Tissue Engineering von Skelettmuskelgewebe – Stand und Perspektiven

Zusammenfassung

Besonders im Bereich des funktionellen Muskelersatzes wie er beispielsweise bei Fazialislähmungen oder nach Kompartmentsyndrom verwendet wird, geht der resultierende Hebedefekt in der Regel mit einer funktionellen Einschränkung einher. Das Skelettmuskel Tissue Engineering könnte sowohl zur Einsparung des Hebedefektes als auch zu einem besseren funktionellen Ergebnis an der Empfängerstelle führen, da die Zusammensetzung des Transplantates auf seine speziellen Aufgaben abgestimmt werden könnte. Die Hindernisse, die einer klinischen Anwendung des Tissue engineerings von Skelettmuskel im Wege stehen, sind speziellen mechanischen und biologischen Anforderungen an eine geeignete dreidimensionale Matrix, die außer Biokompatibilität auch eine ausreichende Stabilität bei gleichzeitig hoher Elastizität zeigen sollte, sowie die unzureichende Differenzierung von implantierten Muskelvorläuferzellen in vivo. Die Einführung von neuartigen Materialien, wie z. B. elektrogesponnenen Nanofasern könnte durch die Möglichkeit zur genauen Anpassung der Matrixeigenschaften wie auch zur parallelen Orientierung der Fasern bald eine geeignete Matrix liefern. Die Vor- und Nachteile der Anwendung von Muskelvorläuferzellen oder mesenchymalen Stammzellen werden in diesem Artikel diskutiert. Für die stabile myogene Differenzierung in vivo stehen bisher nur wenige klinisch anwendbare Methoden zur Verfügung, jedoch gilt die Neurotisation des gezüchteten Gewebes als Differenzierungsmethode der Wahl für die spätere Transplantation als funktionellen Muskelersatz. Hier besteht noch großer Forschungsbedarf zur Etablierung eines geeigneten Modells und der Untersuchung der induzierten Differenzierung.

Abstract

Tissue engineering of skeletal muscle could have great advantages in every clinical setting in need of neurovascular muscle transfer, e. g., facial palsy or Volkmann's contracture. There are 2 great obstacles for the clinical application of engineered muscle tissue at the moment: firstly, finding a three-dimensional matrix that matches the demands concerning biocompatibility, stability and elasticity; secondly, the insufficient differentiation of implanted myoblasts, since myoblast differentiation in vivo is barely controllable and subject to a variety of influences. Furthermore axial vascularisation and neurotisation of such tissue-engineered skeletal muscle constructs play a pivotal role for any later application. An overview of the current status of skeletal muscle tissue engineering technologies and concepts for future perspective in this emerging field is presented in this article.

Schlüsselwörter

Angiogenese - Erfahrungen mit Transplantationen - Skelettmuskel - Muskelvorläuferzellen

Key words

angiogenesis - experience with transplantation - skeletal muscle - tissue engineering - myoblasts

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