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Zusammenfassung

Die Mikrobiota des Säuglings und Kleinkindes ist in den ersten 2 Lebensjahren variabel und noch sehr instabil. Ihre Zusammensetzung wird beeinflusst durch die Art der Geburt, die Nahrung, Nahrungsänderungen sowie Erkrankungen und deren Therapie. Danach stabilisiert sich die Mikrobiota und ähnelt in ihrer Komplexität der von Erwachsenen. Sie variiert von Mensch zu Mensch und hängt stark von Umwelteinflüssen ab, insbesondere von der Art und Zusammensetzung der Nahrung, dem Alter sowie der Einnahme von Antibiotika. Letzteres reduziert nicht nur den Bakterienbestand insgesamt, sondern führt auch zu Verschiebungen innerhalb der Mikrobiota. Auch bei Erkrankungen wie Kolitis und Adipositas ist die Bakterienzusammensetzung aus dem Gleichgewicht. Prä- und Probiotika stimulieren das Wachstum nützlicher Bakterien und werden zu therapeutischen Zwecken bei gestörter oder reduzierter Mikrobiota eingesetzt. Weitere Strategien zur Modifikation der Mikrobiota setzen auf die Beseitigung gesundheitsschädlicher Bakterien sowie auf die Wiederherstellung des Gleichgewichts.

Abstract

The microbiota of infants and toddlers is variable during the first 2 years of life and often unstable. Its composition is affected by the type of birth, nutrition, changes in nutrition, diseases and their treatment. The microbiota will stabilise afterwards and in terms of its complexity will resemble that of adults. It varies between individuals and is subject to environmental factors, especially the type and composition of an individual’s nutrition, age, and intake of antibiotic drugs. The latter does not only reduce the intestinal flora as a whole but also leads to shifts within the microbiota. In diseases such as colitis and obesity the microbiota is equally out of balance. Prebiotics and probiotics stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria and are used for therapeutic purposes in cases where the microbiota is disrupted or reduced. Further strategies to modify the microbiota focus on eliminating harmful bacteria and restoring the balance.

Schlüsselwörter

Mikrobiota - Geburt - Nahrungseinflüsse - Antibiotika - Gene - Alter - Präbiotika - Probiotika

Keywords

microbiota - birth - nutritional factors - antibiotics - genes - age - prebiotics - probiotics

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