Glucose Response after a Ten-Week Training in Swimming

Y. Sengoku; K. Nakamura; T. Takeda; Y. Nabekura; S. Tsubakimoto

doi:10.1055/s-0031-1279778

International Journal of Sports Medicine, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Int J Sports Med 2011; 32(11): 835-838
DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1279778

Training & Testing

Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Glucose Response after a Ten-Week Training in Swimming

Y. Sengoku

¹Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, , Japan

,

K. Nakamura

¹Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, , Japan

,

T. Takeda

¹Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, , Japan

,

Y. Nabekura

¹Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, , Japan

,

S. Tsubakimoto

¹Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, , Japan

› Institutsangaben

Abstract

The present study investigated the difference in blood glucose concentration (Glu) response during an incremental swimming test before and after a ten-week training period and verified whether blood glucose threshold (GT) could be determined in competitive swimmers. 7 elite male university swimmers participated in this study. 2 incremental swimming tests were conducted in a swimming flume before and after a ten-week training period. Blood lactate concentration (Bla) and Glu were measured after each swimming step, and the velocities of the lactate threshold (VLT) and glucose threshold (VGT) were analyzed. VLT increased significantly after training (1.21±0.06 m·s⁻¹ pre-training, 1.31±0.10 m·s⁻¹ post-training, p<0.05), while Glu did not increase at the higher swimming intensity steps. GT was not determined at each trial. Our results show that lactate threshold (LT) improved significantly after the ten-week training period, while the Glu response during incremental swimming tests did not change. Therefore, GT could not be determined in elite competitive swimmers before and after training.

Key words

endurance capacity - anaerobic threshold - metabolic response

Volltext

Referenzen

References
1 Adrian MJ, Singh M, Karpovichi PV. Energy cost of leg kick, arm stroke, and the whole crawl stroke. J Appl Physiol 1966; 21: 1763-1766
2 Ahlborg G, Jensen-Urstad M. Metabolism in exercising arm vs. leg muscle. Clin Physiol 1991; 11: 459-468
3 Beaver WL, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ. Improved detection of lactate threshold during exercise using a log-log transformation. J Appl Physiol 1985; 59: 1936-1940
4 Billat LV. Use of blood lactate measurements for prediction of exercise performance and for control training. Sports Med 1996; 22: 157-175
5 Coggan AR, Raguso CA, Williams BD, Sidossis LS, Gastaldelli A. Glucose kinetics during high-intensity exercise in endurance-trained and untrained humans. J Appl Physiol 1995; 80: 1073-1075
6 Flynn MG, Costill DL, Kirwan JP, Mitchell JB, Houmard JA, Fink WJ, Beltz JD, D’Acquisto J. Fat storage in athlete: Metabolic and hormonal responses to swimming and running. Int J Sports Med 1990; 11: 433-440
7 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Update - Ethical Standards in Sport and Exercise Science Research. Int J Sports Med 2011; 32: 819-821
8 Heck H, Mader A, Hess G, Muche S, Muller R, Hollman W. Justification of the 4-mmol/l lactate threshold. Int J Sports Med 1985; 6: 117-130
9 Helge JW. Arm and leg substrate utilization and muscle adaptation after prolonged low-intensity training. Acta Physiol 2010; 199: 519-528
10 Hollander AP, van Ingen Shenau GJ. Contribution of the legs to propulsion in front crawl swimming. In: Ungerechts BE, Reischle K, Wilke K. eds Swimming Science. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1987: 53-59
11 Júnior PB, Neiva CM, Denadai BS. Effect of an acute beta-adrenergic blockade on the blood glucose response during lactate minimum test. J Sci Med Sport 2001; 4: 257-265
12 Keskinen KL, Komi PV, Rusko H. A comparative study of blood lactate tests in swimming. Int J Sports Med 1989; 10: 197-201
13 Lavoie JM. Blood metabolites during prolonged exercise in swimming and leg cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 1982; 48: 127-133
14 Madsen O, Lohberg M. The lowdown on lactates. Swimming Technique 1987; 24: 21-26
15 Maglischo EW, Maglischo CW, Bishop RA. Lactate testing for training pace. Swimming Technique 1982; 19: 31-37
16 Maglischo EW. Swimming even faster. California: Mayfield Publishing Company 1993; 179-182
17 Newell J, Higgins D, Madden N, Cruickshank J, Einbeck J, McMillan K, McDonald R. Software for calculating blood lactate endurance markers. J Sports Sci 2007; 25: 1403-1409
18 Pluto R, Cruze SA, Weiss M, Hotz T, Mandel P, Weicker H. Cardiocirculatory hormonal, and metabolic reactions to various forms of ergometric tests. Int J Sports Med 1988; 9: S79-S88
19 Pyne DB, Lee H, Swanwick KM. Monitoring the lactate threshold in world-ranked swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33: 291-297
20 Ribeiro LF, Malachias PC, Junior PB, Baldissera V. Lactate and glucose minimum speeds and running performance. J Sci Med Sport 2004; 7: 123-127
21 Richter EA, Kiens B, Saltin B, Christensen NJ, Savard G. Skeletal muscle glucose uptake during dynamic exercise in humans: role of muscle mass. Am J Physiol 1988; 254 (5 Pt 1) E555-E561
22 Rocha C, Canellas D, Monteiro D, Antoniazzi M, Azevedo PHSM. Changes in individual glucose threshold during military training. Int J Sports Med 2010; 31: 482-485
23 Sengoku Y, Nakamura K, Takeda T, Nabekura Y, Tsubakimoto S. Can blood glucose threshold be determined in swimmers early in the swimming season?. In: Pre-Ludvik K, Stallman RK, Carbi J. eds Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming XI: Norwegian School of Sports Science. 2010: 224-225
24 Simões HG, Campbell CSG, Kokubun E, Denadai BS, Baldissera V. Blood glucose responses in humans mirror lactate responses for individual anaerobic threshold and for lactate minimum in track tests. Eur J Appl Physiol 1999; 80: 34-40
25 Simões HG, Campbell CS, Kushnick MR, Nakamura A, Katsanos CS, Baldissera V, Moffatt RJ. Blood glucose threshold and the metabolic responses to incremental exercise tests with and without prior lactic acidosis induction. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003; 89: 603-611
26 Sotero RC, Pardono E, Landwehr R, Campbell CSG, Simoes HG. Blood glucose minimum predicts maximal lactate steady state on running. Int J Sports Med 2009; 30: 643-646
27 Tanaka K, Matsuura A, Matsuzaka K, Hirakoba K, Kumagai S, Sun SO, Asano K. A longitudinal assessment of aerobic threshold and distance-running performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1984; 16: 278-282
28 Tanner RK, Fuller KL, Ross ML. Evaluation of three portable blood lactate analysers: Lactate Pro, Lactate Scout and Lactate Plus. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 109: 551-559
29 Wakayoshi K, Yoshida T, Ikuta Y, Mutoh Y, Miyashita M. Adaptations to six months of aerobic swim training. Changes in velocity, stroke rate, stroke length and blood lactate. Int J Sports Med. 1993 14. 368-372
30 Weitgasser R, Gappmayer B, Pichler M. Newer portable glucose meters – Analytical improvement compared with previous generation devices?. Clin Chem 1999; 45: 1821-1825
31 Wiesner S, Birkenfeld AL, Engeli S, Haufe S, Brechtel L, Wein J, Hermsdorf M, Karnahl B, Berlan M, Lafontan M, Sweep FCGJ, Luft FC, Jordan J. Neurohumoral and metabolic response to exercise in water. Horm Metab Res 2010; 42: 334-339