol 1995; 78: 976-989
• 25 Laurentino G, Ugrinowitsch C, Aihara AY, Fernandes AR, Parcell AC, Ricard M, Tricoli V. Effects of strength training and vascular occlusion. Int J Sports Med 2008; 29: 664-667
• 26 Leger B, Cartoni R, Praz M, Lamon S, Deriaz O, Crettenand A, Gobelet C, Rohmer P, Konzelmann M, Luthi F, Russell AP. Akt signalling through GSK-3beta, mTOR and Foxo1 is involved in human skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy. J Physiol 2006; 576: 923-933
• 27 Leveritt M, Abernethy PJ, Barry B, Logan PA. Concurrent strength and endurance training: the influence of dependent variable selection. J Strength Cond Res 2003; 17: 503-508
• 28 Leveritt M, Abernethy PJ, Barry BK, Logan PA. Concurrent strength and endurance training. A review. Sports Med 1999; 28: 413-427
• 29 Mascher H, Tannerstedt J, Brink-Elfegoun T, Ekblom B, Gustafsson T, Blomstrand E. Repeated resistance exercise training induces different changes in mRNA expression of MAFbx and MuRF-1 in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 2008; 294: E43-E51
• 30 Matsakas A, Patel K. Intracellular signalling pathways regulating the adaptation of skeletal muscle to exercise and nutritional changes. Histol Histopathol 2009; 24: 209-222
• 31 McCarthy JP, Pozniak MA, Agre JC. Neuromuscular adaptations to concurrent strength and endurance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: 511-519
• 32 Nader GA. Concurrent strength and endurance training: from molecules to man. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38: 1965-1970
• 33 Norrbom J, Sundberg CJ, Ameln H, Kraus WE, Jansson E, Gustafsson T. PGC-1alpha mRNA expression is influenced by metabolic perturbation in exercising human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 2004; 96: 189-194
• 34 Putman CT, Xu X, Gillies E, MacLean IM, Bell GJ. Effects of strength, endurance and combined training on myosin heavy chain content and fibre-type distribution in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004; 92: 376-384
• 35 Sunde A, Storen O, Bjerkaas M, Larsen MH, Hoff J, Helgerud J. Maximal strength training improves cycling economy in competitive cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24: 2157-2165
• 36 Thomson DM, Fick CA, Gordon SE. AMPK activation attenuates S6K1, 4E-BP1, and eEF2 signaling responses to high-frequency electrically stimulated skeletal muscle contractions. J Appl Physiol 2008; 104: 625-632
• 37 Ugrinowitsch C, Fellingham GW, Ricard MD. Limitations of ordinary least squares models in analyzing repeated measures data. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36: 2144-2148