Zusammenfassung
Die Erfassung der Nahrungsaufnahme hat auf Grund der steigenden Prävalenz ernährungsabhängiger Krankheiten zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen. In der Ernährungsepidemiologie wird die Nahrungsaufnahme unterschiedlicher Gruppen erfasst, um Fehlverhalten in der Ernährung zu erkennen und Zusammenhänge mit Risikoindikatoren und dem Auftreten von Volkskrankheiten zu untersuchen. Häufig angewandte Erhebungsinstrumente in epidemiologischen Studien sind relativ arbeitsaufwendige Ernährungsprotokolle sowie weniger zeitaufwendige 24 Stunden Erinnerungsprotokolle oder Verzehrshäufigkeiten-Fragebogen. Die meisten Methoden bedienen sich des Erinnerungsvermögens der Probanden und können die übliche Nahrungsaufnahme über einen bestimmten Zeitraum abbilden. Die zeitliche Belastung der Probanden durch die angewandte Methode, mögliches Fehlschätzen von Nahrungsportionen, Überschätzen „gesunder“ und Unterschätzen „ungesunder“ Lebensmittel sowie die Bereitschaft zur Kooperation bestimmen die Genauigkeit der Ergebnisse. Gut geschultes Interviewpersonal und geübte Fachkräfte zum Kodieren der Lebensmittel können zur Erhöhung der Validität der Aussagen zur Nahrungsaufnahme beitragen. Entscheidend ist die Auswahl des am besten geeigneten Erfassungsinstruments für die jeweilige Zielgruppe und die Zielgrößen.
Abstract
With rising prevalence of nutrition related diseases nutritional assessment is of increasing importance. Nutrition epidemiology determines nutritional intakes of different groups to reveal nutritional deficiencies and to analyze their associations with risk indicators and the development of widespread disease. Nutritional assessment methods frequently employed in epidemiological studies are food records which mean a relatively high workload as well as 24-hour recalls and food frequency questionnaires which are less time-consuming. Most of them make use of the memory of the study population and are able to describe usual food intake over a certain period of time. The burden which the nutrition assessment method causes to the individual, misreporting of food portions, over-reporting of “good” foods and underreporting of “bad” foods as well as the readiness to cooperate, all contribute to the accuracy of the findings. Well trained personnel for nutritional interviewing and food coding are able to induce an increase in validity of the nutrition results. It is essential to select a nutrition assessment instrument which best qualifies to investigate the target parameters in the target group.
Schlüsselwörter
Ernährungserhebungsmethoden - Ernährungsprotokolle - Ernährungsgeschichte - Verzehrshäufigkeiten-Fragebogen
Key words
methods of nutritional assessment - dietary records - dietary history - food frequency questionnaire
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Dr. med. M. Toeller
Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Rheumatologie · Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf · Heinrich-Heine-Universität
Moorenstr. 5
40225 Düsseldorf
eMail: monika.toeller@med.uni-duesseldorf.de
