Effects of Jump Training with Negative versus Positive Loading on Jumping Mechanics

G. Markovic; S. Vuk; S. Jaric

doi:10.1055/s-0031-1271678

International Journal of Sports Medicine, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Int J Sports Med 2011; 32(5): 365-372
DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1271678

Training & Testing

Effects of Jump Training with Negative versus Positive Loading on Jumping Mechanics

G. Markovic¹ , S. Vuk² , S. Jaric³

¹School of Kinesiology, Department of Kinesiology of Sport, University of Zagreb, Croatia
²School of Kinesiology, Department of Kinesiology of Sport, Zagreb, Croatia
³University of Delaware, Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, Newark, United States

Abstract

We examined the effects of jump training with negative (−30% of the subject's body weight (BW)) vs. positive loading (+30% BW) on the mechanical behaviour of leg extensor muscles. 32 men were divided into control (CG), negative loading (NLG), or positive loading training group (PLG). Both training groups performed maximal effort countermovement jumps (CMJ) over a 7-week training period. The impact of training on the mechanical behaviour of leg extensor muscles was assessed through CMJ performed with external loads ranging from −30% BW to +30% BW. Both training groups showed significant (P≤0.013) increase in BW CMJ height (NLG: 9%, effect size (ES)=0.85, vs. PLG: 3.4%, ES=0.31), peak jumping velocity (v ^peak; NLG: 4.1%; ES=0.80, P=0.011, vs. PLG: 1.4%, ES=0.24; P=0.017), and depth of the countermovement (Δh ^ecc; NLG: 20%; ES=−1.64, P=0.004, vs. PLG: 11.4%; ES=−0.86, P=0.015). Although the increase in both the v ^peak and Δh ^ecc were expected to reduce the recorded ground reaction force, the indices of force- and power-production characteristics of CMJ remained unchanged. Finally, NLG (but not PLG) suggested load-specific improvement in the movement kinematic and kinetic patterns. Overall, the observed results revealed a rather novel finding regarding the effectiveness of negative loading in enhancing CMJ performance which could be of potential importance for further development of routine training protocols. Although the involved biomechanical and neuromuscular mechanisms need further exploration, the improved performance could be partly based on an altered jumping pattern that utilizes an enhanced ability of leg extensors to provide kinetic and power output during the concentric jump phase.

Key words

power training - ballistic - jump technique - jump height - force-velocity relationship

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Correspondence

Dr. Goran Markovic

School of Kinesiology

University of Zagreb

Department of Kinesiology of

Sport

Horvacanski zavoj 15

10000 Zagreb

Croatia

Telefon: +385/1/3658 606

Fax: +385/1/3634 146

eMail: gmarkov@kif.hr