Neurosonografie in der neurologischen Notfall- und Intensivmedizin: Monitoring des erhöhten intrakraniellen Druckes, Hirntoddiagnostik und Untersuchung der zerebralen Autoregulation – Teil 2

Lernziele

1. Parenchymdiagnostik bei erhöhtem intrazerebralem Druck/zum Monitoring einer Mittellinienverlagerung, bei ischämischen und hämorrhagischem Schlaganfall.

2. Grundlagen der Orbitasonografie.

3. Hirntoddiagnostik.

4. Zerebrale Autoregulation und zerebrovaskuläre Reservekapazität.

• References

• 1 Harrer JU, Eyding J, Ritter M et al. Neurosonografie in der neurologischen Notfall- und Intensivmedizin: Grundlagen, vaskuläre Schlaganfalldiagnostik und Monitoring – Teil 1. Ultraschall in Med 2012; 33: 218-235
• 2 Gerriets T, Stolz E, Konig S et al. Sonographic monitoring of midline shift in space-occupying stroke: an early outcome predictor. Stroke 2001; 32: 442-447
• 3 Seidel G, Kaps M, Gerriets T. Potential and limitations of transcranial color-coded sonography in stroke patients. Stroke 1995; 26: 2061-2066
• 4 Becker G, Lindner A, Bogdahn U. Imaging of the vertebrobasilar system by transcranial color-coded real-time sonography. J Ultrasound Med 1993; 12: 395-401
• 5 Waydhas C. Intrahospital transport of critically ill patients. Crit Care 1999; 3: R83-89
• 6 Seidel G, Kaps M, Dorndorf W. Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography of intracerebral hematomas in adults. Stroke 1993; 24: 1519-1527
• 7 Perez ES, Delgado-Mederos R, Rubiera M et al. Transcranial duplex sonography for monitoring hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2009; 40: 987-990
• 8 Marti-Fabregas J, Belvis R, Guardia E et al. Relationship between transcranial Doppler and CT data in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Am J Neuroradiol 2005; 26: 113-118
• 9 Tang SC, Huang SJ, Jeng JS et al. Third ventricle midline shift due to spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage evaluated by transcranial color-coded sonography. J Ultrasound Med 2006; 25: 203-209
• 10 Maurer M, Shambal S, Berg D et al. Differentiation between intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemic stroke by transcranial color-coded duplex-sonography. Stroke 1998; 29: 2563-2567
• 11 Kiphuth IC, Huttner HB, Struffert T et al. Sonographic monitoring of ventricle enlargement in posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Neurology 2011; 76: 858-862
• 12 Moskowitz SI, Davros WJ, Kelly ME et al. Cumulative radiation dose during hospitalization for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Am J Neuroradiol 2010; 31: 1377-1382
• 13 Seidel G, Kaps M, Gerriets T et al. Evaluation of the ventricular system in adults by transcranial duplex sonography. J Neuroimaging 1995; 5: 105-108
• 14 Figaji AA, Zwane E, Fieggen AG et al. Transcranial Doppler pulsatility index is not a reliable indicator of intracranial pressure in children with severe traumatic brain injury. Surg Neurol 2009; 72: 389-394
• 15 Bellner J, Romner B, Reinstrup P et al. Transcranial Doppler sonography pulsatility index (PI) reflects intracranial pressure (ICP). Surg Neurol 2004; 62: 45-51
• 16 Bauerle J, Lochner P, Kaps M et al. Intra- and Interobsever Reliability of Sonographic Assessment of the Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter in Healthy Adults. J Neuroimaging 2012; 22: 42-45
• 17 Bauerle J, Nedelmann M. Sonographic assessment of the optic nerve sheath in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J Neurol 2011; 258: 2014-2019
• 18 Dubourg J, Messerer M, Geeraerts T et al. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography of optic nerve sheath diameter for detecting raised intracranial pressure. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2011; 55: 899
• 19 [Anonymous]. Food and Drug Administration: Information for Manufacturers Seeking Clearance of Diagnostic Ultrasound Systems and Transducers. 2008
• 20 Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundesärztekammer. Richtlinien zur Feststellung des Hirntodes. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 1998; 95: 1861-1868
• 21 Ducrocq X, Hassler W, Moritake K et al. Consensus opinion on diagnosis of cerebral circulatory arrest using Doppler-sonography: Task Force Group on cerebral death of the Neurosonology Research Group of the World Federation of Neurology. J Neurol Sci 1998; 159: 145-150
• 22 Monteiro LM, Bollen CW, van Huffelen AC et al. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography to confirm brain death: a meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32: 1937-1944
• 23 Lassen NA. Autoregulation of Cerebral Blood Flow. Circ Res 1964; 15: 201-204
• 24 White H, Venkatesh B. Applications of transcranial Doppler in the ICU: a review. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32: 981-994
• 25 Willie CK, Colino FL, Bailey DM et al. Utility of transcranial Doppler ultrasound for the integrative assessment of cerebrovascular function. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 196: 221-237
• 26 Aaslid R. Cerebral autoregulation and vasomotor reactivity. Front Neurol Neurosci 2006; 21: 216-228
• 27 Muller M, Schimrigk K. Vasomotor reactivity and pattern of collateral blood flow in severe occlusive carotid artery disease. Stroke 1996; 27: 296-299
• 28 Schmiedek P, Piepgras A, Leinsinger G et al. Improvement of cerebrovascular reserve capacity by EC-IC arterial bypass surgery in patients with ICA occlusion and hemodynamic cerebral ischemia. J Neurosurg 1994; 81: 236-244
• 29 Vernieri F, Pasqualetti P, Matteis M et al. Effect of collateral blood flow and cerebral vasomotor reactivity on the outcome of carotid artery occlusion. Stroke 2001; 32: 1552-1558
• 30 Ringelstein EB, Droste DW, Babikian VL et al. Consensus on microembolus detection by TCD. International Consensus Group on Microembolus Detection. Stroke 1998; 29: 725-729
• 31 Piepgras A, Schmiedek P, Leinsinger G et al. A simple test to assess cerebrovascular reserve capacity using transcranial Doppler sonography and acetazolamide. Stroke 1990; 21: 1306-1311
• 32 Markus HS, Harrison MJ. Estimation of cerebrovascular reactivity using transcranial Doppler, including the use of breath-holding as the vasodilatory stimulus. Stroke 1992; 23: 668-673
• 33 Czosnyka M, Brady K, Reinhard M et al. Monitoring of cerebrovascular autoregulation: facts, myths, and missing links. Neurocrit Care 2009; 10: 373-386
• 34 Budohoski KP, Reinhard M, Aries MJ et al. Monitoring cerebral autoregulation after head injury. Which component of transcranial Doppler flow velocity is optimal?. Neurocritical care 2011; Epub ahead of print
• 35 Diehl RR, Linden D, Lucke D et al. Phase relationship between cerebral blood flow velocity and blood pressure. A clinical test of autoregulation. Stroke 1995; 26: 1801-1804
• 36 Czosnyka M, Smielewski P, Kirkpatrick P et al. Monitoring of cerebral autoregulation in head-injured patients. Stroke 1996; 27: 1829-1834
• 37 Lavinio A, Schmidt EA, Haubrich C et al. Noninvasive evaluation of dynamic cerebrovascular autoregulation using Finapres plethysmograph and transcranial Doppler. Stroke 2007; 38: 402-404