Die Verlockung des Unbekannten: Neuheitsbezogene motivationale Aspekte explorativen Verhaltens und dessen Implikationen für neuronale Plastizität im Alter

Zusammenfassung

Dopaminerge Neuromodulation verbessert das Langzeitgedächtnis für neue Ereignisse und hat motivational aktivierende Effekte auf Mobilität. Eine altersbedingte Degeneration der Substantia Nigra/Area tegmentalis ventralis (SN/VTA), Hauptursprung dopaminerger Projektionen im zentralen Nervensystem, hat daher negative Auswirkungen auf das Langzeitgedächtnis und auf motivationale Aspekte von Mobilität. Diese Zusammenhänge werden im sog. NOMAD (Neuheit-bezogene Motivation von Antizipation und Exploration durch Dopamin) Modell zusammengefasst. Das NOMAD Modell stellt eine Beziehung zwischen Neuheit, Langzeitgedächtnis, Motivierung explorativen Verhaltens und Gedächtnisproblemen im Alter her. Im Rahmen dieses Modells sind dopaminerge Motivierung explorativen Verhaltens (und dadurch die häufige Exposition zu Neuheit) sowie die dopamin-abhängige Verbesserung von Langzeitgedächtnis, wichtige Ansatzpunkte, um neuronale Plastizität anzuregen und die alters-abhängige Verschlechterung von Gedächtnisfunktionen sowie deren Progression zu einer Demenz zu verlangsamen.

Abstract

Dopaminergic neuromodulation improves long-term memory for new events (novelty) and also has a motivationally energizing effect on mobility. An age-related degeneration of the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA), the main origin of dopaminergic projections in the central nervous system, thus has a negative impact on long-term memory and on motivational aspects of mobility. These aspects of dopaminergic function are summarised in the so-called NOMAD (novelty-related motivation of anticipation and exploration through dopamine) model. The NOMAD model provides a relationship between memory problems in old age and the roles that dopamine plays in regulating novelty-processing, longterm memory and motivational aspects of explorative behaviour. Within the framework of this model, the dopaminergic motivation of explorative behaviour (and thus the frequent exposure to novelty) and the dopamine-dependent improvement of long-term memory are important starting points for promoting neuronal plasticity in memory relevant structures (hippocampus) and thus are likely to play a key role in slowing down age-related memory decline and its progression to dementia.

Schlüsselwörter

Plastizität - Neuheit - Neurogenese - Geächtnis - Demenz

Key words

plasticity - novelty - neurogenesis - memory - dementia

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