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DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1245704
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Epileptische Anfälle unter der Behandlung mit Antidepressiva und Neuroleptika
Epileptic Seizures During Treatment with Antidepressants and NeurolepticsPublication History
Publication Date:
23 November 2010 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Epileptische Anfälle werden unter der Behandlung mit Antidepressiva und Neuroleptika häufiger als unter anderen zentralnervös wirksamen Substanzen beobachtet. Kasuistische Mitteilungen über Anfälle bei Intoxikationen liegen zu nahezu allen Substanzen vor. Experimentelle und Beobachtungsstudien erbrachten neben Hinweisen auf eine erhöhte Inzidenz von Anfällen bei verschiedenen Substanzen auch eine Evidenz für eine protektive Wirkung besonders bei SSRI. Gut gesichert ist eine dosisabhängig erhöhte Anfallsinzidenz unter Clozapin bei bis zu 4,5 % der behandelten Patienten. Die Auswertung der verfügbaren Daten aus Zulassungsstudien der FDA zeigte für Antidepressiva außer Clomipramin und Bupropion erniedrigte standardisierte Inzidenzraten gegenüber Plazebo, bei Neuroleptika außer Clozapin durchschnittlich nur leicht erhöhte Inzidenzraten. Auch die psychiatrischen Grunderkrankungen Schizophrenie, Depression und Zwang erhöhen jedoch bereits per se die Anfallswahrscheinlichkeit erheblich. Das EEG hat nur eine geringe Bedeutung bei der Vorhersage und Verlaufsbeurteilung. Klinisch ist die besondere Berücksichtigung der iktogenen Potenz und diesbezüglich relevanter möglicher Interaktionen nur bei vorhandener Anfallsanamnese erforderlich.
Abstract
Epileptic seizures are observed during treatment with antidepressants and neuroleptics more frequently than is the case for other neuroactive substances. Evidence from experimental and observational studies is mixed, suggesting an increased incidence of seizures for certain drugs, whilst other drugs such as SSRIs appear to have a protective effect. There is robust evidence for an elevated seizure incidence (up to 4.5 % of treated patients) associated with clozapine treatment, but with other neuroleptics the effect is moderate (2-fold). The evaluation of data from FDA approval reports reveals lower standardised incidence rates associated with antidepressants vs. placebo except for clomipramine and bupropione. Psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder are associated with a considerably increased incidence of seizures. Therefore, in clinical practice, taking into account ictogenic properties of substances is required only in patients with a history of seizures.
Schlüsselwörter
Antidepressiva - Neuroleptika - Anfälle - Epilepsie
Keywords
antidepressant - neuroleptic - seizure - epilepsy
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1 In der Literatur findet sich verbreitet der Begriff „epileptogen”. Dieser ist bei genauer Betrachtung nicht korrekt, zumal davon auszugehen ist, dass die genannten Substanzen zu Gelegenheitsanfällen führen können, nicht aber zur Entstehung einer Epilepsie. Deshalb wird hier stets der Begriff „iktogen” verwendet.
Prof. Dr. Tilman Steinert
Zentrum für Psychiatrie Südwürttemberg, Abteilung Psychiatrie I der Universität Ulm
Postfach 2044
88190 Ravensburg
Email: tilman.steinert@zfp-zentrum.de