Download PDF
Endoscopy 2009; 41(11): 979-987
DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1215192
Review

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

An evidence-based consensus statement on the role and application of endosonography in clinical practice

F.  Maluf-Filho1 , C.  M.  Dotti3 , B.  Halwan2 , A.  F.  Queiros4 , C.  Kupski5 , D.  M.  Chaves6 , F.  S.  Nakao7 , A.  Kumar8
  • 1Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 2Division of Digestive Diseases, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
  • 3Endoscopy, Ingecad, Campo Grande, Brazil
  • 4Department of Gastroenterology, São Paulo University Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 5Department of Gastroenterology, Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande, Brazil
  • 6Department of Endoscopy, Centro de Medicina Diagnóstica Fleury, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 7Federal University of School of São Paulo Medicina, São Paulo
  • 8Stony Brook University, Northport, New York, USA
Further Information

Publication History

submitted17 December 2008

accepted after revision28 July 2009

Publication Date:
28 October 2009 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

See also:

Commentaire de travail de F. Maluf-Filho et al., pp. 979Endoscopy 2009; 41(11): 1009-1009
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1306758

Background: Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has evolved over the past 20 years with the emergence of novel diagnostic and therapeutic indications. Our goal was to identify the best evidence supporting the use of EUS.

Materials and methods: A six-step approach was employed to develop recommendations using accepted methodology. Twenty-two experienced endosonographers identified topics and reviewed studies using MeSH (medical subject headings) terminology and free text in PubMed. Medline and society abstracts were reviewed if necessary. The quality of evidence, the strength of recommendations, and level of consensus were graded and voted on.

Results: Consensus was reached for several clinical scenarios for which the impact of EUS findings was supported by a high level of evidence. These included diagnosis and staging of esophageal cancer, differential diagnosis of subepithelial lesions, thickened gastric folds, assessment of peritoneal involvement in patients with gastric cancer, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, diagnosis of common bile duct/gallbladder stones, diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis, differential diagnosis of a solid mass in patients with chronic pancreatitis, differential diagnosis of pancreatic cyst, rectal cancer staging, and diagnosis and staging of non-small-cell lung cancer. The recommendations were adopted by the Brazilian Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Several indications continue to emerge and require additional validation.

References

  • 1 Tio T L, Tytgat G N. Endoscopic ultrasonography of an arteriovenous malformation in a gastric polyp.  Endoscopy. 1986;  18 156-158
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Vezozzo D P, Cerri G G, Andreolli J C. et al . 2-year pioneer experience with endoscopic ultrasonography, linear transducer [in Portuguese].  Rev Assoc Med Bras. 1994;  40 5-9
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Dancygier H. Endoscopic ultrasonography of the upper gastrointestinal tract.  Ballieres Clin Gastroenterol. 1991;  5 19-36
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Vilmann P, Jacobsen G K, Henriksen F W, Hancke S. Endoscopic ultrasonography with guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in pancreatic disease.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1992;  38 172-173
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Bhutani M S, Hawes R H, Baron P L. et al . Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration of malignant pancreatic lesions.  Endoscopy. 1997;  29 854-858
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Chang K J, Nguyen P, Erickson R A. et al . The clinical utility of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic carcinoma.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;  45 387-393
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Chang K J, Wiersema M J. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy and interventional endoscopic ultrasonography. Emerging technologies.  Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 1997;  7 221-235
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Volmar K E, Vollmer R T, Jowell P S. et al . Pancreatic FNA in 1000 cases: a comparison of imaging modalities.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;  61 854-861
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Ardengh J C, Rosenbaum P, Ganc A J. et al . Role of EUS in the preoperative localization of insulinomas compared with spiral CT.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;  51 552-555
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Lomas J. Words without action? The production, dissemination, and impact of consensus recommendations.  Annu Rev Public Health. 1991;  12 41-65
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Barkun A, Bardou M, Marshall J K. Nonvariceal Upper GI Bleeding Consensus Conference Group . Consensus recommendations for managing patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding.  Ann Intern Med. 2003;  139 843-857
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Bonta P I, Kok M F, Bergman J J. et al . Conscious sedation for EUS of the esophagus and stomach: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial comparing midazolam with placebo.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 842-847
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Agostoni M, Fanti L, Arcidiacono P G. et al . Midazolam and pethidine versus propofol and fentanyl patient controlled sedation/analgesia of upper gastrointestinal tract ultrasound endoscopy: a prospective randomized controlled trial.  Dig Liver Dis. 2007;  39 1024-1029
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Motoo Y, Okai T, Ohta H. et al . Endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of extraluminal compressions mimicking gastric submucosal tumors.  Endoscopy. 1994;  26 239-242
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Rosch T, Kapfer B, Will U. et al.; German EUS Club . Endoscopic ultrasonography. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography in upper gastrointestinal submucosal lesions: a prospective multicenter study.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 2002;  37 856-862
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Krstic M, Pesko P, Pavlovic A. et al . The role of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in differential diagnosis of subepithelial oesophago-gastric lesions.  Acta Chir Iugosl. 2005;  52 101-108
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Chak A, Canto M I, Rösch T. et al . Endosonographic differentiation of benign and malignant stromal tumors.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;  45 468-473
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Levy M J, Wiersema M J. EUS-guided Trucut biopsy.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;  62 417-426
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Hunt G C, Smith P P, Faigel D O. Yield of tissue sampling for submucosal lesions evaluated by EUS.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 68-72
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Rosch T. Endosonographic staging of esophageal cancer: a review of literature results.  Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 1995;  5 537-547
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Kelly S, Harris K M, Berry E. et al . A systematic review of the staging performance of endoscopic ultrasound in gastro-oesophageal carcinoma.  Gut. 2001;  49 534-539
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Vazquez-Sequeiros E, Wiersema M J, Clain J E. et al . Impact of lymph node staging on therapy of esophageal carcinoma.  Gastroenterology. 2003;  125 1626-1635
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Mortensen M B, Pless T, Durup J. et al . Clinical impact of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in patients with upper gastrointestinal tract malignancies. A prospective study.  Endoscopy. 2001;  33 478-483
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Chang K J, Soetikno R M, Bastas D. et al . Impact of endoscopic ultrasound combined with fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the management of esophageal cancer.  Endoscopy. 2003;  35 962-966
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Agarwal B, Swisher S, Ajani J. et al . Endoscopic ultrasound after preoperative chemoradiation can help identify patients who benefit maximally after surgical esophageal resection.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;  99 1258-1266
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Palazzo L, Landi B, Cellier C. et al . Endosonographic features predictive of benign and malignant gastrointestinal stromal cell tumors.  Gut. 2000;  46 88-92
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Preston S R, Clark G W, Martin I G. et al . Effect of endoscopic ultrasonography on the management of 100 consecutive patients with oesophageal and junctional carcinoma.  Br J Surg. 2003;  90 1220-1224
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Chong A K, Caddy G R, Desmond P V. et al . Prospective study of the clinical impact of EUS.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;  62 399-405
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Chang K J, Soetikno R M, Bastas D. et al . Impact of endoscopic ultrasound combined with fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the management of esophageal cancer.  Endoscopy. 2003;  35 962-966
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Jafri I H, Saltzman J R, Colby J M. et al . Evaluation of the clinical impact of endoscopic ultrasonography in gastrointestinal disease.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1996;  44 367-370
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 May A, Gunter E, Roth F. et al . Accuracy of staging in early oesophageal cancer using high resolution endoscopy and high resolution endosonography: a comparative, prospective, and blinded trial.  Gut. 2004;  53 634-640
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Pfau P R, Ginsberg G G, Lew R J. et al . Esophageal dilation for endosonographic evaluation of malignant esophageal strictures is safe and effective.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;  95 2813-2815
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Chu K M, Kwok K F, Law S. et al . A prospective evaluation of catheter probe EUS for the detection of ascites in patients with gastric carcinoma.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;  59 471-474
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Yanai H I. EUS and endoscopy for staging depth of invasion on early gastric cancer. Pilot study.  Gastroint Endosc. 1997;  46 221-216
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Ginès A, Pellisé M, Fernández-Esparracxh G. et al . Endoscopic ultrasonography in patients with large gastric folds at endoscopy and biopsies negative for malignancy: predictors of malignant disease and clinical impact.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;  101 64-69
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Varas M J, Fabra R, Abad R. et al . Endoscopic staging of low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma.  Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2006;  98 189-195
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Tio T L, den Hartog Jager F CA, Tytgat G NJ. Endoscopic ultrasonography of non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the stomach.  Gastroenterology. 1986;  91 401-408
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Caletti G, Ferrari A, Brocchi E, Barbara L. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis and staging of gastric cancer and lymphoma.  Surgery. 1993;  113 14-27
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Fischbach W, Goebeler-Kolve M E, Greiner A. Diagnostic accuracy of EUS in the local staging of primary gastric lymphoma: results of a prospective, multicenter study comparing EUS with histopathologic stage.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;  56 696-700
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Püspök A, Raderer M, Chott A. et al . Endoscopic ultrasound in the follow up and response assessment of patients with primary gastric lymphoma.  Gut. 2002;  51 691-694
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Di Raimondo F, Caruso L, Bonanno G. et al . Is endoscopic ultrasound clinically useful for follow-up of gastric lymphoma?.  Ann Oncol. 2007;  18 351-356
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Sahai A V, Zimmerman M, Aabakken L. et al . Prospective assessment of the ability of endoscopic ultrasound to diagnose, exclude, or establish the severity of chronic pancreatitis found by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1998;  48 18-25
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Wallace M B, Kennedy T, Durkalski V. et al . Randomized controlled trial of EUS-guided fine needle aspiration techniques for the detection of malignant lymphadenopathy.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;  54 441-447
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Wiersema M J, Hawes R H, Lehman G A. Prospective evaluation of endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with chronic abdominal pain of suspected pancreatic origin.  Endoscopy. 1993;  25 555-564
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Catalano M F, Lahoti S, Geenen J E. et al . Prospective evaluation of endoscopic ultrasonography, endoscopic retrograde pancreatography, and secretin test in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1998;  48 11-17
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Hastier P, Buckley M J, Francois E. et al . A prospective study of pancreatic disease in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis: comparative diagnostic value of ERCP and EUS and long-term significance of isolated parenchymal abnormalities.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;  49 705-709
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Kahl S, Glasbrenner B, Leodolter A. et al . EUS in the diagnosis of early chronic pancreatitis: a prospective follow-up study.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;  55 507-511
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Hollerbach S, Klamann A, Topalidis T. et al . Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology for diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis.  Endoscopy. 2001;  33 824-831
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 DeWitt J, McGreevy K, LeBlanc J. et al . EUS-guided Trucut biopsy of suspected nonfocal chronic pancreatitis.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;  62 76-84
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Deshpande V, Mino-Kenudson M. et al . Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy of autoimmune pancreatitis: diagnostic criteria and pitfalls.  Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;  29 1464-1471
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Levy M J, Reddy R P, Wiersema M J. et al . EUS-guided trucut biopsy in establishing autoimmune pancreatitis as the cause of obstructive jaundice.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;  61 467-472
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Levy M J, Smyrk T C, Reddy R P. et al . Endoscopic ultrasound-guided trucut biopsy of the cyst wall for diagnosing cystic pancreatic tumors.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;  3 974-979
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Palazzo L, Roseau G, Gayet B. et al . Endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Results of a prospective study with comparison to ultrasonography and CT scan.  Endoscopy. 1993;  25 143-150
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Gress F G, Hawes R H, Savides T J. et al . Role of EUS in the preoperative staging of pancreatic cancer: a large single-center experience.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;  50 786-791
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Legmann P, Vignaux O, Dousset B. et al . Pancreatic tumors: comparison of dual-phase helical CT and endoscopic sonography.  AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;  170 1315-1322
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Akahoshi K, Chijiiwa Y, Nakano I. et al . Diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer by endoscopic ultrasound.  Br J Radiol. 1998;  71 492-496
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Bhutani M S, Gress F G, Giovannini M. et al . The No Endosonographic Detection of Tumor (NEST) Study: a case series of pancreatic cancers missed on endoscopic ultrasonography.  Endoscopy. 2004;  36 385-389
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Rösch T. Staging of pancreatic cancer.  Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 1995;  5 735-739
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Brugge W R, Lee M J, Kelsey P B. et al . The use of EUS to diagnose malignant portal venous system invasion by pancreatic cancer.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1996;  43 561-567
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Rösch T, Dittler H J, Strobel K. et al . Endoscopic ultrasound criteria for vascular invasion in the staging of the head of the pancreas: a blind reevaluation of videotapes.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;  52 469-477
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Maluf-Filho F, Sakai P, Cunha J EM. et al . Radial endoscopic ultrasound and spiral computed tomography in the diagnosis and staging of periampullary tumors.  Pancreatology. 2004;  4 122-128
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Aslanian H, Salem R, Lee J. et al . EUS diagnosis of vascular invasion in pancreatic cancer: surgical and histologic correlates.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;  100 1381-1385
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Midwinter M J, Beveridge C J, Wilsdon J B. et al . Correlation between spiral computed tomography, endoscopic ultrasonography and findings at operation in pancreatic and ampullary tumors.  Br J Surg. 1999;  86 189-193
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Brugge W R, Lewandrowski K, Lee-Lewandrowski E. et al . Diagnosis of pancreatic cystic neoplasms: a report of the cooperative pancreatic cyst study.  Gastroenterology. 2004;  126 1330-1336
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Van der Waaij L A, van Dullemen H M, Porte R J. Cyst fluid analysis in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic cystic lesions: a pooled analysis.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;  62 383-389
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Koito K, Namieno T, Nagakawa T. et al . Solitary cystic tumor of the pancreas: EUS-pathologic correlation.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;  45 268-276
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Brandwein S L, Farrell J J, Centeno B A. et al . Detection and tumor staging of malignancy in cystic, intraductal, and solid tumors of the pancreas by EUS.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;  53 722-727
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Sedlack R, Affi A, Vazquez-Sequeiros E. et al . Utility of EUS in the evaluation of cystic pancreatic lesions.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;  56 543-547
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Song M H, Lee S K, Kim M H. et al . EUS in the evaluation of pancreatic cystic lesions.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 891-896
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 O’Toole D, Palazzo L, Arotcarena R. et al . Assessment of complications of EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;  53 470-474
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Frossard J L, Amouyal P, Amouyal G. et al . Performance of endosonography-guided fine needle aspiration and biopsy in the diagnosis of pancreatic cystic lesions.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;  98 1516-1524
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Fockens P, Johnson T G, van Dullemen H M. et al . Endosonographic imaging of pancreatic pseudocysts before endoscopic transmural drainage.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;  46 412-416
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Ardengh J C, Della Libera E, Ferrari A P. Endosonography-guided drainage of pancreatic pseudocyst without gastric or duodenal compression.  Endoscopy. 1998;  30 S71-S72
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Eloubeidi M A, Gress F G, Savides T J. et al . Acute pancreatitis after EUS-guided FNA of solid pancreatic masses: a pooled analysis from EUS centers in the United States.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;  60 385-389
    Google Scholar
  • 75 Yusuf T E, Baron T H. Endoscopic transmural drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts: results of a national and an international survey of ASGE members.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;  63 223-227
    Google Scholar
  • 76 Gress F, Schmitt C, Sherman S. et al . A prospective randomized comparison of endoscopic ultrasound- and computed tomography-guided celiac plexus block for managing chronic pancreatitis pain.  Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;  94 900-905
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Wiersema M J, Wiersema L M. Endosonography-guided celiac plexus neurolysis.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1996;  44 656-662
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Gress F, Schmitt C, Ciaccia D. et al . Endoscopic ultrasound-guided celiac block for managing abdominal pain associated with chronic pancreatitis: a prospective single centre experience.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;  96 409-416
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Kurol M, Forsberg L. Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis.  Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1984;  25 379-383
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Dahan P, Andant C, Levy P. et al . Prospective evaluation of endoscopic ultrasonography and microscopic examination of duodenal bile in the diagnosis of cholecystolithiasis in 45 patients with normal conventional ultrasonography.  Gut. 1996;  38 277-281
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Thorboll J, Vilmann P, Jacobsen B. et al . Endoscopic ultrasonography in detection of cholelithiasis in patients with biliary pain and negative transabdominal ultrasonography.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 2004;  39 267-269
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Mibagheri S A, Mohamadnejad M, Nasiri J. et al . Prospective evaluation of endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of biliary microlithiasis in patients with normal transabdominal ultrasonography.  J Gastrointest Surg. 2005;  9 961-964
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Liu C l, Lo C M, Chan J K. et al . EUS for detection of occult cholelithiasis in patients with idiopathic pancreatitis.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;  51 28-31
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Ney M V, Maluf-Filho F, Sakai P. et al . Echo-endoscopy versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiography for the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis: the influence of the size of the stone and diameter of the common bile duct.  Arq Gastroenterol. 2005;  42 239-243
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Demartines N, Eisner L, Schnabel K. et al . Evaluation of magnetic resonance cholangiography in the management of bile duct stones.  Arch Surg. 2000;  135 148-152
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Liu C L, Fan S T, Lo C M. et al . Comparison of early endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the management of acute biliary pancreatitis: a prospective randomized study.  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;  3 1238-1244
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Napoleon B, Dumortier J, Keriven-Souquet O. et al . Do normal findings at biliary endoscopic ultrasonography obviate the need for endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in patients with suspicion of common bile duct stone? A prospective follow-up study of 238 patients.  Endoscopy. 2003;  35 411-415
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Meara R S, Jhala D, Eloubeidi M A. et al . Endoscopic ultrasound-guided FNA biopsy of bile duct and gallbladder: analysis of 53 cases.  Cytopathology. 2006;  17 42-49
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Byrne M F, Gerke H, Mitchell R M. et al . Yield of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of bile duct lesions.  Endoscopy. 2004;  36 715-719
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Lee J H, Topazian M. Pancreatic endosonography after Billroth II gastrectomy.  Endoscopy. 2004;  36 972-975
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Varadarajulu S, Eloubeidi M A. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in the evaluation of gallbladder masses.  Endoscopy. 2005;  37 751-754
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Azuma T, Yoshikawa T, Araida T. et al . Differential diagnosis of polypoid lesions of the gallbladder by endoscopic ultrasonography.  Am J Surg. 2001;  181 65-70
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Kimura K, Fujita N, Noda Y. et al . Differential diagnosis of large-sized pedunculated polypoid lesions of the gallbladder by endoscopic ultrasonography: a prospective study.  J Gastroenterol. 2001;  36 619-622
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Sadamoto Y, Oda S, Tanaka M. et al . A useful approach to the differential diagnosis of small polypoid lesions of the gallbladder, utilizing an endoscopic ultrasound scoring system.  Endoscopy. 2002;  34 959-965
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Akatsu T, Aiura K, Shimazu M. et al . Can endoscopic ultrasonography differentiate nonneoplastic from neoplastic gallbladder polyps?.  Dig Dis Sci. 2006;  51 416-421
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Chang K J, Katz K D, Durbin T E. et al . Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1994;  40 694-699
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Wiersema M J, Vilmann P, Giovannini M. et al . Endosonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy: diagnostic accuracy and complication assessment.  Gastroenterology. 1997;  112 1087-1095
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Klapman J B, Logrono R, Dye C E. et al . Clinical impact of on-site cytopathology interpretation on endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;  98 1289-1294
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Chhieng D C, Jhala D, Jhala N. et al . Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy: a study of 103 cases.  Cancer. 2002;  96 232-239
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Erickson R A, Sayage-Rabie L, Beissner R S. Factors predicting the number of EUS-guided fine-needle passes for diagnosis of pancreatic malignancies.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;  51 184-190
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Shin H J, Lahoti S, Sneige N. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in 179 cases: the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center experience.  Cancer. 2002;  96 174-180
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Pellisé M, Castells A, Ginès A. et al . Clinical usefulness of K-ras mutational analysis in the diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma by means of endosonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;  17 1299-1307
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 LeBlanc J K, Ciaccia D, Al-Assi M T. et al . Optimal number of EUS-guided fine needle aspiration passes to reach a correct diagnosis.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;  59 475-481
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Annema J T, Veselic M, Versteegh M I. et al . Mediastinitis caused by EUS-FNA of a bronchogenic cyst.  Endoscopy. 2003;  35 791-793
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Ryan A G, Zamvar V, Roberts S A. Iatrogenic candidal infection of a mediastinal foregut cyst following endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration.  Endoscopy. 2002;  34 838-839
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Hirota W K, Petersen K, Baron T H. et al . Guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis for GI endoscopy.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  58 475-482
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Barawi M, Gottlieb K, Cunha B. et al . A prospective evaluation of the incidence of bacteremia associated with EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;  53 189-192
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Levy M J, Norton I D, Wiersema M J. et al . Prospective risk assessment of bacteremia and other infectious complications in patients undergoing EUS-guided FNA.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 672-678
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Giovannini M, Seitz J F, Monges G. et al . Fine-needle aspiration cytology guided by endoscopic ultrasonography: results in 141 patients.  Endoscopy. 1995;  27 171-177
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Varadarajulu S, Fraig M, Schmulewitz N. et al . Comparison of EUS-guided 19-gauge Trucut needle biopsy with EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration.  Endoscopy. 2004;  36 397-401
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Smith E H. Complications of percutaneous abdominal fine-needle biopsy. Review.  Radiology. 1991;  178 253-258
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Stigliano R, Marelli L, Yu D. et al . Seeding following percutaneous diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for hepatocellular carcinoma. What is the risk and the outcome? Seeding risk for percutaneous approach of HCC.  Cancer Treat Rev. 2007;  33 437-447
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Shah J N, Fraker D, Guerry D. et al . Melanoma seeding of an EUS-guided fine needle track.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;  59 923-924
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Paquin S C, Gariepy G, Lepanto L. et al . A first report of tumor seeding because of EUS-guided FNA of a pancreatic adenocarcinoma.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;  61 610-611
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Harewood G C. Assessment of publication bias in the reporting of EUS performance in staging rectal cancer.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;  100 808-816
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Harewood G C. Assessment of clinical impact of endoscopic ultrasound on rectal cancer.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;  99 623-627
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Harewood G C, Wiersema M J, Nelson H. et al . A prospective, blinded assessment of the impact of preoperative staging on the management of rectal cancer.  Gastroenterology. 2002;  123 24-32
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Nelson H, Petrelli N, Carlin A. et al . Guidelines 2000 for colon and rectal cancer surgery.  J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;  93 583-596
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Delaney C P, Lavery I C, Brenner A. et al . Preoperative radiotherapy improves survival for patients undergoing total mesorectal excision for stage T3 low rectal cancers.  Ann Surg. 2002;  236 203-207
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Schell S R, Zlotecki R A, Mendenhall W M. et al . Transanal excision of locally advanced rectal cancers downstaged using neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.  J Am Coll Surg. 2002;  194 584-590; discussion 590 – 591
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Hunerbein M, Totkas S, Moesta K T. et al . The role of transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy in the postoperative follow-up of patients with rectal cancer.  Surgery. 2001;  129 164-169
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Lohnert M S, Doniec J M, Henne-Bruns D. Effectiveness of endoluminal sonography in the identification of occult local rectal cancer recurrences.  Dis Colon Rectum. 2000;  43 483-491
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Chapron C, Vieira M, Chopin N. et al . Accuracy of rectal endoscopic ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of rectal involvement for patients presenting with deeply infiltrating endometriosis.  Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2004;  24 175-179
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Bazot M, Thomassin I, Hourani R. et al . Diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal sonography for deep pelvic endometriosis.  Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2004;  24 180-185
    Google Scholar
  • 125 Toloza E M, Harpole L, McCrory D C. Noninvasive staging of non-small cell lung cancer: a review of the current evidence.  Chest. 2003;  123 137-146
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Eloubeidi M A, Cerfolio R J, Chen V K. et al . Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of mediastinal lymph node in patients with suspected lung cancer after positron emission tomography and computed tomography scans.  Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;  79 263-268
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Silvestri G A, Tanoue L T, Margolis M L. et al . The noninvasive staging of non-small cell lung cancer: the guidelines.  Chest. 2003;  123 147S-156S
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Detterbeck F C, DeCamp Jr. M M, Kohman L J. et al . Lung cancer. Invasive staging: the guidelines.  Chest. 2003;  123 167S-175S
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 129 Wallace M B, Silvestri G A, Sahai A V. et al . Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for staging patients with carcinoma of the lung.  Ann Thorac Surg.. 2001;  72 1861-1867
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 130 Wallace M B, Ravenel J, Block M I. et al . Endoscopic ultrasound in lung cancer patients with a normal mediastinum on computed tomography.  Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;  77 1763-1768
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 131 Wallace M B, Woodward T A, Raimondo M. Endoscopic ultrasound and staging of non-small cell lung cancer.  Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2005;  15 157-167
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 132 Fritscher-Ravens A, Soehendra N, Schirrow L. et al . Role of transesophageal endosonography-guided fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis of lung cancer.  Chest. 2000;  117 339-445
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 133 Wildi S M, Hoda R S, Fickling W. et al . Diagnosis of benign cysts of the mediastinum: the role and risks of EUS and FNA.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  58 362-368
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 134 Pai K R, Page R D. Mediastinitis after EUS-guided FNA biopsy of a posterior mediastinal metastatic teratoma.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;  62 980-981
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 135 Kahaleh M, Hernandez A J, Tokar J. et al . Interventional EUS-guided cholangiography: evaluation of a technique in evolution.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;  64 52-59
    Google Scholar
  • 136 DeWitt J, McGreevy K, Schmidt C M. et al . Ethanol pancreatic injection of cysts (EPIC): preliminary results of a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double blinded study [abstract].  Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;  65 AB106
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 137 Levy M J, Wong Kee Song L M, Farnell M B. et al . Endoscopic ultrasound-guided angiotherapy of refractory gastrointestinal bleeding.  Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;  103 352-359
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar

F. Maluf-FilhoMD 

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Division
São Paulo University

Brazil

Fax: 55113884-7599

Email: fauze.maluf@terra.com.br

      >