Zusammenfassung
Über Zehntausende von Jahren hat sich evolutionsgeschichtlich eine Symbiose zwischen
kolonisierenden Bakterien speziell auch der Darmflora und dem Wirt entwickelt, welche
in guten Tagen für beide Parteien von Nutzen ist. Aktivitäten der modernen Medizin,
z. B. die Anwendung von Antibiotika, aber auch die Verschlechterung des Wirtszustands
mit entsprechender Verschlechterung des intestinalen Milieus können dazu führen, dass
die intestinalen Bakterien ihre Virulenzgene hochregulieren und damit den Wirt schädigen.
Die Interaktionen zwischen pathogenen Keimen und dem Wirt finden dabei vorwiegend
an der Schnittstelle zwischen Bakterium und Darmepithelzelle statt. Dies wird deshalb
gefährlich, weil Bakterien untereinander kommunizieren, sich organisieren und damit
einen koordinierten Angriff auf den Wirt, z. B. durch Korrumpierung der wirtseigenen
Darmepithelzellen durchführen können. Zukünftige Strategien zur Vermeidung der sog.
„gut derived sepsis” sollten deshalb darauf abzielen, den Bakterien Bedingungen zu
bieten, welche Virulenz und damit Schädigung des Wirtes unnötig machen und das symbiotische
Verhältnis zum beidseitigen Nutzen wiederherstellen.
Abstract
For the last then thousands of years a symbiotic relationship between colonizing flora
in the host has emerged to benefit both parties. However, modern advances in medicine
allowing treatment of critically ill and compromised patients including use of potent
antimicrobials forced the intestinal flora to adapt and develop strategies to survive
against threats originating from a hostile environment and attempts of its extermination.
Research work has shown that for this purpose microbials are able to communicate,
to organize in functional communities and to regulate their virulence in order to
protect their self-interests. It could be demonstrated that this germs mainly generate
adverse effects against the host by interacting with his epithelial cells i. e. in
the intestines. By doing so the bacteria can induce paracellular permeability defects
promoting translocation of toxins with systemic downstream effects. Moreover some
germs are able to corrupt and exploit host cellular function in order to satisfy their
needs leading to harm to the host more as a collateral damage. In the post antibiotic
aera future treatment concepts to prevent devastating effects of „gut derived sepsis”
should therefore become directed towards optimization of microbial frame conditions
in order to minimize their need to upregulate virulence and thus jeopardize the host.
Schlüsselwörter
Darmflora - Translokation - bakterielle Virulenzregulation - Bakterien-Wirt-Interaktion
- intestinales Milieu
Keywords
bacteria host interactions - gut derived sepsis - virulence regulation - microbial
behavior
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Prof. Dr. R. Stocker
Abteilung Chirurgische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsspital
Rämistraße 100
8091 Zürich, Schweiz
Email: reto.stocker@usz.ch