Abstract
A more profound understanding in the pathophysiological mechanism of renal cell cancer
has led to a shift in the treatment approach. Traditionally, cytokines were the frontline
drugs, but recently this has transitioned to drugs interacting vascular endothelial
growth factor (VEGF) related pathway. Sorafenib, sunitinib, bevacizumab, temsirolimus
and everolimus have demonstrated clinical improvements in randomized trials. The purpose
of this review is to summarise the current management of advanced RCC.
Key words
renal cell cancer (RCC) - progression free survival (PFS) - Sorafenib - Sunitinib
- Bevacizunab - Temsirolimus - Everolimus
References
- 1
Parkin D M, Bray F, Ferlay J et al.
Global cancer statistics 2002 CA Cancer.
J Clin.
2005;
55
74-108
- 2
Lam R S, Leppert J T, Belldegrum A S et al.
Novel approaches in the therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
World J Urol.
2005;
23
202-212
- 3
Janzen N K, Kim H L, Figlin R A et al.
Surveillance after radical or partial nephrectomy for localized renal cell carcinoma
and management of recurrent disease.
Urol Clin North Am.
2003;
30
843-852
- 4
Fisher R I, Rosenberg S A, Fyfe G.
Long-term survival update for high-dose recombinant interleukin-2 in patients with
renal cell carcinoma.
Cancer J Sci Am.
2000;
6 Suppl 1
55-57
- 5
Motzer R J, Michaelson M D, Redman B G et al.
Activity of SU11248, a multitargeted inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor
receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor, in patients with metastatic
renal cell carcinoma.
J Clin Oncol.
2006;
24
16-24
- 6
Motzer R J, Rini B I, Bukowski R M et al.
Sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
JAMA.
2006;
295
2516-2524
- 7
Yagoda A, Abi-Rached B, Petrylak D.
Chemotherapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma: 1983–1993.
Semin Oncol.
1995;
22
42-60
- 8
McDermott D F, Atkins M B.
Application of IL-2 and other cytokines in renal cancer.
Expert Opin Biol Ther.
2004;
4
455-468
- 9
Hutson T E, Quinn D I.
Cytokine therapy: a standard of care for metastatic renal cell carcinoma?.
Clin Genitourin Cancer.
2005;
4
181-186
- 10
Folkman J.
Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications.
N Engl J Med.
1971;
285
1182-1186
- 11
Clifford S C, Prowse A H, Affara N A et al.
Inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumour suppressor gene and allelic losses
at chromosome arm 3p in primary renal cell carcinoma: evidence for a VHL-independent
pathway in clear cell renal tumourigenesis.
Genes Chromosomes Cancer.
1998;
22
200-209
- 12
Herman J G, Latif F, Weng Y et al.
Silencing of the VHL tumorsuppressor gene by DNA methylation in renal carcinoma.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
1994;
91
9700-9704
- 13
Kibel A, Iliopoulos O, DeCaprio J A et al.
Binding of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein to Elongin B and C.
Science.
1995;
269
1444-1446
- 14
Krieg M, Haas R, Brauch H et al.
Up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factors HIF-1α and HIF-2α under normoxic conditions
in renal carcinoma cells by von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene loss of function.
Oncogene.
2000;
19
5435-5443
- 15
Gnarra J R, Zhou S, Merrill M J et al.
Post-transcriptional regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA by the
product of the VHL tumor suppressor gene.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
1996;
93
10589-10594
- 16
de Paulsen N, Brychzy A, Fournier M C et al.
Role of transforming growth factor-alpha in von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)- / - clear cell
renal carcinoma cell proliferation: a possible mechanism coupling VHL tumor suppressor
inactivation and tumorigenesis.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
2001;
98
1387-1392
- 17
Motzer R J, Hutson T E, Tomczak P et al.
Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma.
N Engl J Med.
2007;
356
115-124
- 18
Escudier B, Eisen T, Stadler W M et al.
Sorafenib for treatment of renal cell carcinoma: Final efficacy and safety results
of the phase III treatment approaches in renal cancer global evaluation trial.
J Clin Oncol.
2009;
27
3312-3318
- 19
Yang J C, Haworth L, Sherry R M et al.
A randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody,
for metastatic renal cancer.
N Engl J Med.
2003;
349
427-434
- 20
Bukowski R M, Kabbinavar F, Figlin R A et al.
Bevacizumab with or without erlotinib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In
2006 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings.
J Clin Oncol.
2006;
24
4523
- 21
Kaufman J J.
Cancer of the urogenital tract: kidney. Reasons for nephrectomy: palliative and curative.
JAMA.
1968;
204
607-608
- 22
Wood C G.
The role of cytoreductive nephrectomy in the management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Urol Clin North Am.
2003;
30
581-588
- 23
Wilhelm S M, Carter C, Tang L et al.
BAY 43–9006 exhibits broad spectrum oral antitumor activity and targets the RAF / MEK / ERK
pathway and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in tumor progression and angiogenesis.
Cancer Res.
2004;
64
7099-7109
- 24
Clark J W, Eder J P, Ryan D et al.
Safety and pharmacokinetics of the dual action Raf kinase and vascular endothelial
growth factor receptor inhibitor, BAY 43–9006, in patients with advanced, refractory
solid tumors.
Clin Cancer Res.
2005;
11
5472-5480
- 25
Ratain M J, Eisen T, Stadler W M et al.
Phase II placebo-controlled randomized discontinuation trial of sorafenib in patients
with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
J Clin Oncol.
2006;
24
2505-2512
- 26
Escudier B, Eisen T, Walter M et al.
Sorafenipb in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma.
N Engl J Med.
2007;
356
125-134
- 27
Gollob J, Rathmell W K, Richmond T M et al.
Phase II trial of sorafenib plus interferon-alpha 2b (IFN-α2b) as first- or second-line
therapy in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer (RCC).
J Clin Oncol.
2007;
25
3288-3295
- 28
Chow L Q, Eckhardt S G.
Sunitinib: from rational design to clinical efficacy.
J Clin Oncol.
2007;
25
884-896
- 29
Faivre S, Delbaldo C, Vera K et al.
Safety, pharmacokinetic, and antitumor activity of SU11248, a novel oral multitarget
tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with cancer.
J Clin Oncol.
2007;
24
25-35
- 30
De Mulder P H, Roigas J, Gillessen S et al.
A phase II study of sunitinib administered in a continuous daily regimen in patients
with cytokinerefractory metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC).
J Clin Oncol.
2006;
24 (suppl)
4529
- 31
Rini B I, George D J, Michaelson M D et al.
Efficacy and safety of sunitinib malate (SU11248) in bevacizumab-refractory metastatic
renal cell carcinoma (mRCC).
J Clin Oncol.
2006;
24 (suppl)
4522
- 32
Dudkin L, Dilling M B, Cheshire P J et al.
Biochemical Correlates of mTOR Inhibition by the Rapamycin Ester CCI-779 and Tumor
Growth Inhibition.
Clin Cancer Res.
2001;
7
1758-1764
- 33
Hudson C C, Liu M, Chiang G G et al.
Regulation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1_ Expression and Function by the Mammalian
Target of Rapamycin.
Moll Cell Biol.
2002;
22
7004-7014
- 34
Hudes G, Carducci M, Tomczak P et al.
Temsirolimus, interferon alfa, or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma.
N Engl J Med.
2007;
356
2271-2281
- 35
Gore M E, Porta C, Oudard S et al.
Sunitinib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Pro ASCO.
2007;
Abstract 5010
- 36
Motzer R J, Hutson T E, Tomezak P et al.
Overall survival and updated results for sunitinib compared with interferon alfa in
patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
J Clin Oncol.
2009;
27
3584-3590
- 37
Escudier B, Pluzanska A, Koralewski P et al.
Bevacizumab plus interferon alpha-2a for treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma:
a randomised, double-blind phase III trial.
Lancet.
2007;
370
2103-2111
- 38
Amato R J, Jac J, Giessinger S et al.
A phase 2 study with a daily regime of the oral mTOR inhibitor RAD001 (everolimus)
in patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell cancer.
Cancer.
2009;
115
2438-2446
- 39
Motzer R J, Escudier B, Oudard S et al.
Efficacy of everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a double blind, randomised,
placebo-controlled phase III trial.
Lancet.
2008;
372
449-456
T. Q. T. Tong
Department of Urology,Academic Hospital Duisburg
Wanheimerstraße 167 a
47053 Duisburg
Germany
Telefon: +49 / 2 03 / 6 00 90
eMail: tqttong@gmail.com