Aktualisierung der S 3-Leitlinie zur Prophylaxe, Diagnostik und Therapie der Hepatitis-B-Virusinfektion

Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort und Methodik 872 Einleitung 876 1 Definition der Hepatitis B und Hepatitis Delta und Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik 877 Indikation zur Durchführung einer Hepatitis-B-Virus-Diagnostik 878 1.1 Bei welchen Personen soll eine Diagnostik erfolgen? 878 1.2 Wie ist das weitere Vorgehen nach initialer HBV-Diagnostik? 878 1.3 Wie wird eine Infektion mit dem HBV diagnostiziert? Welche serologischen Parameter sollten initial, welche im Verlauf bestimmt werden? 879 1.4 Wann ist eine Hepatitis-Delta-Virus-Diagnostik indiziert? Wie wird eine Hepatitis Delta diagnostiziert? 880 1.5 Welche weitere Diagnostik ist bei Erstdiagnose einer HBV-Infektion erforderlich? 881 1.6 Bei welchen Patienten ist eine Leberbiopsie indiziert? 881 1.7 Wie sollte das Follow-up einer Hepatitis B bei fehlender Therapie-Indikation aussehen? 882 1.8 Wie sollte das Therapie-Monitoring bei chronischer Hepatitis B aussehen? 882 2 Indikationsstellung zur Therapie der Hepatitis B 883 2.1 Kann die klinische Heilungsrate durch eine antivirale Therapie erhöht werden? Kann durch eine antivirale Therapie die Krankheitsdauer verkürzt und die Schwere der Erkrankung reduziert werden? 883 2.2 Welche Patienten sollten therapiert werden? 883 2.3 Sollen HBV-Patienten mit Alkohol- und Drogenkonsum antiviral behandelt werden? 884 3 Therapie der Hepatitis B 885 3.1 Was sind die Ziele der Therapie der chronischen Hepatitis B? 885 3.2 Welche grundsätzlichen Fragen sind bei der Therapieplanung der Hepatitis B zu berücksichtigen? 886 3.3 Bei welchen Patienten soll eine Behandlung mit Interferon alpha erwogen werden? 886 3.4 Wie sind Therapieansprechen und Resistenz definiert? 889 3.5 Wie ist das Vorgehen bei nicht ausreichendem Therapieansprechen oder Resistenzentwicklung? 890 3.6 Was ist bei Langzeittherapie mit Nukleosid- oder Nukleotid-Analoga zu beachten? 890 3.7 Wie lange soll eine antivirale Therapie der Hepatitis B mit Nukleosid- oder Nukleotid-Analoga fortgeführt werden? 893 3.8 Wie sollten HBV-Patienten mit Leberzirrhose antiviral behandelt werden? 893 3.9 Wie sollen Patienten mit extrahepatischen Manifestationen behandelt werden? 894 3.10 Wie sollen Patienten mit eingeschränkter Nierenfunktion und Dialysepatienten behandelt werden? 894 3.11 Welche Behandlungsempfehlungen werden für schwangere HBsAg-positive Patientinnen gegeben? 894 3.12 Wie kann eine Hepatitis-B-Reaktivierung unter Immunsuppression verhindert werden? 895 4 Infektionen mit Hepatitis-B-Viren im Zusammenhang mit Organtransplantationen (Management prä- und post-Tx) 897 4.1 Wie ist das Management von Patienten mit HBV-Infektion vor LTx? 897 4.2 Was versteht man unter einer HBV-Reinfektion? 897 4.3 Wie ist das Management von Patienten mit HBV-Infektion nach LTx? Wie erfolgt die Reinfektionsprophylaxe? 898 4.4 Wie ist das therapeutische Vorgehen bei nachgewiesener HBV-Reinfektion? 899 4.5 Wie ist das Management von HBV-infizierten Patienten mit kombinierter Organtransplantation (z. B. Leber plus Niere)? 899 4.6 Wie ist das Management von Patienten, die für eine Transplantation anderer Organe (nicht LTx) evaluiert werden? 900 4.7 Wie ist das Management von Patienten mit positiver HBV-Serologie nach Transplantation anderer Organe (nicht LTx)? Wann, wie und bei wem wird eine Prophylaxe durchgeführt? 900 4.8 Wie ist das Management von Patienten vor und nach KMT/SZT? Wann, wie und bei wem wird eine antivirale Therapie bzw. Prophylaxe durchgeführt? 900 4.9 Wie ist das Management von Patienten mit De-novo-HBV-Infektion nach Organtransplantation? 901 4.10 Wie ist das Management von Patienten, die ein Anti-HBc-positives Organ erhalten? 901 4.11 Wer sollte vor einer Organtransplantation gegen HBV geimpft werden? 902 5 Immunprophylaxe der Hepatitis B 902 5.1 Wer soll gegen Hepatitis B geimpft werden? 903 5.2 Wann sollte die Impfung gegen Hepatitis B durchgeführt werden? 903 5.3 Ist es vor einer Hepatitis-B-Impfung notwendig zu testen, ob bereits Kontakt mit dem Hepatitis-B-Virus stattgefunden hat? 904 5.4 Ist es nach einer Hepatitis-B-Impfung notwendig zu testen, ob die Impfung erfolgreich war? 904 5.5 Ist nach erfolgreicher Impfung gegen Hepatitis B eine Auffrischimpfung notwendig? 905 5.6 Wie ist bei Nichtansprechen auf die Hepatitis-B-Impfung (Anti-HBs nach drei Impfungen < 10IU/l) zu verfahren? 905 5.7 Wie ist bei Personen zu verfahren, deren Anti-HBs-Konzentration 4 – 8 Wochen nach Grundimmunisierung 10 – 99 IU/l beträgt (gesunde Lowresponder)? 905 5.8 Was ist bei der Impfung von Immunsupprimierten generell zu beachten? 906 5.9 Wie ist die Postexpositionsprophylaxe bei Neugeborenen durchzuführen? 906 5.10 Wie ist bei nicht gegen Hepatitis-B-Immunen im Falle eines Kontakts mit HBV-haltigem Material zu verfahren? 907 5.11 Gibt es Kontraindikationen gegen eine Hepatitis-B-Impfung? 907 6 HBV-Koinfektionen 907 6.1 Bei welchen Patienten mit HDV-Infektion soll eine Therapie durchgeführt werden? Wie soll die antivirale Therapie durchgeführt werden? 907 6.2 Bei welchen Patienten mit HBV/HCV-Koinfektion soll eine Therapie durchgeführt werden? Wie soll die antivirale Therapie durchgeführt werden? 908 6.3 Sollen Patienten mit HBV/HIV-Koinfektion regelmäßig untersucht werden? Bei welchen Patienten mit HBV/HIV-Koinfektion soll eine Therapie durchgeführt werden? 909 6.4 Wie soll die antivirale Therapie bei Patienten mit HBV/HIV-Koinfektion durchgeführt werden? Welche Besonderheiten in der Therapie sind aufgrund der HIV-Koinfektion zu berücksichtigen? 910 6.5 Wie soll die antivirale Therapie bei Patienten mit HBV/HIV-Koinfektion überwacht werden? 910 6.6 Bei welchen Patienten mit Dreifach- und Vierfach-Infektionen soll eine Therapie durchgeführt werden? Wie soll die antivirale Therapie durchgeführt werden? Welche Besonderheiten in der Therapie müssen aufgrund der HIV-Koinfektion berücksichtigt werden? 912 7 Hepatitis B im Kindes- und Jugendalter 912 7.1 Wie wird die Diagnose gestellt? 913 7.2 Welche Therapiemöglichkeiten und -ziele bestehen bei einer Hepatitis B im Kindesalter? 914 7.3 Welche Therapiemöglichkeiten und -ziele bestehen bei einer chronischen Hepatitis B im Kindes- und Jugendalter? 914 7.4 Mit welchen Medikamenten bestehen im Kindes- und Jugendalter Therapieerfahrung? 914 7.5 Welche prophylaktischen Maßnahmen sind sinnvoll? 915 7.6 Können Neugeborene HBsAg-positiver Mütter nach postpartaler aktiver und passiver Immunisierung gestillt werden? 916 Literatur 917

Literatur

• 1 Cornberg M, Protzer U, Dollinger M M et al. Prophylaxis, Diagnosis and Therapy of Hepatitis-B-Virus-(HBV-)Infection: upgrade of the guideline, AWMF-Register 021 / 011.  Z Gastroenterol. 2007;  45 525-574
• 2 World Health Organization (WHO) .Hepatitis B. 2008
• 3 Robert Koch-Institut . Zur Situation wichtiger Infektionskrankheiten in Deutschland: Virushepatitis B, C und D im Jahr 2009.  Epidemiologisches Bulletin. 2010;  20 177-190
• 4 Perz J F, Armstrong G L, Farrington L A et al. The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide.  J Hepatol. 2006;  45 529-538
• 5 Lavanchy D. Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures.  J Viral Hepat. 2004;  11 97-107
• 6 Rehermann B, Nascimbeni M. Immunology of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection.  Nat Rev Immunol. 2005;  5 215-229
• 7 Ganem D, Prince A M. Hepatitis B virus infection – natural history and clinical consequences.  N Engl J Med. 2004;  350 1118-1129
• 8 Chen C J, Yang H I, Su J et al. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level.  JAMA. 2006;  295 65-73
• 9 Chen G, Lin W, Shen F et al. Past HBV viral load as predictor of mortality and morbidity from HCC and chronic liver disease in a prospective study.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;  101 1797-1803
• 10 Iloeje U H, Yang H I, Su J et al. Predicting cirrhosis risk based on the level of circulating hepatitis B viral load.  Gastroenterology. 2006;  130 678-686
• 11 Yang H I, Sherman M, Su J et al. Nomograms for risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.  J Clin Oncol. 2010;  28 2437-2444
• 12 McMahon B J, Alward W L, Hall D B et al. Acute hepatitis B virus infection: relation of age to the clinical expression of disease and subsequent development of the carrier state.  J Infect Dis. 1985;  151 599-603
• 13 Simonetti J, Bulkow L, McMahon B J et al. Clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in a cohort chronically infected with hepatitis B virus.  Hepatology. 2010;  51 1531-1537
• 14 Knoll A, Hartmann A, Hamoshi H et al. Serological pattern „anti-HBc alone”: characterization of 552 individuals and clinical significance.  World J Gastroenterol. 2006;  12 1255-1260
• 15 Grob P, Jilg W, Bornhak H et al. Serological pattern „anti-HBc alone”: report on a workshop.  J Med Virol. 2000;  62 450-455
• 16 Berger A, Doerr H W, Rabenau H F et al. High frequency of HCV infection in individuals with isolated antibody to hepatitis B core antigen.  Intervirology. 2000;  43 71-76
• 17 Jilg W, Hottentrager B, Weinberger K et al. Prevalence of markers of hepatitis B in the adult German population.  J Med Virol. 2001;  63 96-102
• 18 Wedemeyer H, Cornberg M, Tegtmeyer B et al. Isolated anti-HBV core phenotype in anti-HCV-positive patients is associated with hepatitis C virus replication.  Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004;  10 70-72
• 19 Stramer S L, Wend U, Candotti D et al. Nucleic acid testing to detect HBV infection in blood donors.  N Engl J Med. 2011;  364 236-247
• 20 Chakvetadze C, Roussin C, Roux J et al. Efficacy of hepatitis B sero-vaccination in newborns of African HBsAg positive mothers.  Vaccine. 2011;  29 2846-2849
• 21 Gerlich W H, Bremer C, Saniewski M et al. Occult hepatitis B virus infection: detection and significance.  Dig Dis. 2010;  28 116-125
• 22 Raimondo G, Pollicino T, Cacciola I et al. Occult hepatitis B virus infection.  J Hepatol. 2007;  46 160-170
• 23 Torbenson M, Thomas D L. Occult hepatitis B.  Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;  2 479-486
• 24 Rizzetto M. Hepatitis delta: the virus and the disease.  J Hepatol. 1990;  11 (Suppl 1) S145-S148
• 25 Wedemeyer H, Manns M P. Epidemiology, pathogenesis and management of hepatitis D: update and challenges ahead.  Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;  7 31-40
• 26 McMahon B J. Natural history of chronic hepatitis B.  Clin Liver Dis. 2010;  14 381-396
• 27 Veldhuijzen I K, Toy M, Hahne S J et al. Screening and early treatment of migrants for chronic hepatitis B virus infection is cost-effective.  Gastroenterology. 2010;  138 522-530
• 28 Williams R. Global challenges in liver disease.  Hepatology. 2006;  44 521-526
• 29 Wursthorn K, Wedemeyer H, Manns M P. Managing HBV in patients with impaired immunity.  Gut. 2010;  59 1430-1445
• 30 Walz A, Wirth S, Hucke J et al. Vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) from mothers negative for HBV surface antigen and positive for antibody to HBV core antigen.  J Infect Dis. 2009;  200 1227-1231
• 31 Robert Koch-Institut . Mitteilung der Ständigen Impfkommission am Robert Koch-Institut. Empfehlungen der Ständigen Impfkommission (STIKO) am Robert Koch-Institut/Stand: Juli 2010.  Epidemiologisches Bulletin. 2010;  30 279-298
• 32 Pramoolsinsap C, Poovorawan Y, Hirsch P et al. Acute, hepatitis-A super-infection in HBV carriers, or chronic liver disease related to HBV or HCV.  Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1999;  93 745-751
• 33 Palmer D R, Perry K R, Mortimer P P et al. Variation in the sensitivity of HBsAg screening kits.  Transfus Med. 1996;  6 311-317
• 34 Weber B. Genetic variability of the S gene of hepatitis B virus: clinical and diagnostic impact.  J Clin Virol. 2005;  32 102-112
• 35 Scheiblauer H, Soboll H, Nick S. Evaluation of 17 CE-marked HBsAg assays with respect to clinical sensitivity, analytical sensitivity, and hepatitis B virus mutant detection.  J Med Virol. 2006;  78 (Suppl 1) S66-S70
• 36 Westhoff T H, Jochimsen F, Schmittel A et al. Fatal hepatitis B virus reactivation by an escape mutant following rituximab therapy.  Blood. 2003;  102 1930
• 37 Awerkiew S, Daumer M, Reiser M et al. Reactivation of an occult hepatitis B virus escape mutant in an anti-HBs positive, anti-HBc negative lymphoma patient.  J Clin Virol. 2007;  38 83-86
• 38 Werle-Lapostolle B, Bowden S, Locarnini S et al. Persistence of cccDNA during the natural history of chronic hepatitis B and decline during adefovir dipivoxil therapy.  Gastroenterology. 2004;  126 1750-1758
• 39 Schuttler C G, Wend U C, Faupel F M et al. Antigenic and physicochemical characterization of the 2nd International Standard for hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg).  J Clin Virol. 2010;  47 238-242
• 40 Sonneveld M J, Rijckborst V, Boucher C A et al. Prediction of sustained response to peg-interferon alpha-2b for hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B using on-treatment hepatitis B surface antigen decline.  Hepatology. 2010;  52 1251-1257
• 41 Brunetto M R, Moriconi F, Bonino F et al. Hepatitis B virus surface antigen levels: a guide to sustained response to peginterferon alpha-2a in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2009;  49 1141-1150
• 42 Moucari R, Mackiewicz V, Lada O et al. Early serum HBsAg drop: a strong predictor of sustained virological response to pegylated interferon alpha-2a in HBeAg-negative patients.  Hepatology. 2009;  49 1151-1157
• 43 Rijckborst V, Hansen B E, Cakaloglu Y et al. Early on-treatment prediction of response to peginterferon alpha-2a for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B using HBsAg and HBV DNA levels.  Hepatology. 2010;  52 454-461
• 44 Wiegand J, Wedemeyer H, Finger A et al. A decline in hepatitis B virus surface antigen (hbsag) predicts clearance, but does not correlate with quantitative hbeag or HBV DNA levels.  Antivir Ther. 2008;  13 547-554
• 45 Borgniet O, Parvaz P, Bouix C et al. Clearance of serum HBsAg and anti-HBs seroconversion following antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B.  J Med Virol. 2009;  81 1336-1342
• 46 Wursthorn K, Jung M, Riva A et al. Kinetics of hepatitis B surface antigen decline during 3 years of telbivudine treatment in hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients.  Hepatology. 2010;  52 1611-1620
• 47 Rodella A, Galli C, Terlenghi L et al. Quantitative analysis of HBsAg, IgM anti-HBc and anti-HBc avidity in acute and chronic hepatitis B.  J Clin Virol. 2006;  37 206-212
• 48 Jaroszewicz J, Calle Serrano B, Wursthorn K et al. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels in the natural history of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infection: a European perspective.  J Hepatol. 2010;  52 514-522
• 49 Nguyen T, Thompson A J, Bowden S et al. Hepatitis B surface antigen levels during the natural history of chronic hepatitis B: a perspective on Asia.  J Hepatol. 2010;  52 508-513
• 50 Thompson A J, Nguyen T, Iser D et al. Serum hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B e antigen titers: disease phase influences correlation with viral load and intrahepatic hepatitis B virus markers.  Hepatology. 2010;  51 1933-1944
• 51 Brunetto M R, Oliveri F, Colombatto P et al. Hepatitis B surface antigen serum levels help to distinguish active from inactive hepatitis B virus genotype D carriers.  Gastroenterology. 2010;  139 483-490
• 52 Colloredo G, Bellati G, Leandro G et al. Quantitative analysis of IgM anti-HBc in chronic hepatitis B patients using a new „gray-zone” for the evaluation of „borderline” values.  J Hepatol. 1996;  25 644-648
• 53 Colloredo Mels G, Bellati G, Leandro G et al. Role of IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in the diagnosis of hepatitis B exacerbations.  Arch Virol Suppl. 1993;  8 203-211
• 54 Baylis S A, Heath A B, Chudy M et al. An international collaborative study to establish the 2nd World Health Organization International Standard for hepatitis B virus DNA nucleic acid amplification technology-based assays.  Vox Sang. 2008;  94 358-362
• 55 Heermann K H, Gerlich W H, Chudy M et al. Quantitative detection of hepatitis B virus DNA in two international reference plasma preparations. Eurohep Pathobiology Group.  J Clin Microbiol. 1999;  37 68-73
• 56 Yang H I, Lu S N, Liaw Y F et al. Hepatitis B e antigen and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.  N Engl J Med. 2002;  347 168-174
• 57 Wedemeyer H, Heidrich B, Manns M P. Hepatitis D virus infection – not a vanishing disease in Europe!.  Hepatology. 2007;  45 1331-1332 ; author reply 1332 – 1333
• 58 Shattock A G, Morris M C. Evaluation of commercial enzyme immunoassays for detection of hepatitis delta antigen and anti-hepatitis delta virus (HDV) and immunoglobulin M anti-HDV antibodies.  J Clin Microbiol. 1991;  29 1873-1876
• 59 Tang J R, Cova L, Lamelin J P et al. Clinical relevance of the detection of hepatitis delta virus RNA in serum by RNA hybridization and polymerase chain reaction.  J Hepatol. 1994;  21 953-960
• 60 Mederacke I, Bremer B, Heidrich B et al. Establishment of a novel quantitative hepatitis D virus (HDV) RNA assay using the Cobas TaqMan platform to study HDV RNA kinetics.  J Clin Microbiol. 2010;  48 2022-2029
• 61 Castelnau C, Le Gal F, Ripault M P et al. Efficacy of peginterferon alpha-2b in chronic hepatitis delta: relevance of quantitative RT-PCR for follow-up.  Hepatology. 2006;  44 728-735
• 62 Le Gal F, Gordien E, Affolabi D et al. Quantification of hepatitis delta virus RNA in serum by consensus real-time PCR indicates different patterns of virological response to interferon therapy in chronically infected patients.  J Clin Microbiol. 2005;  43 2363-2369
• 63 Lau J Y, Smith H M, Chaggar K et al. Significance of IgM anti-hepatitis D virus (HDV) in chronic HDV infection.  J Med Virol. 1991;  33 273-276
• 64 Wedemeyer H, Yurdaydin C, Dalekos G N et al. Peginterferon plus adefovir versus either drug alone for hepatitis delta.  N Engl J Med. 2011;  364 322-331
• 65 Yuen M F, Tanaka Y, Fong D Y et al. Independent risk factors and predictive score for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B.  J Hepatol. 2009;  50 80-88
• 66 Lok A S, McMahon B J. Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009.  Hepatology. 2009;  50 661-662
• 67 Sherman M, Peltekian K M, Lee C. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus: incidence and prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in a North American urban population.  Hepatology. 1995;  22 432-438
• 68 Yang B, Zhang B, Xu Y et al. Prospective study of early detection for primary liver cancer.  J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1997;  123 357-360
• 69 Schirmacher P, Fleig W E, Dienes H P. [Biopsy diagnosis of chronic hepatitis].  Z Gastroenterol. 2004;  42 175-185
• 70 Nair V, Fischer S E, Adeyi O A. Non-viral-related pathologic findings in liver needle biopsy specimens from patients with chronic viral hepatitis.  Am J Clin Pathol. 2010;  133 127-132
• 71 Marcellin P, Ziol M, Bedossa P et al. Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis by stiffness measurement in patients with chronic hepatitis B.  Liver Int. 2009;  29 242-247
• 72 Coco B, Oliveri F, Maina A M et al. Transient elastography: a new surrogate marker of liver fibrosis influenced by major changes of transaminases.  J Viral Hepat. 2007;  14 360-369
• 73 Kim S U, Seo Y S, Cheong J Y et al. Factors that affect the diagnostic accuracy of liver fibrosis measurement by Fibroscan in patients with chronic hepatitis B.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;  32 498-505
• 74 Gerlich W H, Thomssen R, Bircher J. et al .Terminology, structure and laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis viruses. In: Gerlich W H, Thomssen R, Bircher J, (eds) Oxford Textbook of Clinical Hepatology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1999: 828-869
• 75 Wai C T, Chu C J, Hussain M et al. HBV genotype B is associated with better response to interferon therapy in HBeAg(+ ) chronic hepatitis than genotype C.  Hepatology. 2002;  36 1425-1430
• 76 Janssen H L, Zonneveld van M, Senturk H et al. Pegylated interferon alpha-2b alone or in combination with lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: a randomised trial.  Lancet. 2005;  365 123-129
• 77 Wiegand J, Hasenclever D, Tillmann H L. Should treatment of hepatitis B depend on hepatitis B virus genotypes? A hypothesis generated from an explorative analysis of published evidence.  Antivir Ther. 2008;  13 211-220
• 78 Erhardt A, Blondin D, Hauck K et al. Response to interferon alpha is hepatitis B virus genotype dependent: genotype A is more sensitive to interferon than genotype D.  Gut. 2005;  54 1009-1013
• 79 Flink H J, Zonneveld van M, Hansen B E et al. Treatment with Peg-interferon alpha-2b for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: HBsAg loss is associated with HBV genotype.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;  101 297-303
• 80 Zoulim F, Locarnini S. Hepatitis B virus resistance to nucleos(t)ide analogues.  Gastroenterology. 2009;  137 1593-1608
• 81 Schildgen O, Sirma H, Funk A et al. Variant of hepatitis B virus with primary resistance to adefovir.  N Engl J Med. 2006;  354 1807-1812
• 82 Tassopoulos N C, Papaevangelou G J, Sjogren M H et al. Natural history of acute hepatitis B surface antigen-positive hepatitis in Greek adults.  Gastroenterology. 1987;  92 1844-1850
• 83 Kumar M, Satapathy S, Monga R et al. A randomized controlled trial of lamivudine to treat acute hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2007;  45 97-101
• 84 Yu J W, Sun L J, Zhao Y H et al. The study of efficacy of lamivudine in patients with severe acute hepatitis B.  Dig Dis Sci. 2010;  55 775-783
• 85 Schmilovitz-Weiss H, Ben-Ari Z, Sikuler E et al. Lamivudine treatment for acute severe hepatitis B: a pilot study.  Liver Int. 2004;  24 547-551
• 86 Tillmann H L, Hadem J, Leifeld L et al. Safety and efficacy of lamivudine in patients with severe acute or fulminant hepatitis B, a multicenter experience.  J Viral Hepat. 2006;  13 256-263
• 87 Brunetto M R, Oliveri F, Coco B et al. Outcome of anti-HBe positive chronic hepatitis B in alpha-interferon treated and untreated patients: a long term cohort study.  J Hepatol. 2002;  36 263-270
• 88 Kumar M, Sarin S K, Hissar S et al. Virologic and histologic features of chronic hepatitis B virus-infected asymptomatic patients with persistently normal ALT.  Gastroenterology. 2008;  134 1376-1384
• 89 Lai M, Hyatt B J, Nasser I et al. The clinical significance of persistently normal ALT in chronic hepatitis B infection.  J Hepatol. 2007;  47 760-767
• 90 Tsang P S, Trinh H, Garcia R T et al. Significant prevalence of histologic disease in patients with chronic hepatitis B and mildly elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;  6 569-574
• 91 Papatheodoridis G V, Manesis E K, Manolakopoulos S et al. Is there a meaningful serum hepatitis B virus DNA cutoff level for therapeutic decisions in hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B virus infection?.  Hepatology. 2008;  48 1451-1459
• 92 Wu I C, Lai C L, Han S H et al. Efficacy of entecavir in chronic hepatitis B patients with mildly elevated alanine aminotransferase and biopsy-proven histological damage.  Hepatology. 2010;  51 1185-1189
• 93 Manno M, Camma C, Schepis F et al. Natural history of chronic HBV carriers in northern Italy: morbidity and mortality after 30 years.  Gastroenterology. 2004;  127 756-763
• 94 Chen J D, Yang H I, Iloeje U H et al. Carriers of inactive hepatitis B virus are still at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma and liver-related death.  Gastroenterology. 2010;  138 1747-1754
• 95 Kumagai K, Takagi T, Nakamura S et al. Hepatitis B virus carriers in the treatment of malignant lymphoma: an epidemiological study in Japan.  Ann Oncol. 1997;  8 (Suppl 1) 107-109
• 96 Lok A S, Liang R H, Chiu E K et al. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus replication in patients receiving cytotoxic therapy. Report of a prospective study.  Gastroenterology. 1991;  100 182-188
• 97 Markovic S, Drozina G, Vovk M et al. Reactivation of hepatitis B but not hepatitis C in patients with malignant lymphoma and immunosuppressive therapy. A prospective study in 305 patients.  Hepatogastroenterology. 1999;  46 2925-2930
• 98 Nakamura Y, Motokura T, Fujita A et al. Severe hepatitis related to chemotherapy in hepatitis B virus carriers with hematologic malignancies. Survey in Japan, 1987 – 1991.  Cancer. 1996;  78 2210-2215
• 99 Yeo W, Chan P K, Zhong S et al. Frequency of hepatitis B virus reactivation in cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy: a prospective study of 626 patients with identification of risk factors.  J Med Virol. 2000;  62 299-307
• 100 Aomatsu T, Komatsu H, Yoden A et al. Fulminant hepatitis B and acute hepatitis B due to intrafamilial transmission of HBV after chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin"s lymphoma in an HBV carrier.  Eur J Pediatr. 2010;  169 167-171
• 101 Chen P M, Chiou T J, Fan F S et al. Fulminant hepatitis is significantly increased in hepatitis B carriers after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.  Transplantation. 1999;  67 1425-1433
• 102 Lau G K, Liang R, Chiu E K et al. Hepatic events after bone marrow transplantation in patients with hepatitis B infection: a case controlled study.  Bone Marrow Transplant. 1997;  19 795-799
• 103 Dervite I, Hober D, Morel P. Acute hepatitis B in a patient with antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen who was receiving rituximab.  N Engl J Med. 2001;  344 68-69
• 104 Hui C K, Cheung W W, Zhang H Y et al. Kinetics and risk of de novo hepatitis B infection in HBsAg-negative patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy.  Gastroenterology. 2006;  131 59-68
• 105 Stange M A, Tutarel O, Pischke S et al. Fulminant hepatic failure due to chemotherapy-induced hepatitis B reactivation: role of rituximab.  Z Gastroenterol. 2010;  48 258-263
• 106 Zingarelli S, Frassi M, Bazzani C et al. Use of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-blocking agents in hepatitis B virus-positive patients: reports of 3 cases and review of the literature.  J Rheumatol. 2009;  36 1188-1194
• 107 Yagci M, Ozkurt Z N, Yegin Z A et al. Hepatitus B virus reactivation in HBV-DNA negative and positive patients with hematological malignancies.  Hematology. 2010;  15 240-244
• 108 Lau G K, Yiu H H, Fong D Y et al. Early is superior to deferred preemptive lamivudine therapy for hepatitis B patients undergoing chemotherapy.  Gastroenterology. 2003;  125 1742-1749
• 109 Katz L H, Fraser A, Gafter-Gvili A et al. Lamivudine prevents reactivation of hepatitis B and reduces mortality in immunosuppressed patients: systematic review and meta-analysis.  J Viral Hepat. 2008;  15 89-102
• 110 Martyak L A, Taqavi E, Saab S. Lamivudine prophylaxis is effective in reducing hepatitis B reactivation and reactivation-related mortality in chemotherapy patients: a meta-analysis.  Liver Int. 2008;  28 28-38
• 111 Manns M P, Wedemeyer H, Cornberg M. Treating viral hepatitis C: efficacy, side effects, and complications.  Gut. 2006;  55 1350-1359
• 112 Craxi A, Di Bona D, Camma C. Interferon-alpha for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B.  J Hepatol. 2003;  39 (Suppl 1) S99-S105
• 113 Di Marco V, Marzano A, Lampertico P et al. Clinical outcome of HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B in relation to virological response to lamivudine.  Hepatology. 2004;  40 883-891
• 114 Liaw Y F, Sung J J, Chow W C et al. Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease.  N Engl J Med. 2004;  351 1521-1531
• 115 Zeuzem S, Gane E, Liaw Y F et al. Baseline characteristics and early on-treatment response predict the outcomes of 2 years of telbivudine treatment of chronic hepatitis B.  J Hepatol. 2009;  51 11-20
• 116 Yuen M F, Fong D Y, Wong D K et al. Hepatitis B virus DNA levels at week 4 of lamivudine treatment predict the 5-year ideal response.  Hepatology. 2007;  46 1695-1703
• 117 Liaw Y F, Gane E, Leung N et al. 2-Year GLOBE trial results: telbivudine Is superior to lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B.  Gastroenterology. 2009;  136 486-495
• 118 Ha N B, Ha N B, Garcia R T et al. Renal dysfunction in chronic hepatitis B patients treated with adefovir dipivoxil.  Hepatology. 2009;  50 727-734
• 119 Chan H L, Tang J L, Tam W et al. The efficacy of thymosin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a meta-analysis.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001;  15 1899-1905
• 120 Mutchnick M G, Lindsay K L, Schiff E R et al. Thymosin alpha1 treatment of chronic hepatitis B: results of a phase III multicentre, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study.  J Viral Hepat. 1999;  6 397-403
• 121 Yang Y F, Zhao W, Zhong Y D et al. Comparison of the efficacy of thymosin alpha-1 and interferon alpha in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: a meta-analysis.  Antiviral Res. 2008;  77 136-141
• 122 Zavaglia C, Severini R, Tinelli C et al. A randomized, controlled study of thymosin-alpha1 therapy in patients with anti-HBe, HBV-DNA-positive chronic hepatitis B.  Dig Dis Sci. 2000;  45 690-696
• 123 Cotonat T, Quiroga J A, Lopez-Alcorocho J M et al. Pilot study of combination therapy with ribavirin and interferon alpha for the retreatment of chronic hepatitis B e antibody-positive patients.  Hepatology. 2000;  31 502-506
• 124 Rijckborst V, ter Borg M J, Cakaloglu Y et al. A randomized trial of peginterferon alpha-2a with or without ribavirin for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;  105 1762-1769
• 125 Dahmen A, Herzog-Hauff S, Bocher W O et al. Clinical and immunological efficacy of intradermal vaccine plus lamivudine with or without interleukin-2 in patients with chronic hepatitis B.  J Med Virol. 2002;  66 452-460
• 126 Michel M L, Mancini-Bourgine M. Therapeutic vaccination against chronic hepatitis B virus infection.  J Clin Virol. 2005;  34 (Suppl 1) S108-S114
• 127 Vandepapeliere P, Lau G K, Leroux-Roels G et al. Therapeutic vaccination of chronic hepatitis B patients with virus suppression by antiviral therapy: a randomized, controlled study of co-administration of HBsAg/AS02 candidate vaccine and lamivudine.  Vaccine. 2007;  25 8585-8597
• 128 Heintges T, Petry W, Kaldewey M et al. Combination therapy of active HBsAg vaccination and interferon-alpha in interferon-alpha nonresponders with chronic hepatitis B.  Dig Dis Sci. 2001;  46 901-906
• 129 Cohard M, Poynard T, Mathurin P et al. Prednisone-interferon combination in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: direct and indirect metanalysis.  Hepatology. 1994;  20 1390-1398
• 130 Brook M G, Chan G, Yap I et al. Randomised controlled trial of lymphoblastoid interferon alpha in Europid men with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.  BMJ. 1989;  299 652-656
• 131 Fattovich G, Brollo L, Boscaro S et al. Long-term effect of low dose recombinant interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B.  J Hepatol. 1989;  9 331-337
• 132 Niederau C, Heintges T, Lange S et al. Long-term follow-up of HBeAg-positive patients treated with interferon alpha for chronic hepatitis B.  N Engl J Med. 1996;  334 1422-1427
• 133 Papatheodoridis G V, Manesis E, Hadziyannis S J. The long-term outcome of interferon-alpha treated and untreated patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B.  J Hepatol. 2001;  34 306-313
• 134 Lin S M, Yu M L, Lee C M et al. Interferon therapy in HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis reduces progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.  J Hepatol. 2007;  46 45-52
• 135 Cooksley W G, Piratvisuth T, Lee S D et al. Peginterferon alpha-2a (40 kDa): an advance in the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B.  J Viral Hepat. 2003;  10 298-305
• 136 Chan H L, Hui A Y, Wong V W et al. Long-term follow-up of peginterferon and lamivudine combination treatment in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2005;  41 1357-1364
• 137 Lau G K, Piratvisuth T, Luo K X et al. Peginterferon Alpha-2a, lamivudine, and the combination for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B.  N Engl J Med. 2005;  352 2682-2695
• 138 Buster E H, Flink H J, Cakaloglu Y et al. Sustained HBeAg and HBsAg loss after long-term follow-up of HBeAg-positive patients treated with peg-interferon alpha-2b.  Gastroenterology. 2008;  135 459-467
• 139 Liaw Y F, Xie Q, Han K et al. Shorter Duration and Lower Dose of Peginterferon Alpha-2a Therapy Results in Inferior Hbeag Seroconversion Rates Compared with the Duration and Dose of 48 Weeks and 180 µg: NEPTUNE Study.  Hepatology. 2010;  52 429A
• 140 Gish R G, Lau D T, Schmid P et al. A pilot study of extended duration peginterferon alpha-2a for patients with hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;  102 2718-2723
• 141 Manesis E K, Hadziyannis S J. Interferon alpha treatment and retreatment of hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B.  Gastroenterology. 2001;  121 101-109
• 142 Lampertico P, Vigano M, Colombo M et al. Extended (2 years) treatment with peg-interferon alpha-2A [40kd] improves sustained response rates in Genotype D-Patients with HBEAG negative chronic hepatitis B.  J Hepatol. 2010;  52 S45
• 143 Fattovich G, Giustina G, Sanchez-Tapias J et al. Delayed clearance of serum HBsAg in compensated cirrhosis B: relation to interferon alpha therapy and disease prognosis. European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (EUROHEP).  Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;  93 896-900
• 144 Marcellin P, Bonino F, Lau G K et al. Sustained response of hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients 3 years after treatment with peg-interferon alpha-2a.  Gastroenterology. 2009;  136 2169-2179.e1 – 4
• 145 Moucari R, Korevaar A, Lada O et al. High rates of HBsAg seroconversion in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients responding to interferon: a long-term follow-up study.  J Hepatol. 2009;  50 1084-1092
• 146 Poynard T, Massard J, Rudler M et al. Impact of interferon-alpha treatment on liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B: an overview of published trials.  Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2009;  33 916-922
• 147 Wong V W, Wong G L, Yan K K et al. Durability of peginterferon alpha-2b treatment at 5 years in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2010;  51 1945-1953
• 148 Buster E H, Hansen B E, Lau G K et al. Factors that predict response of patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B to peginterferon-alpha.  Gastroenterology. 2009;  137 2002-2009
• 149 Buster E H, Hansen B E, Buti M et al. Peginterferon alpha-2b is safe and effective in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients with advanced fibrosis.  Hepatology. 2007;  46 388-394
• 150 Buster E H, Flink H J, Simsek H et al. Early HBeAg loss during peginterferon alpha-2b therapy predicts HBsAg loss: results of a long-term follow-up study in chronic hepatitis B patients.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;  104 2449-2457
• 151 Fried M W, Piratvisuth T, Lau G K et al. HBeAg and hepatitis B virus DNA as outcome predictors during therapy with peg-interferon alpha-2a for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2008;  47 428-434
• 152 Lau G KK, Marcellin P, Brunetto M et al. On-Treatment Monitoring of HBsAg levels to predict response to peg-interferon alpha-2a in patients with HbeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B.  J Hepatol. 2009;  50 S333
• 153 Piratvisuth T, Marcellin P. Further analysis is required to identify an early stopping rule for peginterferon therapy that is valid for all HBeAg-positive patients.  Hepatology. 2011;  ; in press
• 154 Bonino F, Marcellin P, Lau G K et al. Predicting response to peginterferon alpha-2a, lamivudine and the two combined for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B.  Gut. 2007;  56 699-705
• 155 Marcellin P, Lau G K, Bonino F et al. Peg-interferon alpha-2a alone, lamivudine alone, the two in combination in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B.  N Engl J Med. 2004;  351 1206-1217
• 156 Hui A Y, Chan H L, Cheung A Y et al. Systematic review: treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection by pegylated interferon.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;  22 519-528
• 157 Kaymakoglu S, Oguz D, Gur G et al. Pegylated interferon Alpha-2b monotherapy and pegylated interferon Alpha-2b plus lamivudine combination therapy for patients with hepatitis B virus E antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;  51 3020-3022
• 158 Piccolo P, Lenci I, Demelia L et al. A randomized controlled trial of pegylated interferon-alpha-2a plus adefovir dipivoxil for hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B.  Antivir Ther. 2009;  14 1165-1174
• 159 Vassiliadis T, Tziomalos K, Patsiaoura K et al. Lamivudine/pegylated interferon alpha-2b sequential combination therapy compared with lamivudine monotherapy in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B.  J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;  22 1582-1588
• 160 Wursthorn K, Lutgehetmann M, Dandri M et al. Peginterferon alpha-2b plus adefovir induce strong cccDNA decline and HBsAg reduction in patients with chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2006;  44 675-684
• 161 Marcellin P, Avila C, Wursthorn K et al. telbivudine (ldt) plus peg-interferon (PEGIFN) in hbeag-positive chronic hepatitis b – very potent antiviral efficacy but risk of peripheral neuropathy (PN).  J Hepatol. 2010;  52 S6-S7
• 162 Flink H J, Sprengers D, Hansen B E et al. Flares in chronic hepatitis B patients induced by the host or the virus? Relation to treatment response during Peg-interferon {alpha}-2b therapy.  Gut. 2005;  54 1604-1609
• 163 Bommel van F, Man R A, Wedemeyer de H et al. Long-term efficacy of tenofovir monotherapy for hepatitis B virus-monoinfected patients after failure of nucleoside/nucleotide analogues.  Hepatology. 2010;  51 73-80
• 164 Berg T, Marcellin P, Zoulim F et al. Tenofovir is effective alone or with emtricitabine in adefovir-treated patients with chronic-hepatitis B virus infection.  Gastroenterology. 2010;  139 1207-1217
• 165 Lai C L, Chien R N, Leung N W et al. A one-year trial of lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B. Asia Hepatitis Lamivudine Study Group.  N Engl J Med. 1998;  339 61-68
• 166 Dienstag J L, Schiff E R, Wright T L et al. Lamivudine as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis B in the United States.  N Engl J Med. 1999;  341 1256-1263
• 167 Liaw Y F, Leung N W, Chang T T et al. Effects of extended lamivudine therapy in Asian patients with chronic hepatitis B. Asia Hepatitis Lamivudine Study Group.  Gastroenterology. 2000;  119 172-180
• 168 Chang T T, Gish R G, Man de R et al. A comparison of entecavir and lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B.  N Engl J Med. 2006;  354 1001-1010
• 169 Yuen M F, Seto W K, Chow D H et al. Long-term lamivudine therapy reduces the risk of long-term complications of chronic hepatitis B infection even in patients without advanced disease.  Antivir Ther. 2007;  12 1295-1303
• 170 Lai C L, Gane E, Liaw Y F et al. Telbivudine versus lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B.  N Engl J Med. 2007;  357 2576-2588
• 171 Hashimoto Y, Suzuki F, Hirakawa M et al. Clinical and virological effects of long-term (over 5 years) lamivudine therapy.  J Med Virol. 2010;  82 684-691
• 172 Hadziyannis S J, Tassopoulos N C, Heathcote E J et al. Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B.  N Engl J Med. 2003;  348 800-807
• 173 Marcellin P, Chang T T, Lim S G et al. Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B.  N Engl J Med. 2003;  348 808-816
• 174 Hadziyannis S J, Tassopoulos N C, Heathcote E J et al. Long-term therapy with adefovir dipivoxil for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B for up to 5 years.  Gastroenterology. 2006;  131 1743-1751
• 175 Marcellin P, Heathcote E J, Buti M et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus adefovir dipivoxil for chronic hepatitis B.  N Engl J Med. 2008;  359 2442-2455
• 176 Lee J M, Park J Y, Kim do Y et al. Long-term adefovir dipivoxil monotherapy for up to 5 years in lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B.  Antivir Ther. 2010;  15 235-241
• 177 Lai C L, Shouval D, Lok A S et al. Entecavir versus lamivudine for patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B.  N Engl J Med. 2006;  354 1011-1020
• 178 Tenney D J, Rose R E, Baldick C J et al. Long-term monitoring shows hepatitis B virus resistance to entecavir in nucleoside-naive patients is rare through 5 years of therapy.  Hepatology. 2009;  49 1503-1514
• 179 Chang T T, Chao Y C, Gorbakov V V et al. Results of up to 2 years of entecavir vs lamivudine therapy in nucleoside-naive HBeAg-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B.  J Viral Hepat. 2009;  16 784-789
• 180 Reijnders J G, Deterding K, Petersen J et al. Antiviral effect of entecavir in chronic hepatitis B: influence of prior exposure to nucleos(t)ide analogues.  J Hepatol. 2010;  52 493-500
• 181 Chang T T, Lai C L, Kew Yoon S et al. Entecavir treatment for up to 5 years in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2010;  51 422-430
• 182 Lampertico P, Vigano M, Facchetti F et al. effectiveness of entecavir for nuc-naive, HBEAG-negative chronic hepatitis B patients in clinical practice: A 2-year multicenter cohort study in 311 patients.  J Hepatol. 2010;  52 S389-S390
• 183 Lai C L, Leung N, Teo E K et al. A 1-year trial of telbivudine, lamivudine, and the combination in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B.  Gastroenterology. 2005;  129 528-536
• 184 Heathcote E J, Marcellin P, Buti M et al. Three-year efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate treatment for chronic hepatitis B.  Gastroenterology. 2011;  140 132-143
• 185 Westland C, Delaney W T, Yang H et al. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and virologic response in 694 patients in phase III studies of adefovir dipivoxil1.  Gastroenterology. 2003;  125 107-116
• 186 Perrillo R P, Lai C L, Liaw Y F et al. Predictors of HBeAg loss after lamivudine treatment for chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2002;  36 186-194
• 187 Chien R N, Yeh C T, Tsai S L et al. Determinants for sustained HBeAg response to lamivudine therapy.  Hepatology. 2003;  38 1267-1273
• 188 Peters M G, Hann Hw H, Martin P et al. Adefovir dipivoxil alone or in combination with lamivudine in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B.  Gastroenterology. 2004;  126 91-101
• 189 Sung J J, Lai J Y, Zeuzem S et al. Lamivudine compared with lamivudine and adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B.  J Hepatol. 2008;  48 728-735
• 190 Lampertico P, Vigano M, Manenti E et al. Adefovir rapidly suppresses hepatitis B in HBeAg-negative patients developing genotypic resistance to lamivudine.  Hepatology. 2005;  42 1414-1419
• 191 Locarnini S, Hatzakis A, Heathcote J et al. Management of antiviral resistance in patients with chronic hepatitis B.  Antivir Ther. 2004;  9 679-693
• 192 Bommel van F, Wunsche T, Mauss S et al. Comparison of adefovir and tenofovir in the treatment of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus infection.  Hepatology. 2004;  40 1421-1425
• 193 Bommel van F, Zollner B, Sarrazin C et al. Tenofovir for patients with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and high HBV DNA level during adefovir therapy.  Hepatology. 2006;  44 318-325
• 194 Lampertico P, Vigano M, Manenti E et al. Low resistance to adefovir combined with lamivudine: a 3-year study of 145 lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B patients.  Gastroenterology. 2007;  133 1445-1451
• 195 Lok A S, Zoulim F, Locarnini S et al. Antiviral drug-resistant HBV: standardization of nomenclature and assays and recommendations for management.  Hepatology. 2007;  46 254-265
• 196 Tillmann H L, McHutchison J G. Telbivudine versus lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B.  N Engl J Med. 2008;  358 1517 ; author reply 1517; author reply 1518
• 197 Patterson S J, George J, Strasser S I et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate rescue therapy following failure of both lamivudine and adefovir dipivoxil in chronic hepatitis B.  Gut. 2011;  60 247-254
• 198 Deterding K, Manns M P, Wedemeyer H. Does the presence of adefovir-resistant variants lead to failure of tenofovir monotherapy?.  J Hepatol. 2008;  49 862-863
• 199 Vries-Sluijs T E, Reijnders J G, Hansen B E et al. Long-term therapy with tenofovir is effective for patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus.  Gastroenterology. 2010;  139 1934-1941
• 200 Tamori de A, Enomoto M, Kobayashi S et al. Add-on combination therapy with adefovir dipivoxil induces renal impairment in patients with lamivudine-refractory hepatitis B virus.  J Viral Hepat. 2010;  17 123-129
• 201 Bommel van F, Man R A, Wedemeyer de H et al. Renal safety and antiviral efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) monotherapy in nucleos(t)ide analogue refractory patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) mono-infection.  J Hepatol. 2010;  52 S398
• 202 Izzedine H, Hulot J S, Vittecoq D et al. Long-term renal safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients. Data from a double-blind randomized active-controlled multicentre study.  Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005;  20 743-746
• 203 Karras A, Lafaurie M, Furco A et al. Tenofovir-related nephrotoxicity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: three cases of renal failure, Fanconi syndrome, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.  Clin Infect Dis. 2003;  36 1070-1073
• 204 Rodriguez-Novoa S, Alvarez E, Labarga P et al. Renal toxicity associated with tenofovir use.  Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2010;  9 545-559
• 205 Manns M, Akarca U S, Chang T T et al. Low rates of nucleos(t)ide-associated adverse events in the long-term experience with entecavir.  J Hepatol. 2010;  52 S393
• 206 Yuan J M, Govindarajan S, Arakawa K et al. Synergism of alcohol, diabetes, and viral hepatitis on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in blacks and whites in the U.S.  Cancer. 2004;  101 1009-1017
• 207 Wang C S, Yao W J, Chang T T et al. The impact of type 2 diabetes on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in different viral hepatitis statuses.  Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;  18 2054-2060
• 208 Cheng A Y, Kong A P, Wong V W et al. Chronic hepatitis B viral infection independently predicts renal outcome in type 2 diabetic patients.  Diabetologia. 2006;  49 1777-1784
• 209 Diamond T, Stiel D, Lunzer M et al. Osteoporosis and skeletal fractures in chronic liver disease.  Gut. 1990;  31 82-87
• 210 Zoulim F. New insight on hepatitis B virus persistence from the study of intrahepatic viral cccDNA.  J Hepatol. 2005;  42 302-308
• 211 Wursthorn K, Buggisch P, Lutgehetmann M et al. Temporary HBV resolution in an HIV-coinfected patient during HBV-directed combination therapy followed by relapse of HBV.  Antivir Ther. 2006;  11 647-652
• 212 Dienstag J L, Cianciara J, Karayalcin S et al. Durability of serologic response after lamivudine treatment of chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2003;  37 748-755
• 213 Gish R G, Lok A S, Chang T T et al. Entecavir therapy for up to 96 weeks in patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B.  Gastroenterology. 2007;  133 1437-1444
• 214 Ryu S H, Chung Y H, Choi M H et al. Long-term additional lamivudine therapy enhances durability of lamivudine-induced HBeAg loss: a prospective study.  J Hepatol. 2003;  39 614-619
• 215 Lee H W, Lee H J, Hwang J S et al. Lamivudine maintenance beyond one year after HBeAg seroconversion is a major factor for sustained virologic response in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2010;  51 415-421
• 216 Song B C, Suh D J, Lee H C et al. Hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion after lamivudine therapy is not durable in patients with chronic hepatitis B in Korea.  Hepatology. 2000;  32 803-806
• 217 Nunen A B, Hansen B E, Suh D J et al. Durability of HBeAg seroconversion following antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B: relation to type of therapy and pretreatment serum hepatitis B virus DNA and alanine aminotransferase.  Gut. 2003;  52 420-424
• 218 Reijnders J G, Perquin M J, Zhang van N et al. Nucleos(t)ide analogues only induce temporary hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion in most patients with chronic hepatitis B.  Gastroenterology. 2010;  139 491-498
• 219 Shouval D, Lai C L, Chang T T et al. Relapse of hepatitis B in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients who discontinued successful entecavir treatment: the case for continuous antiviral therapy.  J Hepatol. 2009;  50 289-295
• 220 Hadziyannis S J, Sevastianos V, Rapti I N et al. Sustained biochemical and virological remission after discontinuation of 4 to 5 years of adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) treatment in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2006;  44 231A-232A
• 221 Papatheodoridis G V, Lampertico P, Manolakopoulos S et al. Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B patients receiving nucleos(t)ide therapy: a systematic review.  J Hepatol. 2010;  53 348-356
• 222 Liaw Y F, Sheen I S, Lee C M et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), emtricitabine/TDF, and entecavir in patients with decompensated chronic hepatitis B liver disease.  Hepatology. 2011;  53 62-72
• 223 Shim J H, Lee H C, Kim K M et al. Efficacy of entecavir in treatment-naive patients with hepatitis B virus-related decompensated cirrhosis.  J Hepatol. 2010;  52 176-182
• 224 Villeneuve J P, Condreay L D, Willems B et al. Lamivudine treatment for decompensated cirrhosis resulting from chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2000;  31 207-210
• 225 Gane E J, Chan H L, Choudhuri G et al. Treatment of decompesated hbv-cirrhosis: results from 2-years randomized trial with telbivudine or lamivudine.  J Hepatol. 2010;  52 S4
• 226 Petersen J, Lutgehetmann M, Zoulim F et al. Safety and efficacy of entecavir and tenofovir combination-therapy in hepatitis B patients with previous treatment failures. an international multicenter cohort study.  J Hepatol. 2010;  52 S394-S395
• 227 Liaw Y F, Raptopoulou-Gigi M, Cheinquer H et al. Efficacy and safety of entecavir versus adefovir in chronic hepatitis B patients with evidence of hepatic decompensation.  Hepatology. 2009;  50 505A
• 228 Lange C M, Bojunga J, Hofmann W P et al. Severe lactic acidosis during treatment of chronic hepatitis B with entecavir in patients with impaired liver function.  Hepatology. 2009;  50 2001-2006
• 229 Conca P, Riccio A, Tarantino G. Successful lamivudine monotherapy in an elderly patient suffering from HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis associated with widespread leukocytoclastic vasculitis.  Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2009;  22 531-535
• 230 Erhardt A, Sagir A, Guillevin L et al. Successful treatment of hepatitis B virus associated polyarteritis nodosa with a combination of prednisolone, alpha-interferon and lamivudine.  J Hepatol. 2000;  33 677-683
• 231 Gan S I, Devlin S M, Scott-Douglas N W et al. Lamivudine for the treatment of membranous glomerulopathy secondary to chronic Hepatitis B infection.  Can J Gastroenterol. 2005;  19 625-629
• 232 Kanaan N, Horsmans Y, Goffin E. Lamivudine for nephrotic syndrome related to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.  Clin Nephrol. 2006;  65 208-210
• 233 Kruger M, Boker K H, Zeidler H et al. Treatment of hepatitis B-related polyarteritis nodosa with famciclovir and interferon alpha-2b.  J Hepatol. 1997;  26 935-939
• 234 Wen Y K, Chen M L. Remission of hepatitis B virus-associated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in a cirrhotic patient after lamivudine therapy.  Clin Nephrol. 2006;  65 211-215
• 235 Fabrizi F, Messa P, Martin P. Hepatitis B virus infection and the dialysis patient.  Semin Dial. 2008;  21 440-446
• 236 Rawal B K, Parida S, Watkins R P et al. Symptomatic reactivation of hepatitis B in pregnancy.  Lancet. 1991;  337 364
• 237 Yang Y B, Li X M, Shi Z J et al. Pregnant woman with fulminant hepatic failure caused by hepatitis B virus infection: a case report.  World J Gastroenterol. 2004;  10 2305-2306
• 238 Jonas M M. Hepatitis B and pregnancy: an underestimated issue.  Liver Int. 2009;  29 (Suppl 1) 133-139
• 239 Lin H H, Chen P J, Chen D S et al. Postpartum subsidence of hepatitis B viral replication in HBeAg-positive carrier mothers.  J Med Virol. 1989;  29 1-6
• 240 ter Borg M J, Leemans W F, Man R A et al. Exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B infection after delivery.  J Viral Hepat. 2008;  15 37-41
• 241 Lau W Y, Leung W T, Ho de S et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma during pregnancy and its comparison with other pregnancy-associated malignancies.  Cancer. 1995;  75 2669-2676
• 242 Fwu C W, Chien Y C, Kirk G D et al. Hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma among parous Taiwanese women: nationwide cohort study.  J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;  101 1019-1027
• 243 Yu M W, Chang H C, Chang S C et al. Role of reproductive factors in hepatocellular carcinoma: Impact on hepatitis B- and C-related risk.  Hepatology. 2003;  38 1393-1400
• 244 Lao T T, Chan B C, Leung W C et al. Maternal hepatitis B infection and gestational diabetes mellitus.  J Hepatol. 2007;  47 46-50
• 245 Wong S, Chan L Y, Yu V et al. Hepatitis B carrier and perinatal outcome in singleton pregnancy.  Am J Perinatol. 1999;  16 485-488
• 246 Alexander J M, Ramus R, Jackson G et al. Risk of hepatitis B transmission after amniocentesis in chronic hepatitis B carriers.  Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 1999;  7 283-286
• 247 Towers C V, Asrat T, Rumney P. The presence of hepatitis B surface antigen and deoxyribonucleic acid in amniotic fluid and cord blood.  Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;  184 1514-1518 ; discussion 1518 – 1520
• 248 Han G, Zhao W, Cao M et al. A prospective and open-label study for the efficacy and safety of telbivudine in pregnancy for the prevention of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) to the infants.  Hepatology. 2010;  52 427A-428A
• 249 Yang J, Zeng X M, Men Y L et al. Elective caesarean section versus vaginal delivery for preventing mother to child transmission of hepatitis B virus – a systematic review.  Virol J. 2008;  5 100
• 250 Wang J, Zhu Q, Zhang X. Effect of delivery mode on maternal-infant transmission of hepatitis B virus by immunoprophylaxis.  Chin Med J. 2002;  115 1510-1512
• 251 Hill J B, Sheffield J S, Kim M J et al. Risk of hepatitis B transmission in breast-fed infants of chronic hepatitis B carriers.  Obstet Gynecol. 2002;  99 1049-1052
• 252 Johnson M A, Moore K H, Yuen G J et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of lamivudine.  Clin Pharmacokinet. 1999;  36 41-66
• 253 Burk R D, Hwang L Y, Ho G Y et al. Outcome of perinatal hepatitis B virus exposure is dependent on maternal virus load.  J Infect Dis. 1994;  170 1418-1423
• 254 del Canho R, Grosheide P M, Mazel J A et al. Ten-year neonatal hepatitis B vaccination program, The Netherlands, 1982 – 1992: protective efficacy and long-term immunogenicity.  Vaccine. 1997;  15 1624-1630
• 255 Wiseman E, Fraser M A, Holden S et al. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus: an Australian experience.  Med J Aust. 2009;  190 489-492
• 256 Zonneveld van M, Nunen A B, Niesters H G et al. Lamivudine treatment during pregnancy to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection.  J Viral Hepat. 2003;  10 294-297
• 257 Xu W M, Cui Y T, Wang van L et al. Lamivudine in late pregnancy to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.  J Viral Hepat. 2009;  16 94-103
• 258 Kazim S N, Wakil S M, Khan L A et al. Vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus despite maternal lamivudine therapy.  Lancet. 2002;  359 1488-1489
• 259 Li X M, Yang Y B, Hou H Y et al. Interruption of HBV intrauterine transmission: a clinical study.  World J Gastroenterol. 2003;  9 1501-1503
• 260 Committee. A. P. R. S. .Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry International Interim Report for 1 January 1989 through 31 July 2009. 2009
• 261 Brown R S, Buti M, Goodwin D. et al. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Drugs in Pregnancy: Findings from the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry.  J Hepatol. 2009;  50 S4
• 262 Chotiyaputta W, Lok A S. Role of antiviral therapy in the prevention of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection.  J Viral Hepat. 2009;  16 91-93
• 263 Dhedin N, Douvin C, Kuentz M et al. Reverse seroconversion of hepatitis B after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a retrospective study of 37 patients with pretransplant anti-HBs and anti-HBc.  Transplantation. 1998;  66 616-619
• 264 Iwai K, Tashima M, Itoh M et al. Fulminant hepatitis B following bone marrow transplantation in an HBsAg-negative, HBsAb-positive recipient, reactivation of dormant virus during the immunosuppressive period.  Bone Marrow Transplant. 2000;  25 105-108
• 265 Kempinska A, Kwak E J, Angel J B. Reactivation of hepatitis B infection following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a hepatitis B-immune patient: case report and review of the literature.  Clin Infect Dis. 2005;  41 1277-1282
• 266 Knoll A, Boehm S, Hahn J et al. Reactivation of resolved hepatitis B virus infection after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.  Bone Marrow Transplant. 2004;  33 925-929
• 267 Romand F, Michallet M, Pichoud C et al. [Hepatitis B virus reactivation after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a patient previously cured of hepatitis B].  Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 1999;  23 770-774
• 268 Lalazar G, Rund D, Shouval D. Screening, prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis B reactivation in patients with haematological malignancies.  Br J Haematol. 2007;  136 699-712
• 269 Marcucci F, Mele A, Spada E et al. High prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in B-cell non-Hodgkin"s lymphoma.  Haematologica. 2006;  91 554-557
• 270 Palmore T N, Shah N L, Loomba R et al. Reactivation of hepatitis B with reappearance of hepatitis B surface antigen after chemotherapy and immunosuppression.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;  7 1130-1137
• 271 Yeo W, Johnson P J. Diagnosis, prevention and management of hepatitis B virus reactivation during anticancer therapy.  Hepatology. 2006;  43 209-220
• 272 Yeo W, Zee B, Zhong S et al. Comprehensive analysis of risk factors associating with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy.  Br J Cancer. 2004;  90 1306-1311
• 273 Jang J W, Choi J Y, Bae S H et al. A randomized controlled study of preemptive lamivudine in patients receiving transarterial chemo-lipiodolization.  Hepatology. 2006;  43 233-240
• 274 Park J W, Park K W, Cho S H et al. Risk of hepatitis B exacerbation is low after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization therapy for patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma: report of a prospective study.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;  100 2194-2200
• 275 Floreani A, Boninsegna S, Lobello S et al. Fatal hepatic decompensation in a bone marrow transplant recipient with HBV-related cirrhosis following lamivudine withdrawal.  Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2006;  30 307-309
• 276 Bae S H, Yoon S K, Choi J Y et al. Timing of lamivudine administration according to Child class in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.  J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;  20 1527-1532
• 277 Chu C M, Liaw Y F. Hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis: natural history and treatment.  Semin Liver Dis. 2006;  26 142-152
• 278 Fontana R J, Hann H W, Perrillo R P et al. Determinants of early mortality in patients with decompensated chronic hepatitis B treated with antiviral therapy.  Gastroenterology. 2002;  123 719-727
• 279 Fontana R J, Keeffe E B, Carey W et al. Effect of lamivudine treatment on survival of 309 North American patients awaiting liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B.  Liver Transpl. 2002;  8 433-439
• 280 Kanwal F, Farid M, Martin P et al. Treatment alternatives for hepatitis B cirrhosis: a cost-effectiveness analysis.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;  101 2076-2089
• 281 Kapoor D, Guptan R C, Wakil S M et al. Beneficial effects of lamivudine in hepatitis B virus-related decompensated cirrhosis.  J Hepatol. 2000;  33 308-312
• 282 Yao F Y, Terrault N A, Freise C et al. Lamivudine treatment is beneficial in patients with severely decompensated cirrhosis and actively replicating hepatitis B infection awaiting liver transplantation: a comparative study using a matched, untreated cohort.  Hepatology. 2001;  34 411-416
• 283 Kim W R, Terrault N A, Pedersen R A et al. Trends in waiting list registration for liver transplantation for viral hepatitis in the United States.  Gastroenterology. 2009;  137 1680-1686
• 284 Liaw Y F. Prevention and surveillance of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma.  Semin Liver Dis. 2005;  25 (Suppl 1) 40-47
• 285 Schiff E R, Lai C L, Hadziyannis S et al. Adefovir dipivoxil therapy for lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B in pre- and post-liver transplantation patients.  Hepatology. 2003;  38 1419-1427
• 286 Samuel D, Muller R, Alexander G et al. Liver transplantation in European patients with the hepatitis B surface antigen.  N Engl J Med. 1993;  329 1842-1847
• 287 Anselmo D M, Ghobrial R M, Jung L C et al. New era of liver transplantation for hepatitis B: a 17-year single-center experience.  Ann Surg. 2002;  235 611-619 ; discussion 619 – 620
• 288 Benner K G, Lee R G, Keeffe E B et al. Fibrosing cytolytic liver failure secondary to recurrent hepatitis B after liver transplantation.  Gastroenterology. 1992;  103 1307-1312
• 289 Davies S E, Portmann B C, O"Grady J G et al. Hepatic histological findings after transplantation for chronic hepatitis B virus infection, including a unique pattern of fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis.  Hepatology. 1991;  13 150-157
• 290 Xiao S Y, Lu L, Wang H L. Fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis: clinicopathologic spectrum, diagnosis and pathogenesis.  Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2008;  1 396-402
• 291 Markowitz J S, Martin P, Conrad A J et al. Prophylaxis against hepatitis B recurrence following liver transplantation using combination lamivudine and hepatitis B immune globulin.  Hepatology. 1998;  28 585-589
• 292 Marzano A, Salizzoni M, Debernardi-Venon W et al. Prevention of hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation in cirrhotic patients treated with lamivudine and passive immunoprophylaxis.  J Hepatol. 2001;  34 903-910
• 293 Rosenau J, Bahr M J, Tillmann H L et al. Lamivudine and low-dose hepatitis B immune globulin for prophylaxis of hepatitis B reinfection after liver transplantation possible role of mutations in the YMDD motif prior to transplantation as a risk factor for reinfection.  J Hepatol. 2001;  34 895-902
• 294 Steinmuller T, Seehofer D, Rayes N et al. Increasing applicability of liver transplantation for patients with hepatitis B-related liver disease.  Hepatology. 2002;  35 1528-1535
• 295 Katz L H, Paul M, Guy D G et al. Prevention of recurrent hepatitis B virus infection after liver transplantation: hepatitis B immunoglobulin, antiviral drugs, or both? Systematic review and meta-analysis.  Transpl Infect Dis. 2010;  12 292-308
• 296 Degertekin B, Han S H, Keeffe E B et al. Impact of virologic breakthrough and HBIG regimen on hepatitis B recurrence after liver transplantation.  Am J Transplant. 2010;  10 1823-1833
• 297 Gane E J, Angus P W, Strasser S et al. Lamivudine plus low-dose hepatitis B immunoglobulin to prevent recurrent hepatitis B following liver transplantation.  Gastroenterology. 2007;  132 931-937
• 298 Shafique U, Watson C. Current and evolving strategies against hepatitis B virus re-infection following liver transplantation.  European Gastroenterol Hepatol Review. 2010;  6 78-81
• 299 Rao W, Wu X, Xiu D. Lamivudine or lamivudine combined with hepatitis B immunoglobulin in prophylaxis of hepatitis B recurrence after liver transplantation: a meta-analysis.  Transpl Int. 2009;  22 387-394
• 300 Zheng S, Chen Y, Liang T et al. Prevention of hepatitis B recurrence after liver transplantation using lamivudine or lamivudine combined with hepatitis B Immunoglobulin prophylaxis.  Liver Transpl. 2006;  12 253-258
• 301 Saab S, Ham M Y, Stone M A et al. Decision analysis model for hepatitis B prophylaxis one year after liver transplantation.  Liver Transpl. 2009;  15 413-420
• 302 Patterson S J, Angus P W. Post-liver transplant hepatitis B prophylaxis: the role of oral nucleos(t)ide analogues.  Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2009;  14 225-230
• 303 Neff G W, Kemmer N, Kaiser T E et al. Combination therapy in liver transplant recipients with hepatitis B virus without hepatitis B immune globulin.  Dig Dis Sci. 2007;  52 2497-2500
• 304 Teperman L, Spivey J, Poordad F et al. Emtricitabine tenofovir DF combination± HBIG post-orthotopic liver transplantation to prevent hepatitis b recurrence in patients with normal to moderate renal impairment: interim results.  J Hepatol. 2010;  52 S12-S13
• 305 Weber N K, Forman L M, Trotter J F. HBIg discontinuation with maintenance oral anti-viral therapy and HBV vaccination in liver transplant recipients.  Dig Dis Sci. 2010;  55 505-509
• 306 Wong S N, Chu C J, Wai C T et al. Low risk of hepatitis B virus recurrence after withdrawal of long-term hepatitis B immunoglobulin in patients receiving maintenance nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy.  Liver Transpl. 2007;  13 374-381
• 307 Buti M, Mas A, Prieto M et al. Adherence to Lamivudine after an early withdrawal of hepatitis B immune globulin plays an important role in the long-term prevention of hepatitis B virus recurrence.  Transplantation. 2007;  84 650-654
• 308 Xi Z F, Xia Q, Zhang J J et al. The role of entecavir in preventing hepatitis B recurrence after liver transplantation.  J Dig Dis. 2009;  10 321-327
• 309 Starkel P, Stoffel M, Lerut J et al. Response to an experimental HBV vaccine permits withdrawal of HBIg prophylaxis in fulminant and selected chronic HBV-infected liver graft recipients.  Liver Transpl. 2005;  11 1228-1234
• 310 Sanchez-Fueyo A, Rimola A, Grande L et al. Hepatitis B immunoglobulin discontinuation followed by hepatitis B virus vaccination: A new strategy in the prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation.  Hepatology. 2000;  31 496-501
• 311 Rosenau J, Hooman N, Rifai K et al. Hepatitis B virus immunization with an adjuvant containing vaccine after liver transplantation for hepatitis B-related disease: failure of humoral and cellular immune response.  Transpl Int. 2006;  19 828-833
• 312 Bienzle U, Gunther M, Neuhaus R et al. Successful hepatitis B vaccination in patients who underwent transplantation for hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis: preliminary results.  Liver Transpl. 2002;  8 562-564
• 313 Beckebaum S, Sotiropoulos G C, Gerken G et al. Hepatitis B and liver transplantation: 2008 update.  Rev Med Virol. 2009;  19 7-29
• 314 Ghany M G, Ayola B, Villamil F G et al. Hepatitis B virus S mutants in liver transplant recipients who were reinfected despite hepatitis B immune globulin prophylaxis.  Hepatology. 1998;  27 213-222
• 315 Limquiaco J L, Wong J, Wong V W et al. Lamivudine monoprophylaxis and adefovir salvage for liver transplantation in chronic hepatitis B: a seven-year follow-up study.  J Med Virol. 2009;  81 224-229
• 316 Protzer-Knolle U, Naumann U, Bartenschlager R et al. Hepatitis B virus with antigenically altered hepatitis B surface antigen is selected by high-dose hepatitis B immune globulin after liver transplantation.  Hepatology. 1998;  27 254-263
• 317 Terrault N, Roche B, Samuel D. Management of the hepatitis B virus in the liver transplantation setting: a European and an American perspective.  Liver Transpl. 2005;  11 716-732
• 318 Lo C M, Liu C L, Lau G K et al. Liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B with lamivudine-resistant YMDD mutant using add-on adefovir dipivoxil plus lamivudine.  Liver Transpl. 2005;  11 807-813
• 319 Perrillo R, Hann H W, Mutimer D et al. Adefovir dipivoxil added to ongoing lamivudine in chronic hepatitis B with YMDD mutant hepatitis B virus.  Gastroenterology. 2004;  126 81-90
• 320 Schmutz G, Nelson M, Lutz T et al. Combination of tenofovir and lamivudine versus tenofovir after lamivudine failure for therapy of hepatitis B in HIV-coinfection.  AIDS. 2006;  20 1951-1954
• 321 Ruiz R, Kunitake H, Wilkinson A H et al. Long-term analysis of combined liver and kidney transplantation at a single center.  Arch Surg. 2006;  141 735-741 ; discussion 741 – 742
• 322 Margreiter R, Kramar R, Huber C et al. Combined liver and kidney transplantation.  Lancet. 1984;  1 1077-1078
• 323 Lang M, Neumann U, Kahl A et al. Long-term outcome of 27 patients after combined liver-kidney transplantation.  Transplant Proc. 2001;  33 1440-1441
• 324 Poge U, Gerhardt T, Palmedo H et al. MDRD equations for estimation of GFR in renal transplant recipients.  Am J Transplant. 2005;  5 1306-1311
• 325 Neumann U P, Lang M, Moldenhauer A et al. Significance of a T-lymphocytotoxic crossmatch in liver and combined liver-kidney transplantation.  Transplantation. 2001;  71 1163-1168
• 326 Olausson M, Mjornstedt L, Norden G et al. Successful combined partial auxiliary liver and kidney transplantation in highly sensitized cross-match positive recipients.  Am J Transplant. 2007;  7 130-136
• 327 Fabrizi F, Martin P, Dixit V et al. HBsAg seropositive status and survival after renal transplantation: meta-analysis of observational studies.  Am J Transplant. 2005;  5 2913-2921
• 328 Gane E, Pilmore H. Management of chronic viral hepatitis before and after renal transplantation.  Transplantation. 2002;  74 427-437
• 329 Hillis W D, Hillis A, Walker W G. Hepatitis B surface antigenemia in renal transplant recipients. Increased mortality risk.  JAMA. 1979;  242 329-332
• 330 Pirson Y, Alexandre G P, Ypersele C. Long-term effect of hbs antigenemia on patient survival after renal transplantation.  N Engl J Med. 1977;  296 194-196
• 331 Fornairon S, Pol S, Legendre C et al. The long-term virologic and pathologic impact of renal transplantation on chronic hepatitis B virus infection.  Transplantation. 1996;  62 297-299
• 332 Mathurin P, Mouquet C, Poynard T et al. Impact of hepatitis B and C virus on kidney transplantation outcome.  Hepatology. 1999;  29 257-263
• 333 Ahn H J, Kim M S, Kim Y S et al. Clinical outcome of renal transplantation in patients with positive pre-transplant hepatitis B surface antigen.  J Med Virol. 2007;  79 1655-1663
• 334 Firpi R J, Nelson D R. Viral hepatitis: manifestations and management strategy.  Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2006;  375-380
• 335 Giaccone L, Festuccia M, Marengo A et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation and efficacy of prophylaxis with lamivudine in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation.  Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2010;  16 809-817
• 336 Dai M S, Chao T Y. Lamivudine therapy in HBsAg-carrying breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: prophylactic or preemptive?.  Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005;  92 95-96
• 337 Hui C K, Cheung W W, Au W Y et al. Hepatitis B reactivation after withdrawal of pre-emptive lamivudine in patients with haematological malignancy on completion of cytotoxic chemotherapy.  Gut. 2005;  54 1597-1603
• 338 Leaw S J, Yen C J, Huang W T et al. Preemptive use of interferon or lamivudine for hepatitis B reactivation in patients with aggressive lymphoma receiving chemotherapy.  Ann Hematol. 2004;  83 270-275
• 339 Marusawa H, Chiba T. How can we prevent viral reactivation in liver transplantation from donors with latent hepatitis B virus infection?.  J Gastroenterol. 2001;  36 212-213
• 340 Perez-Grande R, Gutierrez-Zufiaurre N, Munoz-Criado S et al. Hepatitis B reactivation in a hepatitis B surface antigen-negative patient after allogeneic bone marrow transplant: successful treatment with lamivudine and seroconversion.  Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2009;  64 80-82
• 341 Vigano M, Vener C, Lampertico P et al. Risk of hepatitis B surface antigen seroreversion after allogeneic hematopoietic SCT.  Bone Marrow Transplant. 2011;  46 125-131
• 342 Knoll A, Boehm S, Hahn J et al. Long-term surveillance of haematopoietic stem cell recipients with resolved hepatitis B: high risk of viral reactivation even in a recipient with a vaccinated donor.  J Viral Hepat. 2007;  14 478-483
• 343 Lau G K, Lok A S, Liang R H et al. Clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen after bone marrow transplantation: role of adoptive immunity transfer.  Hepatology. 1997;  25 1497-1501
• 344 Lau G K, Suri D, Liang R et al. Resolution of chronic hepatitis B and anti-HBs seroconversion in humans by adoptive transfer of immunity to hepatitis B core antigen.  Gastroenterology. 2002;  122 614-624
• 345 Roche B, Samuel D, Gigou M et al. De novo and apparent de novo hepatitis B virus infection after liver transplantation.  J Hepatol. 1997;  26 517-526
• 346 Rokuhara A, Tanaka E, Yagi S et al. De novo infection of hepatitis B virus in patients with orthotopic liver transplantation: analysis by determining complete sequence of the genome.  J Med Virol. 2000;  62 471-478
• 347 Castells L, Vargas V, Rodriguez F et al. Clinical impact and efficacy of lamivudine therapy in de novo hepatitis B infection after liver transplantation.  Liver Transpl. 2002;  8 892-900
• 348 Segovia R, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Rimola A et al. Evidence of serious graft damage induced by de novo hepatitis B virus infection after liver transplantation.  Liver Transpl. 2001;  7 106-112
• 349 Perrillo R. Hepatitis B virus prevention strategies for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen-positive liver donation: a survey of North American, European, and Asian-Pacific transplant programs.  Liver Transpl. 2009;  15 223-232
• 350 Cholongitas E, Papatheodoridis G V, Burroughs A K. Liver grafts from anti-hepatitis B core positive donors: a systematic review.  J Hepatol. 2010;  52 272-279
• 351 Crespo J, Fabrega E, Casafont F et al. Severe clinical course of de novo hepatitis B infection after liver transplantation.  Liver Transpl Surg. 1999;  5 175-183
• 352 Lin C C, Chen C L, Concejero A et al. Active immunization to prevent de novo hepatitis B virus infection in pediatric live donor liver recipients.  Am J Transplant. 2007;  7 195-200
• 353 Su W J, Ho M C, Ni Y H et al. High-titer antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen before liver transplantation can prevent de novo hepatitis B infection.  J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;  48 203-208
• 354 Kim K H, Ahn S H, Chung H Y et al. Hepatitis B virus infection after renal transplantation in the presence of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen immunity.  J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;  19 847-853
• 355 Dickson R C, Everhart J E, Lake J R et al. Transmission of hepatitis B by transplantation of livers from donors positive for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Liver Transplantation Database.  Gastroenterology. 1997;  113 1668-1674
• 356 Douglas D D, Rakela J, Wright T L et al. The clinical course of transplantation-associated de novo hepatitis B infection in the liver transplant recipient.  Liver Transpl Surg. 1997;  3 105-111
• 357 Manzarbeitia C, Reich D J, Ortiz J A et al. Safe use of livers from donors with positive hepatitis B core antibody.  Liver Transpl. 2002;  8 556-561
• 358 Prieto M, Gomez M D, Berenguer M et al. De novo hepatitis B after liver transplantation from hepatitis B core antibody-positive donors in an area with high prevalence of anti-HBc positivity in the donor population.  Liver Transpl. 2001;  7 51-58
• 359 Avelino-Silva V I, D"Albuquerque L A, Bonazzi P R et al. Liver transplant from Anti-HBc-positive, HBsAg-negative donor into HBsAg-negative recipient: is it safe? A systematic review of the literature.  Clin Transplant. 2010;  24 735-746
• 360 Prakoso E, Strasser S I, Koorey D J et al. Long-term lamivudine monotherapy prevents development of hepatitis B virus infection in hepatitis B surface-antigen negative liver transplant recipients from hepatitis B core-antibody-positive donors.  Clin Transplant. 2006;  20 369-373
• 361 Roque-Afonso A M, Feray C, Samuel D et al. Antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen prevent viral reactivation in recipients of liver grafts from anti-HBC positive donors.  Gut. 2002;  50 95-99
• 362 Uemoto S, Inomata Y, Sannomiya A et al. Posttransplant hepatitis B infection in liver transplantation with hepatitis B core antibody-positive donors.  Transplant Proc. 1998;  30 134-135
• 363 Yu A S, Vierling J M, Colquhoun S D et al. Transmission of hepatitis B infection from hepatitis B core antibody--positive liver allografts is prevented by lamivudine therapy.  Liver Transpl. 2001;  7 513-517
• 364 Pan J J, Oh S H, Soldevila-Pico C et al. Low prevalence of HBV DNA in the liver allograft from anti-HBc-positive donors: a single-center experience.  Clin Transplant. 2011;  25 164-170
• 365 Yu L, Koepsell T, Manhart L et al. Survival after orthotopic liver transplantation: the impact of antibody against hepatitis B core antigen in the donor.  Liver Transpl. 2009;  15 1343-1350
• 366 De Feo T M, Poli F, Mozzi F et al. Risk of transmission of hepatitis B virus from anti-HBC positive cadaveric organ donors: a collaborative study.  Transplant Proc. 2005;  37 1238-1239
• 367 Fabrizio F, Bunnapradist S, Martin P. Transplanting kidneys from donors with prior hepatitis B infection: one response to the organ shortage.  J Nephrol. 2002;  15 605-613
• 368 Fytili P, Ciesek S, Manns M P et al. Anti-HBc seroconversion after transplantation of anti-HBc positive nonliver organs to anti-HBc negative recipients.  Transplantation. 2006;  81 808-809
• 369 Hartwig M G, Patel V, Palmer S M et al. Hepatitis B core antibody positive donors as a safe and effective therapeutic option to increase available organs for lung transplantation.  Transplantation. 2005;  80 320-325
• 370 Dhillon G S, Levitt J, Mallidi H et al. Impact of hepatitis B core antibody positive donors in lung and heart-lung transplantation: an analysis of the United Network For Organ Sharing Database.  Transplantation. 2009;  88 842-846
• 371 Veroux M, Puliatti C, Gagliano M et al. Use of hepatitis B core antibody-positive donor kidneys in hepatitis B surface antibody-positive and -negative recipients.  Transplant Proc. 2005;  37 2574-2575
• 372 Tenderich G, Zittermann A, Prohaska W et al. Frequent detection of hepatitis B core antibodies in heart transplant recipients without preceding hepatitis B infection.  Transplant Proc. 2005;  37 4522-4524
• 373 Arslan M, Wiesner R H, Sievers C et al. Double-dose accelerated hepatitis B vaccine in patients with end-stage liver disease.  Liver Transpl. 2001;  7 314-320
• 374 Chalasani N, Smallwood G, Halcomb J et al. Is vaccination against hepatitis B infection indicated in patients waiting for or after orthotopic liver transplantation?.  Liver Transpl Surg. 1998;  4 128-132
• 375 Villeneuve E, Vincelette J, Villeneuve J P. Ineffectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination in cirrhotic patients waiting for liver transplantation.  Can J Gastroenterol. 2000;  14 (Suppl B) 59B-62B
• 376 Charest A F, McDougall J, Goldstein M B. A randomized comparison of intradermal and intramuscular vaccination against hepatitis B virus in incident chronic hemodialysis patients.  Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;  36 976-982
• 377 Idilman R, De MN, Colantoni A et al. The effect of high dose and short interval HBV vaccination in individuals with chronic hepatitis C.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;  97 435-439
• 378 Bonazzi P R, Bacchella T, Freitas A C et al. Double-dose hepatitis B vaccination in cirrhotic patients on a liver transplant waiting list.  Braz J Infect Dis. 2008;  12 306-309
• 379 Aziz A, Aziz S, Li D S et al. Efficacy of repeated high-dose hepatitis B vaccine (80 microg) in patients with chronic liver disease.  J Viral Hepat. 2006;  13 217-221
• 380 Walter J, Radun D, Claus H et al. Hepatitis B and C risk factors in Germany – results of the national surveillance.  Gesundheitswesen. 2005;  67 441-447
• 381 Descos B, Scotto J, Fayol V et al. Anti-HBc screening for the prevention of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in France.  Infection. 1987;  15 434-439
• 382 Seaworth B, Drucker J, Starling J et al. Hepatitis B vaccines in patients with chronic renal failure before dialysis.  J Infect Dis. 1988;  157 332-337
• 383 Brook G. Prevention of viral hepatitis in HIV co-infection.  J Hepatol. 2006;  44 S104-S107
• 384 Kim H N, Harrington R D, Van Rompaey S E et al. Independent clinical predictors of impaired response to hepatitis B vaccination in HIV-infected persons.  Int J STD AIDS. 2008;  19 600-604
• 385 Landrum M L, Huppler Hullsiek K, Ganesan A et al. Hepatitis B vaccine responses in a large U.S. military cohort of HIV-infected individuals: another benefit of HAART in those with preserved CD 4 count.  Vaccine. 2009;  27 4731-4738
• 386 Thierfelder W, Hellenbrand W, Meisel H et al. Prevalence of markers for hepatitis A, B and C in the German population. Results of the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 1998.  Eur J Epidemiol. 2001;  17 429-435
• 387 Coates T, Wilson R, Patrick G et al. Hepatitis B vaccines: assessment of the seroprotective efficacy of two recombinant DNA vaccines.  Clin Ther. 2001;  23 392-403
• 388 Averhoff F, Mahoney F, Coleman P et al. Immunogenicity of hepatitis B Vaccines. Implications for persons at occupational risk of hepatitis B virus infection.  Am J Prev Med. 1998;  15 1-8
• 389 del Canho R, Grosheide P M, Voogd M et al. Immunogenicity of 20 micrograms of recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine in healthy neonates: a comparison of three different vaccination schemes.  J Med Virol. 1993;  41 30-34
• 390 Hadler S C, Francis D P, Maynard J E et al. Long-term immunogenicity and efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in homosexual men.  N Engl J Med. 1986;  315 209-214
• 391 Jilg W, Schmidt M, Deinhardt F. Four-year experience with a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine.  Infection. 1989;  17 70-76
• 392 West D J, Calandra G B. Vaccine induced immunologic memory for hepatitis B surface antigen: implications for policy on booster vaccination.  Vaccine. 1996;  14 1019-1027
• 393 Wainwright R B, Bulkow L R, Parkinson A J et al. Protection provided by hepatitis B vaccine in a Yupik Eskimo population – results of a 10-year study.  J Infect Dis. 1997;  175 674-677
• 394 European Consensus Group on Hepatitis B Immunity . Are booster immunisations needed for lifelong hepatitis B immunity? European Consensus Group on Hepatitis B Immunity.  Lancet. 2000;  355 561-565
• 395 Banatvala J, Van Damme P, Oehen S. Lifelong protection against hepatitis B: the role of vaccine immunogenicity in immune memory.  Vaccine. 2000;  19 877-885
• 396 Bauer T, Jilg W. Hepatitis B surface antigen-specific T and B cell memory in individuals who had lost protective antibodies after hepatitis B vaccination.  Vaccine. 2006;  24 572-577
• 397 Resti M, Azzari C, Mannelli F et al. Ten-year follow-up study of neonatal hepatitis B immunization: are booster injections indicated?.  Vaccine. 1997;  15 1338-1340
• 398 Watson B, West D J, Chilkatowsky A et al. Persistence of immunologic memory for 13 years in recipients of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine.  Vaccine. 2001;  19 3164-3168
• 399 Zanetti A R, Mariano A, Romano L et al. Long-term immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccination and policy for booster: an Italian multicentre study.  Lancet. 2005;  366 1379-1384
• 400 McMahon B J, Dentinger C M, Bruden D et al. Antibody levels and protection after hepatitis B vaccine: results of a 22-year follow-up study and response to a booster dose.  J Infect Dis. 2009;  200 1390-1396
• 401 Poovorawan Y, Chongsrisawat V, Theamboonlers A et al. Long-term benefit of hepatitis B vaccination among children in Thailand with transient hepatitis B virus infection who were born to hepatitis B surface antigen-positive mothers.  J Infect Dis. 2009;  200 33-38
• 402 Liao S S, Li R C, Li H et al. Long-term efficacy of plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine: a 15-year follow-up study among Chinese children.  Vaccine. 1999;  17 2661-2666
• 403 Whittle H, Jaffar S, Wansbrough M et al. Observational study of vaccine efficacy 14 years after trial of hepatitis B vaccination in Gambian children.  BMJ. 2002;  325 569
• 404 Sande M A, Waight P A, Mendy van der M et al. Long-term protection against HBV chronic carriage of Gambian adolescents vaccinated in infancy and immune response in HBV booster trial in adolescence.  PLoS One. 2007;  2 e753
• 405 Wismans P, Hattum van J, Stelling T et al. Effect of supplementary vaccination in healthy non-responders to hepatitis B vaccination.  Hepatogastroenterology. 1988;  35 78-79
• 406 Jilg W, Schmidt M, Deinhardt F. Inoculation failure following hepatitis B vaccination. The effect of additional vaccinations.  Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1990;  115 1545-1548
• 407 Clemens R, Sanger R, Kruppenbacher J et al. Booster immunization of low- and non-responders after a standard three dose hepatitis B vaccine schedule – results of a post-marketing surveillance.  Vaccine. 1997;  15 349-352
• 408 Hasselhorn H M, Kralj N, Hofmann F et al. Non- and low-response after preventive hepatitis B vaccination.  Gesundheitswesen. 1997;  59 321-328
• 409 Rendi-Wagner P, Wiedermann G, Stemberger H et al. New vaccination strategies for low- and non-responders to hepatitis B vaccine.  Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2002;  114 175-180
• 410 Cardell K, Fryden A, Normann B. Intradermal hepatitis B vaccination in health care workers. Response rate and experiences from vaccination in clinical practise.  Scand J Infect Dis. 1999;  31 197-200
• 411 Carlsson T, Struve J, Sonnerborg A et al. The anti-HBs response after 2 different accelerated intradermal and intramuscular schemes for hepatitis B vaccination.  Scand J Infect Dis. 1999;  31 93-95
• 412 Henderson E A, Louie T J, Ramotar K et al. Comparison of higher-dose intradermal hepatitis B vaccination to standard intramuscular vaccination of healthcare workers.  Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000;  21 264-269
• 413 Rahman F, Dahmen A, Herzog-Hauff S et al. Cellular and humoral immune responses induced by intradermal or intramuscular vaccination with the major hepatitis B surface antigen.  Hepatology. 2000;  31 521-527
• 414 Sangare L, Manhart L, Zehrung D et al. Intradermal hepatitis B vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis.  Vaccine. 2009;  27 1777-1786
• 415 Immunisation against hepatitis B.  Lancet. 1988;  1 875-876
• 416 Bruguera M, Rodicio J L, Alcazar J M et al. Effects of different dose levels and vaccination schedules on immune response to a recombinant DNA hepatitis B vaccine in haemodialysis patients.  Vaccine. 1990;  8 (Suppl) S47-S49 ; discussion S 60-S62
• 417 Marangi A L, Giordano R, Montanaro A et al. Hepatitis B virus infection in chronic uremia: long-term follow-up of a two-step integrated protocol of vaccination.  Am J Kidney Dis. 1994;  23 537-542
• 418 Mitwalli A. Responsiveness to hepatitis B vaccine in immunocompromised patients by doubling the dose scheduling.  Nephron. 1996;  73 417-420
• 419 Cruciani M, Mengoli C, Serpelloni G et al. Serologic response to hepatitis B vaccine with high dose and increasing number of injections in HIV infected adult patients.  Vaccine. 2009;  27 17-22
• 420 Rosman A S, Basu P, Galvin K et al. Efficacy of a high and accelerated dose of hepatitis B vaccine in alcoholic patients: a randomized clinical trial.  Am J Med. 1997;  103 217-222
• 421 Mettang T, Schenk U, Thomas S et al. Low-dose intradermal versus intramuscular hepatitis B vaccination in patients with end-stage renal failure. A preliminary study.  Nephron. 1996;  72 192-196
• 422 Propst T, Propst A, Lhotta K et al. Reinforced intradermal hepatitis B vaccination in hemodialysis patients is superior in antibody response to intramuscular or subcutaneous vaccination.  Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;  32 1041-1045
• 423 Barraclough K A, Wiggins K J, Hawley C M et al. Intradermal versus intramuscular hepatitis B vaccination in hemodialysis patients: a prospective open-label randomized controlled trial in nonresponders to primary vaccination.  Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;  54 95-103
• 424 Stevens C E, Alter H J, Taylor P E et al. Hepatitis B vaccine in patients receiving hemodialysis. Immunogenicity and efficacy.  N Engl J Med. 1984;  311 496-501
• 425 Mast E E, Weinbaum C M, Fiore A E et al. A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Part II: immunization of adults.  MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;  55 1-33 ; quiz CE 1–CE4
• 426 Lee C, Gong Y, Brok J et al. Hepatitis B immunisation for newborn infants of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive mothers.  Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;  CD004790
• 427 Mitsui T, Iwano K, Suzuki S et al. Combined hepatitis B immune globulin and vaccine for postexposure prophylaxis of accidental hepatitis B virus infection in hemodialysis staff members: comparison with immune globulin without vaccine in historical controls.  Hepatology. 1989;  10 324-327
• 428 Ayoola E A, Johnson A O. Hepatitis B vaccine in pregnancy: immunogenicity, safety and transfer of antibodies to infants.  Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1987;  25 297-301
• 429 Duclos P. Safety of immunisation and adverse events following vaccination against hepatitis B.  Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2003;  2 225-231
• 430 Robert Koch-Institut . Mitteilung der Ständigen Impfkommission (STIKO) am Robert Koch-Institut: Hinweise für Ärzte zum Aufklärungsbedarf bei Schutzimpfungen/Stand: Januar 2004.  Epidemiologisches Bulletin. 2004;  6 33-52
• 431 Geier M R, Geier D A. Arthritic reactions following hepatitis B vaccination: an analysis of the vaccine adverse events reporting system (VAERS) data from 1990 through 1997.  Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000;  18 (6) 789-790
• 432 Hernan M A, Jick S S, Olek M J et al. Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine and the risk of multiple sclerosis: a prospective study.  Neurology. 2004;  63 838-842
• 433 Girard M. Autoimmune hazards of hepatitis B vaccine.  Autoimmun Rev. 2005;  4 96-100
• 434 Sadovnick A D, Scheifele D W. School-based hepatitis B vaccination programme and adolescent multiple sclerosis.  Lancet. 2000;  355 (9203) 549-550
• 435 Monteyne P, Andre F E. Is there a causal link between hepatitis B vaccination and multiple sclerosis?.  Vaccine. 2000;  18 1994-2001
• 436 Ascherio A, Zhang S M, Hernan M A et al. Hepatitis B vaccination and the risk of multiple sclerosis.  N Engl J Med. 2001;  344 327-332
• 437 Confavreux C, Suissa S, Saddier P et al. Vaccinations and the risk of relapse in multiple sclerosis. Vaccines in Multiple Sclerosis Study Group.  N Engl J Med. 2001;  344 319-326
• 438 Schattner A. Consequence or coincidence? The occurrence, pathogenesis and significance of autoimmune manifestations after viral vaccines.  Vaccine. 2005;  23 3876-3886
• 439 Smedile A, Farci P, Verme G et al. Influence of delta infection on severity of hepatitis B.  Lancet. 1982;  2 945-947
• 440 Caredda F, Rossi E, d"Arminio Monforte A et al. Hepatitis B virus-associated coinfection and superinfection with delta agent: indistinguishable disease with different outcome.  J Infect Dis. 1985;  151 925-928
• 441 Govindarajan S, Chin K P, Redeker A G et al. Fulminant B viral hepatitis: role of delta agent.  Gastroenterology. 1984;  86 1417-1420
• 442 Hadler S C, De Monzon M, Ponzetto A et al. Delta virus infection and severe hepatitis. An epidemic in the Yucpa Indians of Venezuela.  Ann Intern Med. 1984;  100 339-344
• 443 Le Gal F, Gault E, Ripault M P et al. Eighth major clade for hepatitis delta virus.  Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;  12 1447-1450
• 444 Su C W, Huang Y H, Huo T I et al. Genotypes and viremia of hepatitis B and D viruses are associated with outcomes of chronic hepatitis D patients.  Gastroenterology. 2006;  130 1625-1635
• 445 Huo T I, Wu J C, Lai C R et al. Comparison of clinico-pathological features in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma with or without hepatitis D virus superinfection.  J Hepatol. 1996;  25 439-444
• 446 Liaw Y F, Chen Y C, Sheen I S et al. Impact of acute hepatitis C virus superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.  Gastroenterology. 2004;  126 1024-1029
• 447 Fattovich G, Boscaro S, Noventa F et al. Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis type B.  J Infect Dis. 1987;  155 931-935
• 448 Fattovich G, Giustina G, Christensen E et al. Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type B. The European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis (Eurohep).  Gut. 2000;  46 420-426
• 449 Rizzetto M, Verme G, Recchia S et al. Chronic hepatitis in carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen, with intrahepatic expression of the delta antigen. An active and progressive disease unresponsive to immunosuppressive treatment.  Ann Intern Med. 1983;  98 437-441
• 450 Saracco G, Rosina F, Brunetto M R et al. Rapidly progressive HBsAg-positive hepatitis in Italy. The role of hepatitis delta virus infection.  J Hepatol. 1987;  5 274-281
• 451 Romeo R, Del Ninno E, Rumi M et al. A 28-year study of the course of hepatitis Delta infection: a risk factor for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.  Gastroenterology. 2009;  136 1629-1638
• 452 Verme G, Brunetto M R, Oliveri F et al. Role of hepatitis delta virus infection in hepatocellular carcinoma.  Dig Dis Sci. 1991;  36 1134-1136
• 453 Oyunsuren T, Kurbanov F, Tanaka Y et al. High frequency of hepatocellular carcinoma in Mongolia, association with mono-, or co-infection with hepatitis C, B, and delta viruses.  J Med Virol. 2006;  78 1688-1695
• 454 Niro G A, Rosina F, Rizzetto M. Treatment of hepatitis D.  J Viral Hepat. 2005;  12 2-9
• 455 Niro G A, Ciancio A, Gaeta G B et al. Pegylated interferon alpha-2b as monotherapy or in combination with ribavirin in chronic hepatitis delta.  Hepatology. 2006;  44 713-720
• 456 Erhardt A, Gerlich W, Starke C et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis delta with pegylated interferon alpha-2b.  Liver Int. 2006;  26 805-810
• 457 Gunsar F, Akarca U S, Ersoz G et al. Two-year interferon therapy with or without ribavirin in chronic delta hepatitis.  Antivir Ther. 2005;  10 721-726
• 458 Lau D T, Kleiner D E, Park Y et al. Resolution of chronic delta hepatitis after 12 years of interferon alpha therapy.  Gastroenterology. 1999;  117 1229-1233
• 459 Yurdaydin C, Bozkaya H, Onder F O et al. Treatment of chronic delta hepatitis with lamivudine vs lamivudine +  interferon vs interferon.  J Viral Hepat. 2008;  15 314-321
• 460 Farci P, Mandas A, Coiana A et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis D with interferon alpha-2a.  N Engl J Med. 1994;  330 88-94
• 461 Madejon A, Cotonat T, Bartolome J et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis D virus infection with low and high doses of interferon-alpha 2a: utility of polymerase chain reaction in monitoring antiviral response.  Hepatology. 1994;  19 1331-1336
• 462 Rosina F, Pintus C, Meschievitz C et al. A randomized controlled trial of a 12-month course of recombinant human interferon-alpha in chronic delta (type D) hepatitis: a multicenter Italian study.  Hepatology. 1991;  13 1052-1056
• 463 Rosina F, Rizzetto M. Treatment of chronic type D (delta) hepatitis with alpha interferon.  Semin Liver Dis. 1989;  9 264-266
• 464 Di Marco V, Giacchino R, Timitilli A et al. Long-term interferon-alpha treatment of children with chronic hepatitis delta: a multicentre study.  J Viral Hepat. 1996;  3 123-128
• 465 Farci P, Roskams T, Chessa L et al. Long-term benefit of interferon alpha therapy of chronic hepatitis D: regression of advanced hepatic fibrosis.  Gastroenterology. 2004;  126 1740-1749
• 466 Niro G A, Ciancio A, Tillman H L et al. Lamivudine therapy in chronic delta hepatitis: a multicentre randomized-controlled pilot study.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;  22 227-232
• 467 Yurdaydin C, Bozkaya H, Gurel S et al. Famciclovir treatment of chronic delta hepatitis.  J Hepatol. 2002;  37 266-271
• 468 Lau D T, Doo E, Park Y et al. Lamivudine for chronic delta hepatitis.  Hepatology. 1999;  30 546-549
• 469 Garripoli A, Di Marco V, Cozzolongo R et al. Ribavirin treatment for chronic hepatitis D: a pilot study.  Liver. 1994;  14 154-157
• 470 Wolters L M, Nunen A B, Honkoop van P et al. Lamivudine-high dose interferon combination therapy for chronic hepatitis B patients co-infected with the hepatitis D virus.  J Viral Hepat. 2000;  7 428-434
• 471 Sheldon J, Ramos B, Toro C et al. Does treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection reduce hepatitis delta virus (HDV) replication in HIV-HBV-HDV-coinfected patients?.  Antivir Ther. 2008;  13 97-102
• 472 Lucey M R, Graham D M, Martin P et al. Recurrence of hepatitis B and delta hepatitis after orthotopic liver transplantation.  Gut. 1992;  33 1390-1396
• 473 Rizzetto M, Macagno S, Chiaberge E et al. Liver transplantation in hepatitis delta virus disease.  Lancet. 1987;  2 469-471
• 474 Samuel D, Zignego A L, Reynes M et al. Long-term clinical and virological outcome after liver transplantation for cirrhosis caused by chronic delta hepatitis.  Hepatology. 1995;  21 333-339
• 475 Rifai K, Wedemeyer H, Rosenau J et al. Longer survival of liver transplant recipients with hepatitis virus coinfections.  Clin Transplant. 2007;  21 258-264
• 476 Sagnelli E, Coppola N, Pisaturo M et al. HBV superinfection in HCV chronic carriers: a disease that is frequently severe but associated with the eradication of HCV.  Hepatology. 2009;  49 1090-1097
• 477 Sagnelli E, Coppola N, Scolastico C et al. Virologic and clinical expressions of reciprocal inhibitory effect of hepatitis B, C, and delta viruses in patients with chronic hepatitis.  Hepatology. 2000;  32 1106-1110
• 478 Zarski J P, Bohn B, Bastie A et al. Characteristics of patients with dual infection by hepatitis B and C viruses.  J Hepatol. 1998;  28 27-33
• 479 Amin J, Law M G, Bartlett M et al. Causes of death after diagnosis of hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection: a large community-based linkage study.  Lancet. 2006;  368 938-945
• 480 Di Marco V, Lo Iacono O, Camma C et al. The long-term course of chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 1999;  30 257-264
• 481 Chen Y C, Sheen I S, Chu C M et al. Prognosis following spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance in chronic hepatitis B patients with or without concurrent infection.  Gastroenterology. 2002;  123 1084-1089
• 482 Ilan Y, Ashur Y, Tur-Kaspa R et al. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection with exposure to hepatitis B virus.  Isr J Med Sci. 1994;  30 259-263
• 483 Benvegnu L, Fattovich G, Noventa F et al. Concurrent hepatitis B and C virus infection and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. A prospective study.  Cancer. 1994;  74 2442-2448
• 484 Donato F, Boffetta P, Puoti M. A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies on the combined effect of hepatitis B and C virus infections in causing hepatocellular carcinoma.  Int J Cancer. 1998;  75 347-354
• 485 Shi J, Zhu L, Liu S et al. A meta-analysis of case-control studies on the combined effect of hepatitis B and C virus infections in causing hepatocellular carcinoma in China.  Br J Cancer. 2005;  92 607-612
• 486 Cacciola I, Pollicino T, Squadrito G et al. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C liver disease.  N Engl J Med. 1999;  341 22-26
• 487 Hui C K, Lau E, Wu H et al. Fibrosis progression in chronic hepatitis C patients with occult hepatitis B co-infection.  J Clin Virol. 2006;  35 185-192
• 488 Raimondo G, Navarra G, Mondello S et al. Occult hepatitis B virus in liver tissue of individuals without hepatic disease.  J Hepatol. 2008;  48 743-746
• 489 Chen L W, Chien R N, Yen C L et al. Therapeutic effects of pegylated interferon plus ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C patients with occult hepatitis B virus dual infection.  J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;  25 259-263
• 490 Levast M, Larrat S, Thelu M A et al. Prevalence and impact of occult hepatitis B infection in chronic hepatitis C patients treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin.  J Med Virol. 2010;  82 747-754
• 491 Fukuda R, Ishimura N, Niigaki M et al. Serologically silent hepatitis B virus coinfection in patients with hepatitis C virus-associated chronic liver disease: clinical and virological significance.  J Med Virol. 1999;  58 201-207
• 492 Sagnelli E, Coppola N, Scolastico C et al. HCV genotype and „silent” HBV coinfection: two main risk factors for a more severe liver disease.  J Med Virol. 2001;  64 350-355
• 493 Liu C J, Chen P J, Lai M Y et al. Ribavirin and interferon is effective for hepatitis C virus clearance in hepatitis B and C dually infected patients.  Hepatology. 2003;  37 568-576
• 494 Chuang W L, Dai C Y, Chang W Y et al. Viral interaction and responses in chronic hepatitis C and B coinfected patients with interferon-alpha plus ribavirin combination therapy.  Antivir Ther. 2005;  10 125-133
• 495 Hung C H, Lee C M, Lu S N et al. Combination therapy with interferon-alpha and ribavirin in patients with dual hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infection.  J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;  20 727-732
• 496 Potthoff A, Wedemeyer H, Boecher W O et al. The HEP-NET B/C co-infection trial: A prospective multicenter study to investigate the efficacy of pegylated interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin in patients with HBV/HCV co-infection.  J Hepatol. 2008;  49 688-694
• 497 Liu C J, Chuang W L, Lee C M et al. Peginterferon alpha-2a plus ribavirin for the treatment of dual chronic infection with hepatitis B and C viruses.  Gastroenterology. 2009;  136 496-504.e3
• 498 Potthoff A, Berg T, Wedemeyer H. Late hepatitis B virus relapse in patients co-infected with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus after antiviral treatment with pegylated interferon-a2b and ribavirin.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 2009;  44 1487-1490
• 499 Liaw Y F, Chien R N, Lin S M et al. Response of patients with dual hepatitis B virus and C virus infection to interferon therapy.  J Interferon Cytokine Res. 1997;  17 449-452
• 500 Bodsworth N J, Cooper D A, Donovan B. The influence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on the development of the hepatitis B virus carrier state.  J Infect Dis. 1991;  163 1138-1140
• 501 Hadler S C, Judson F N, O"Malley P M et al. Outcome of hepatitis B virus infection in homosexual men and its relation to prior human immunodeficiency virus infection.  J Infect Dis. 1991;  163 454-459
• 502 Chun H M, Fieberg A M, Hullsiek K H et al. Epidemiology of Hepatitis B virus infection in a US cohort of HIV-infected individuals during the past 20 years.  Clin Infect Dis. 2010;  50 426-436
• 503 Nikolopoulos G K, Paraskevis D, Hatzitheodorou E et al. Impact of hepatitis B virus infection on the progression of AIDS and mortality in HIV-infected individuals: a cohort study and meta-analysis.  Clin Infect Dis. 2009;  48 1763-1771
• 504 Larsen C, Pialoux G, Salmon D et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C and hepatitis B infection in the HIV-infected population of France, 2004.  Euro Surveill. 2008;  13 pii: 18888
• 505 Omland L H, Weis N, Skinhoj P et al. Impact of hepatitis B virus co-infection on response to highly active antiretroviral treatment and outcome in HIV-infected individuals: a nationwide cohort study.  HIV Med. 2008;  9 300-306
• 506 Konopnicki D, Mocroft A, Wit de S et al. Hepatitis B and HIV: prevalence, AIDS progression, response to highly active antiretroviral therapy and increased mortality in the EuroSIDA cohort.  AIDS. 2005;  19 593-601
• 507 Soriano V, Mocroft A, Peters L et al. Predictors of hepatitis B virus genotype and viraemia in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis B in Europe.  J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;  65 548-555
• 508 Bodsworth N, Donovan B, Nightingale B N. The effect of concurrent human immunodeficiency virus infection on chronic hepatitis B: a study of 150 homosexual men.  J Infect Dis. 1989;  160 577-582
• 509 Thio C L, Seaberg E C, Skolasky R J et al. HIV-1, hepatitis B virus, and risk of liver-related mortality in the Multicenter Cohort Study (MACS).  Lancet. 2002;  360 1921-1926
• 510 Monforte A, Abrams D, Pradier C et al. HIV-induced immunodeficiency and mortality from AIDS-defining and non-AIDS-defining malignancies.  AIDS. 2008;  22 2143-2153
• 511 Weber R, Sabin C A, Friis-Moller N et al. Liver-related deaths in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: the D:A:D study.  Arch Intern Med. 2006;  166 1632-1641
• 512 Clifford G M, Rickenbach M, Polesel J et al. Influence of HIV-related immunodeficiency on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.  AIDS. 2008;  22 2135-2141
• 513 Miailhes P, Trabaud M A, Pradat P et al. Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the natural history of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV coinfection: relationship between prolonged efficacy of HAART and HBV surface and early antigen seroconversion.  Clin Infect Dis. 2007;  45 624-632
• 514 Nunez M, Ramos B, Diaz-Pollan B et al. Virological outcome of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-coinfected patients receiving anti-HBV active antiretroviral therapy.  AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2006;  22 842-848
• 515 Landrum M L, Fieberg A M, Chun H M et al. The effect of human immunodeficiency virus on hepatitis B virus serologic status in co-infected adults.  PLoS One. 2010;  5 e8687
• 516 Matthews G V, Cooper D A, Dore G J. Improvements in parameters of end-stage liver disease in patients with HIV/HBV-related cirrhosis treated with tenofovir.  Antivir Ther. 2007;  12 119-122
• 517 Osborn M K, Guest J L, Rimland D. Hepatitis B virus and HIV coinfection: relationship of different serological patterns to survival and liver disease.  HIV Med. 2007;  8 271-279
• 518 Puoti M, Torti C, Bruno R et al. Natural history of chronic hepatitis B in co-infected patients.  J Hepatol. 2006;  44 S65-S70
• 519 Rockstroh J K. Influence of viral hepatitis on HIV infection.  J Hepatol. 2006;  44 S25-S27
• 520 Hoffmann C J, Seaberg E C, Young S et al. Hepatitis B and long-term HIV outcomes in coinfected HAART recipients.  AIDS. 2009;  23 1881-1889
• 521 Martinez E, Blanco J L, Arnaiz J A et al. Hepatotoxicity in HIV-1-infected patients receiving nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy.  AIDS. 2001;  15 1261-1268
• 522 Spengler U, Lichterfeld M, Rockstroh J K. Antiretroviral drug toxicity – a challenge for the hepatologist?.  J Hepatol. 2002;  36 283-294
• 523 Wit F W, Weverling G J, Weel J et al. Incidence of and risk factors for severe hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral combination therapy.  J Infect Dis. 2002;  186 23-31
• 524 Cicconi P, Cozzi-Lepri A, Phillips A et al. Is the increased risk of liver enzyme elevation in patients co-infected with HIV and hepatitis virus greater in those taking antiretroviral therapy?.  AIDS. 2007;  21 599-606
• 525 Rachlis A, Clotet B, Baxter J et al. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of darunavir (TMC114) with low-dose ritonavir in treatment-experienced, hepatitis B or C co-infected patients in POWER 1 and 3.  HIV Clin Trials. 2007;  8 213-220
• 526 Torti C, Lapadula G, Uccelli M C et al. Influence of viral chronic hepatitis co-infection on plasma drug concentrations and liver transaminase elevations upon therapy switch in HIV-positive patients.  Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007;  29 185-190
• 527 Palacios R, Vergara S, Rivero A et al. Low incidence of severe liver events in HIV patients with and without hepatitis C or B coinfection receiving lopinavir/ritonavir.  HIV Clin Trials. 2006;  7 319-323
• 528 Mocroft A, Soriano V, Rockstroh J et al. Is there evidence for an increase in the death rate from liver-related disease in patients with HIV?.  AIDS. 2005;  19 2117-2125
• 529 Walker U A, Bauerle J, Laguno M et al. Depletion of mitochondrial DNA in liver under antiretroviral therapy with didanosine, stavudine, or zalcitabine.  Hepatology. 2004;  39 311-317
• 530 Chauvel O, Lacombe K, Bonnard P et al. Risk factors for acute liver enzyme abnormalities in HIV-hepatitis B virus-coinfected patients on antiretroviral therapy.  Antivir Ther. 2007;  12 1115-1126
• 531 Guitton E, Montastruc J L, Lapeyre-Mestre M. Influence of HCV or HBV coinfection on adverse drug reactions to antiretroviral drugs in HIV patients.  Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;  62 243-249
• 532 Pineda J A, Santos J, Rivero A et al. Liver toxicity of antiretroviral combinations including atazanavir/ritonavir in patients co-infected with HIV and hepatitis viruses: impact of pre-existing liver fibrosis.  J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;  61 925-932
• 533 Crane M, Oliver B, Matthews G et al. Immunopathogenesis of hepatic flare in HIV/hepatitis B virus (HBV)-coinfected individuals after the initiation of HBV-active antiretroviral therapy.  J Infect Dis. 2009;  199 974-981
• 534 Dore G J, Soriano V, Rockstroh J et al. Frequent hepatitis B virus rebound among HIV-hepatitis B virus-coinfected patients following antiretroviral therapy interruption.  AIDS. 2010;  24 857-865
• 535 Tedaldi E, Peters L, Neuhaus J et al. Opportunistic disease and mortality in patients coinfected with hepatitis B or C virus in the strategic management of antiretroviral therapy (SMART) study.  Clin Infect Dis. 2008;  47 1468-1475
• 536 Castellares C, Barreiro P, Martin-Carbonero L et al. Liver cirrhosis in HIV-infected patients: prevalence, aetiology and clinical outcome.  J Viral Hepat. 2008;  15 165-172
• 537 Murillas J, Rimola A, Laguno M et al. The model for end-stage liver disease score is the best prognostic factor in human immunodeficiency virus 1-infected patients with end-stage liver disease: a prospective cohort study.  Liver Transpl. 2009;  15 1133-1141
• 538 Rockstroh J K, Bhagani S, Benhamou Y et al. European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) guidelines for the clinical management and treatment of chronic hepatitis B and C coinfection in HIV-infected adults.  HIV Med. 2008;  9 82-88
• 539 McDonald J A, Harris S, Waters J A et al. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on chronic hepatitis B hepatic viral antigen display.  J Hepatol. 1987;  4 337-342
• 540 Wong D K, Yim C, Naylor C D et al. Interferon alpha treatment of chronic hepatitis B: randomized trial in a predominantly homosexual male population.  Gastroenterology. 1995;  108 165-171
• 541 Chen D K, Yim C, O"Rourke K et al. Long-term follow-up of a randomized trial of interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis B in a predominantly homosexual male population.  J Hepatol. 1999;  30 557-563
• 542 Martino di V, Lunel F, Cadranel J F et al. Long-term effects of interferon-alpha in five HIV-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B.  J Viral Hepat. 1996;  3 253-260
• 543 Di Martino V, Thevenot T, Colin J F et al. Influence of HIV infection on the response to interferon therapy and the long-term outcome of chronic hepatitis B.  Gastroenterology. 2002;  123 1812-1822
• 544 Marcellin P, Boyer N, Colin J F et al. Recombinant alpha interferon for chronic hepatitis B in anti-HIV positive patients receiving zidovudine.  Gut. 1993;  34 S106
• 545 Soriano V, Puoti M, Bonacini M et al. Care of patients with chronic hepatitis B and HIV co-infection: recommendations from an HIV-HBV International Panel.  AIDS. 2005;  19 221-240
• 546 Di Martino V, Thevenot T, Boyer N et al. Serum alanine transaminase level is a good predictor of response to interferon alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis B in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.  Hepatology. 2000;  31 1030-1031
• 547 Wong D K, Cheung A M, O"Rourke K et al. Effect of alpha-interferon treatment in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. A meta-analysis.  Ann Intern Med. 1993;  119 312-323
• 548 Benhamou Y, Bochet M, Thibault V et al. Long-term incidence of hepatitis B virus resistance to lamivudine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.  Hepatology. 1999;  30 1302-1306
• 549 Dore G J, Cooper D A, Barrett C et al. Dual efficacy of lamivudine treatment in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis B virus-coinfected persons in a randomized, controlled study (CAESAR). The CAESAR Coordinating Committee.  J Infect Dis. 1999;  180 607-613
• 550 Hoff J, Bani-Sadr F, Gassin M et al. Evaluation of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in coinfected patients receiving lamivudine as a component of anti-human immunodeficiency virus regimens.  Clin Infect Dis. 2001;  32 963-969
• 551 Johnson R M, Ristig M B, Overton E T et al. Safety and tolerability of sequential pegylated IFN-alpha-2a and tenofovir for hepatitis B infection in HIV(+ ) individuals.  HIV Clin Trials. 2007;  8 173-181
• 552 Puoti M, Cozzi-Lepri A, Paraninfo G et al. Impact of lamivudine on the risk of liver-related death in 2,041 HBsAg- and HIV-positive individuals: results from an inter-cohort analysis.  Antivir Ther. 2006;  11 567-574
• 553 Matthews G V, Bartholomeusz A, Locarnini S et al. Characteristics of drug resistant HBV in an international collaborative study of HIV-HBV-infected individuals on extended lamivudine therapy.  AIDS. 2006;  20 863-870
• 554 Kamili S, Sozzi V, Thompson G et al. Efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine against antiviral drug-resistant hepatitis B virus mutants in the chimpanzee model.  Hepatology. 2009;  49 1483-1491
• 555 Sheldon J, Ramos B, Garcia-Samaniego J et al. Selection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine escape mutants in HBV-infected and HBV/HIV-coinfected patients failing antiretroviral drugs with anti-HBV activity.  J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;  46 279-282
• 556 Delaugerre C, Marcelin A G, Thibault V et al. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Type 1 reverse transcriptase resistance mutations in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-HIV-coinfected patients treated for HBV chronic infection once daily with 10 milligrams of adefovir dipivoxil combined with lamivudine.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;  46 1586-1588
• 557 Sheldon J A, Corral A, Rodes B et al. Risk of selecting K 65R in antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected individuals with chronic hepatitis B treated with adefovir.  AIDS. 2005;  19 2036-2038
• 558 Sheldon J, Camino N, Rodes B et al. Selection of hepatitis B virus polymerase mutations in HIV-coinfected patients treated with tenofovir.  Antivir Ther. 2005;  10 727-734
• 559 Audsley J, Arrifin N, Yuen L K et al. Prolonged use of tenofovir in HIV/hepatitis B virus (HBV)-coinfected individuals does not lead to HBV polymerase mutations and is associated with persistence of lamivudine HBV polymerase mutations.  HIV Med. 2009;  10 229-235
• 560 Tan J, Degertekin B, Wong S N et al. Tenofovir monotherapy is effective in hepatitis B patients with antiviral treatment failure to adefovir in the absence of adefovir-resistant mutations.  J Hepatol. 2008;  48 391-398
• 561 Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Herbers U, Sheldon J et al. The rtA194 T polymerase mutation impacts viral replication and susceptibility to tenofovir in hepatitis B e antigen-positive and hepatitis B e antigen-negative hepatitis B virus strains.  Hepatology. 2009;  49 1158-1165
• 562 Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Vucur M, Luedde T et al. Differential impact of immune escape mutations G 145R and P 120 T on the replication of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus e antigen-positive and -negative strains.  J Virol. 2010;  84 1026-1033
• 563 Lin P F, Nowicka-Sans B, Terry B et al. Entecavir exhibits inhibitory activity against human immunodeficiency virus under conditions of reduced viral challenge.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;  52 1759-1767
• 564 McMahon M A, Jilek B L, Brennan T P et al. The HBV drug entecavir – effects on HIV-1 replication and resistance.  N Engl J Med. 2007;  356 2614-2621
• 565 Sasadeusz J, Audsley J, Mijch A et al. The anti-HIV activity of entecavir: a multicentre evaluation of lamivudine-experienced and lamivudine-naive patients.  AIDS. 2008;  22 947-955
• 566 Lin K, Karwowska S, Lam E et al. Telbivudine exhibits no inhibitory activity against HIV-1 clinical isolates in vitro.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;  54 2670-2673
• 567 Low E, Cox A, Atkins M et al. Telbivudine has activity against HIV-1.  AIDS. 2009;  23 546-547
• 568 Milazzo L, Caramma I, Lai A et al. Telbivudine in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: experience in HIV type-1-infected patients naive for antiretroviral therapy.  Antivir Ther. 2009;  14 869-872
• 569 Bellini C, Keiser O, Chave J P et al. Liver enzyme elevation after lamivudine withdrawal in HIV-hepatitis B virus co-infected patients: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study.  HIV Med. 2009;  10 12-18
• 570 Lim S G, Krastev Z, Ng T M et al. Randomized, double-blind study of emtricitabine (FTC) plus clevudine versus FTC alone in treatment of chronic hepatitis B.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;  50 1642-1648
• 571 Matthews G V, Avihingsanon A, Lewin S R et al. A randomized trial of combination hepatitis B therapy in HIV/HBV coinfected antiretroviral naive individuals in Thailand.  Hepatology. 2008;  48 1062-1069
• 572 Matthews G V, Seaberg E, Dore G J et al. Combination HBV therapy is linked to greater HBV DNA suppression in a cohort of lamivudine-experienced HIV/HBV coinfected individuals.  AIDS. 2009;  23 1707-1715
• 573 Pineda J A, Romero-Gomez M, Diaz-Garcia F et al. HIV coinfection shortens the survival of patients with hepatitis C virus-related decompensated cirrhosis.  Hepatology. 2005;  41 779-789
• 574 Ragni M V, Eghtesad B, Schlesinger K W et al. Pretransplant survival is shorter in HIV-positive than HIV-negative subjects with end-stage liver disease.  Liver Transpl. 2005;  11 1425-1430
• 575 Neff G W, Bonham A, Tzakis A G et al. Orthotopic liver transplantation in patients with human immunodeficiency virus and end-stage liver disease.  Liver Transpl. 2003;  9 239-247
• 576 Ragni M V, Belle S H, Im K et al. Survival of human immunodeficiency virus-infected liver transplant recipients.  J Infect Dis. 2003;  188 1412-1420
• 577 Mindikoglu A L, Regev A, Magder L S. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus on survival after liver transplantation: analysis of United Network for Organ Sharing database.  Transplantation. 2008;  85 359-368
• 578 Coffin C S, Stock P G, Dove L M et al. Virologic and clinical outcomes of hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-HBV coinfected transplant recipients.  Am J Transplant. 2010;  10 1268-1275
• 579 Arribas J R, Gonzalez-Garcia J J, Lorenzo A et al. Single (B or C), dual (BC or BD) and triple (BCD) viral hepatitis in HIV-infected patients in Madrid, Spain.  AIDS. 2005;  19 1361-1365
• 580 Buti M, Jardi R, Allende H et al. Chronic delta hepatitis: is the prognosis worse when associated with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus infections?.  J Med Virol. 1996;  49 66-69
• 581 Sheng W H, Hung C C, Kao J H et al. Impact of hepatitis D virus infection on the long-term outcomes of patients with hepatitis B virus and HIV coinfection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: a matched cohort study.  Clin Infect Dis. 2007;  44 988-995
• 582 Mathurin P, Thibault V, Kadidja K et al. Replication status and histological features of patients with triple (B, C, D) and dual (B, C) hepatic infections.  J Viral Hepat. 2000;  7 15-22
• 583 Weltman M D, Brotodihardjo A, Crewe E B et al. Coinfection with hepatitis B and C or B, C and delta viruses results in severe chronic liver disease and responds poorly to interferon-alpha treatment.  J Viral Hepat. 1995;  2 39-45
• 584 Raimondo G, Brunetto M R, Pontisso P et al. Longitudinal evaluation reveals a complex spectrum of virological profiles in hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients.  Hepatology. 2006;  43 100-107
• 585 Lacombe K, Boyd A, Desvarieux M et al. Impact of chronic hepatitis C and/or D on liver fibrosis severity in patients co-infected with HIV and hepatitis B virus.  AIDS. 2007;  21 2546-2549
• 586 Pontisso P, Ruvoletto M G, Fattovich G et al. Clinical and virological profiles in patients with multiple hepatitis virus infections.  Gastroenterology. 1993;  105 1529-1533
• 587 Liaw Y F, Tsai S L, Sheen I S et al. Clinical and virological course of chronic hepatitis B virus infection with hepatitis C and D virus markers.  Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;  93 354-359
• 588 Jardi R, Rodriguez F, Buti M et al. Role of hepatitis B, C, D viruses in dual and triple infection: influence of viral genotypes and hepatitis B precore and basal core promoter mutations on viral replicative interference.  Hepatology. 2001;  34 404-410
• 589 Heidrich B, Deterding K, Tillmann H L et al. Virological and clinical characteristics of delta hepatitis in Central Europe.  J Viral Hepat. 2009;  16 883-894
• 590 Antonucci G, Vairo F, Iacomi F et al. Role of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D virus and other determinants on suppression of hepatitis C viraemia in HIV infected patients with chronic HCV infection: a longitudinal evaluation.  Scand J Infect Dis. 2008;  40 928-934
• 591 Maida I, Rios M J, Perez-Saleme L et al. Profile of patients triply infected with HIV and the hepatitis B and C viruses in the HAART era.  AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2008;  24 679-683
• 592 Morsica G, Bagaglio S, Cicconi P et al. Viral interference between hepatitis B, C, and D viruses in dual and triple infections in HIV-positive patients.  J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;  51 574-581
• 593 Boyd A, Lacombe K, Miailhes P et al. Longitudinal evaluation of viral interactions in treated HIV-hepatitis B co-infected patients with additional hepatitis C and D virus.  J Viral Hepat. 2010;  17 65-76
• 594 Soriano V, Barreiro P, Martin-Carbonero L et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B or C in HIV-infected patients with dual viral hepatitis.  J Infect Dis. 2007;  195 1181-1183
• 595 Sarrazin C, Berg T, Ross R S et al. Prophylaxis, diagnosis and therapy of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection: the German guidelines on the management of HCV infection.  Z Gastroenterol. 2010;  48 289-351
• 596 Thomas H C, Lemon S, Zuckerman A J. Viral Hepatitis. Malden, MA Blackwell Publishing; 2005
• 597 Ranger-Rogez S, Denis F. Hepatitis B mother-to-child transmission.  Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2004;  2 133-145
• 598 Tabor E. Infections by hepatitis B surface antigen gene mutants in Europe and North America.  J Med Virol. 2006;  78 (Suppl 1) S43-S47
• 599 Gigliotti A R, Fioredda F, Giacchino R. Hepatitis B and C infection in children undergoing chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation.  J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2003;  25 184-192
• 600 Lackner H, Moser A, Benesch M et al. Serological and molecular response on combined antiviral treatment in children with chronic hepatitis B after pediatric malignancy.  J Clin Virol. 2002;  25 (Suppl 3) S73-S79
• 601 Kelly D. Viral hepatitis in children.  Adv Exp Med Biol. 2004;  549 83-90
• 602 Bortolotti F, Guido M, Bartolacci S et al. Chronic hepatitis B in children after e antigen seroclearance: final report of a 29-year longitudinal study.  Hepatology. 2006;  43 556-562
• 603 Lok A S, Lai C L. A longitudinal follow-up of asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen-positive Chinese children.  Hepatology. 1988;  8 1130-1133
• 604 Wintermeyer P, Gerner P, Gehring S et al. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus precore stop codon mutations in chronically infected children.  World J Gastroenterol. 2006;  12 2235-2238
• 605 Deutsch J, Wirth S. Konsens über die Behandlung der chronischen Hepatitis B im Kindesalter.  Monatsschr Kinderheilkd. 2002;  150 625-629
• 606 Laubscher B, Gehri M, Roulet M et al. Survival of infantile fulminant hepatitis B and treatment with Lamivudine.  J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;  40 518-520
• 607 Hartman C, Berkowitz D, Eshach-Adiv O et al. Long-term lamivudine therapy for chronic hepatitis B infection in children unresponsive to interferon.  J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;  43 494-498
• 608 Bortolotti F, Jara P, Barbera C et al. Long term effect of alpha interferon in children with chronic hepatitis B.  Gut. 2000;  46 715-718
• 609 Jonas M M, Mizerski J, Badia I B et al. Clinical trial of lamivudine in children with chronic hepatitis B.  N Engl J Med. 2002;  346 1706-1713
• 610 Hom X, Little N R, Gardner S D et al. Predictors of virologic response to Lamivudine treatment in children with chronic hepatitis B infection.  Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;  23 441-445
• 611 Vo Thi Diem H, Bourgois A, Bontems P et al. Chronic hepatitis B infection: long term comparison of children receiving interferon alpha and untreated controls.  J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;  40 141-145
• 612 Sokal E. Drug treatment of pediatric chronic hepatitis B.  Paediatr Drugs. 2002;  4 361-369
• 613 Bortolotti F. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B in children.  J Hepatol. 2003;  39 (Suppl 1) S200-S205
• 614 Dikici B, Bosnak M, Bosnak V et al. Combination therapy for children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection.  J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002;  17 1087-1091
• 615 Dikici B, Ozgenc F, Kalayci A G et al. Current therapeutic approaches in childhood chronic hepatitis B infection: a multicenter study.  J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;  19 127-133
• 616 Maria Elzbieta S L, Marek L D. Histological outcome of chronic hepatitis B in children treated with interferon alpha.  World J Gastroenterol. 2005;  11 7179-7182
• 617 Saltik-Temizel I N, Kocak N, Demir H. Interferon-alpha and lamivudine combination therapy of children with chronic hepatitis b infection who were interferon-alpha nonresponders.  Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;  23 466-468
• 618 Zuccotti G V, Cucchi C, Gracchi V et al. A 1-year trial of lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B in children.  J Int Med Res. 2002;  30 200-202
• 619 Ni Y H, Huang F C, Wu T C et al. Lamivudine treatment in maternally transmitted chronic hepatitis B virus infection patients.  Pediatr Int. 2005;  47 372-377
• 620 D"Antiga L, Aw M, Atkins M et al. Combined lamivudine/interferon-alpha treatment in „immunotolerant” children perinatally infected with hepatitis B: a pilot study.  J Pediatr. 2006;  148 228-233
• 621 Ozgenc F, Arikan C, Sertoz R Y et al. Effect of long-term lamivudine in chronic hepatitis B virus-infected children.  Antivir Ther. 2004;  9 729-732
• 622 Saltik-Temizel I N, Kocak N, Demir H. Lamivudine and high-dose interferon-alpha combination therapy for naive children with chronic hepatitis B infection.  J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005;  39 68-70
• 623 Gregorio G V, Jara P, Hierro L et al. Lymphoblastoid interferon alpha with or without steroid pretreatment in children with chronic hepatitis B: a multicenter controlled trial.  Hepatology. 1996;  23 700-707
• 624 Sokal E M, Kelly D A, Mizerski J et al. Long-term lamivudine therapy for children with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 2006;  43 225-232
• 625 Lee C, Gong Y, Brok J et al. Effect of hepatitis B immunisation in newborn infants of mothers positive for hepatitis B surface antigen: systematic review and meta-analysis.  BMJ. 2006;  332 328-336
• 626 Marion S A, Tomm Pastore M, Pi D W et al. Long-term follow-up of hepatitis B vaccine in infants of carrier mothers.  Am J Epidemiol. 1994;  140 734-746
• 627 Beasley R P, Stevens C E, Shiao I S et al. Evidence against breast-feeding as a mechanism for vertical transmission of hepatitis B.  Lancet. 1975;  2 740-741
• 628 Martino de M, Appendino C, Resti M et al. Should hepatitis B surface antigen positive mothers breast feed?.  Arch Dis Child. 1985;  60 972-974
• 629 Wang J S, Zhu Q R, Wang X H. Breastfeeding does not pose any additional risk of immunoprophylaxis failure on infants of HBV carrier mothers.  Int J Clin Pract. 2003;  57 100-102
• 630 Bracciale L, Fabbiani M, Sansoni A et al. Impact of hepatitis B vaccination in children born to HBsAg-positive mothers: a 20-year retrospective study.  Infection. 2009;  37 340-343
• 631 Heininger U, Vaudaux B, Nidecker M et al. Evaluation of the compliance with recommended procedures in newborns exposed to HBsAg-positive mothers: a multicenter collaborative study.  Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;  29 248-250

17 ¹ Minderheitenveto: Einige Virologen forderten darüber hinaus gehend, dass in jedem Fall vor Beendigung der Therapie eine negative HBV-DNA vorliegen soll (entspricht Empfehlungsgrad A).