Zusammenfassung
Anliegen: In der Gruppe ehemals Holocaustgeschädigter ist die Häufigkeit psychischer und somatischer
Folgeschäden erwiesenermaßen hoch. Die Bewertung der verfolgungsbedingten Minderung
der Erwerbsfähigkeit (vMdE) richtet sich nach der Wechselwirkung aus direkt holocaustinduzierten
psychischen und somatischen Primärschäden mit später erworbenen körperlichen, psychischen
und psychosozialen Einflussfaktoren. Methode: Die Erhebung basierte auf der Auswertung sämtlicher aktenkundlich dokumentierter
Angaben (Gutachten, beigefügte Krankenblattunterlagen, ärztliche Stellungnahmen, handschriftliche
eidesstattliche Aufzeichnungen der Patienten). Ergebnisse: Insgesamt wurden die Gutachten von 56 Überlebenden (36 Frauen und 20 Männer) des
Holocaust ausgewertet. Bei 92,3 % der Überlebenden konnte im ersten Jahr nach der
Befreiung bereits eine psychiatrische Diagnose festgestellt werden. Bei einer getrennten
Analyse einzelner somatischer Krankheitsbilder fällt eine signifikante Häufung von
gastrointestinalen Beschwerden (Chi-Quadrat Test; χ2 = 4,0; df = 1; p = 0,046) bei Holocaustüberlebenden auf, die mit über 30 % vMdE eingestuft
wurden. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Frage einer Verschlimmerung der psychiatrisch relevanten, verfolgungsbedingten
Symptomatik unter dem Gesichtspunkt zusätzlich beeinträchtigender endogener (psychische,
somatische Erkrankung) oder exogener („life events”) Faktoren steht meist im Mittelpunkt
der gutachterlichen Bewertung. Die vorliegende Untersuchung ergab, dass vor allem
neu erworbene somatische Erkrankungen bei ehemaligen Holocaustopfern in Beziehung
zu einer Zunahme verfolgungsbedingter psychischer Beschwerden stehen.
Abstract
Objective: Survivors of the Holocaust are known to suffer more often from mental as well as
somatic consequential illness. The assessment of the degree of disability and invalidity
due to the persecution complies with the interaction of directly Holocaust-related
mental and somatic primary injuries as well as physical, psychical and psychosocial
disadvantages and illnesses acquired later on. Methods: The presented descriptive as well as multivariate analyses included complete reports
(expertise, medical records, physicians’ assessments, witnessed hand-written notes
of the patients) of 56 survivors of the Holocaust (36 women and 20 men). Results: The disability pension reports of 56 Holocaust survivors (36 women and 20 men) were
analysed referring to the diagnostic groups and socio-demographic aspects. In 92.3
% a psychiatric illness could be diagnosed within the first year after liberation.
In a separate analysis of somatic diagnoses gastrointenstinal diseases were statistically
significant more often in Holocaust survivors with a degree of disability of more
than 30 % (chi-square χ2 = 4.0; df = 1; p = 0.046). Conclusions: The question of an aggravation of psychiatrically relevant and persecution-associated
symptomatology is mainly the objective of the expert opinion taking into account endogenous
and exogenous factors such as so-called life events. Above all, newly acquired somatic
diseases seem to be responsible for an aggravation of persecution-associated psychiatric
symptoms, at least in the presented sample of Holocaust survivors.
Schlüsselwörter
Holocaustüberlebende - Erwerbsminderung - soziodemografische Analyse
Keywords
Holocaust survivors - disability pension - sociodemographic analysis
Literatur
1
Keinan-Boker L, Vin-Raviv N, Liphshitz I et al.
Cancer incidence in Israeli Jewish survivors of World War II.
J Natl Cancer Inst.
2009;
101
1489-1500
2
Castle D J, Murray R M.
The epidemiology of late-onset schizophrenia.
Schizophr Bull.
1993;
19
691-700
3
Cohen M, Brom D, Dasberg H.
Child survivors of the Holocaust: symptoms and coping after fifty years.
Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci.
2001;
38
3-12
4
Miller B L, Benson D F, Cummings J L et al.
Late-life paraphrenia: an organic delusional syndrome.
J Clin Psychiatry.
1986;
47
204-207
5
Reulbach U, Bleich S, Biermann T et al.
Late-onset schizophrenia in child survivors of the holocaust.
J Nerv Ment Dis.
2007;
195
315-319
6
Lev-Wiesel R, Amir M.
Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, psychological distress, personal resources,
and quality of life in four groups of Holocaust child survivors.
Fam Process.
2000;
39
445-459
7
Platz W E, Oberlaender F A.
On the problems of expert opinion on Holocaust survivors submitted to the compensation
authorities in Germany.
Int J Law Psychiatry.
1995;
18
305-321
8
Bower H.
The concentration camp syndrome.
Aust N Z J Psychiatry.
1994;
28
391-397
9 Baeyer von W, Häfner H, Kisker K P. Psychiatrie der Verfolgten. Psychopathologische
und gutachterliche Erfahrungen an Opfern der nationalsozialistischen Verfolgung und
vergleichbarer Extrembelastungen. Springer; Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg; 1964: 397
10
Eitinger L.
Pathology of the concentration camp syndrome. Preliminary report.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
1961;
5
371-379
11
Eitinger L.
Resultant psychiatric conditions in former concentration camp prisoners.
Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen.
1961;
81
805-808
12
Chodoff P.
Late effects of the concentration camp syndrome.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
1963;
8
323-333
13
Sharon A, Levav I, Brodsky J et al.
Psychiatric disorders and other health dimensions among Holocaust survivors 6 decades
later.
Br J Psychiatry.
2009;
195
331-335
14
Sareen J, Cox B J, Stein M B et al.
Physical and mental comorbidity, disability, and suicidal behavior associated with
posttraumatic stress disorder in a large community sample.
Psychosom Med.
2007;
69
242-248
15
Yehuda R, Bierer L M, Andrew R et al.
Enduring effects of severe developmental adversity, including nutritional deprivation,
on cortisol metabolism in aging Holocaust survivors.
J Psychiatr Res.
2009;
43
877-883
16
Felitti V J.
Adverse childhood experiences and adult health.
Acad Pediatr.
2009;
9
131-132
17
Yehuda R, Flory J D, Pratchett L C et al.
Putative biological mechanisms for the association between early life adversity and
the subsequent development of PTSD.
Psychopharmacology.
2010;
Aug. 13, DOI 10.1007/s00213-010-1969-6 (epub ahead of print)
18
Ross L, Boesen E H, Dalton S O et al.
Mind and cancer: does psychosocial intervention improve survival and psychological
well-being?.
Eur J Cancer.
2002;
38
1447-1457
19
Nielsen N R, Kristensen T S, Zhang Z F et al.
Sociodemographic status, stress, and risk of prostate cancer. A prospective cohort
study.
Ann Epidemiol.
2007;
17
498-502
20
Yaari A, Eisenberg E, Adler R et al.
Chronic pain in Holocaust survivors.
J Pain Symptom Manage.
1999;
17
181-187
21
Brodaty H, Joffe C, Luscombe G et al.
Vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder and psychological morbidity in aged
holocaust survivors.
Int J Geriatr Psychiatry.
2004;
19
968-979
22
Keilson H.
”A grave in the open air...”.
Psyche.
1992;
46
1133-1136
23
Hal-Van Raalte van der E, Van Ijzendoorn M H, Bakermans-Kranenburg M J.
Quality of care after early childhood trauma and well-being in later life: child Holocaust
survivors reaching old age.
Am J Orthopsychiatry.
2007;
77
514-522
24
Ehrlich M A.
Health professionals, Jewish religion and community structure in the service of the
aging holocaust survivor.
Arch Gerontol Geriatr.
2004;
38
289-295
25
Golier J A, Yehuda R, Lupien S J et al.
Memory for trauma-related information in Holocaust survivors with PTSD.
Psychiatry Res.
2003;
121
133-143
26
Golier J A, Yehuda R, Lupien S J et al.
Memory performance in Holocaust survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder.
Am J Psychiatry.
2002;
159
1682-1688
27
Yehuda R, Tischler L, Golier J A et al.
Longitudinal assessment of cognitive performance in Holocaust survivors with and without
PTSD.
Biol Psychiatry.
2006;
60
714-721
28
Harel Z, Kahana B, Kahana E.
Psychological well-being among Holocaust survivors and immigrants in Israel.
J Traumatic Stress.
1988;
4
413-429
29
Kubzansky L D, Adler G K.
Aldosterone: a forgotten mediator of the relationship between psychological stress
and heart disease.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev.
2010;
34
80-86
30
Yaffe K, Vittinghoff E, Lindquist K et al.
Posttraumatic stress disorder and risk of dementia among US veterans.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.
2010;
67
608-613
1 Beide Autoren waren in gleichem Maße an der Publikation beteiligt.
Dr. Teresa Biermann
Psychiatrische und Psychotherapeutische Klinik Universitätsklinikum Erlangen
Schwabachanlage 6
91054 Erlangen
Email: teresa.biermann@uk-erlangen.de