Gesundheitliche Effekte der Feinstaubbelastung – aktueller wissenschaftlicher Kenntnisstand

Zusammenfassung

Einleitung: Die Luftqualität ist nicht nur für die Homöostase des Atemtrakts, sondern für die des gesamten Organismus von entscheidender Bedeutung. In den letzten Jahren wurden Überschreitungen der durch die Europäische Union festgesetzten Höchstgrenzen von Feinstaubkonzentrationen festgestellt.

Methodik: Die vorliegende Arbeit ist eine selektive Literaturübersicht zur Epidemiologie und zu pathophysiologischen Effekten der Feinstaubbelastung.

Ergebnisse: Eine Vielzahl epidemiologischer Studien weist auf eine Assoziation von chronischer Feinstaubbelastung und Gesamtmortalität hin. Am deutlichsten sind die Auswirkungen bei Menschen mit Disposition für kardiovaskuläre und respiratorische Erkrankungen. Allerdings müssen die Effekte von Luftschadstoffen kritisch evaluiert und die Plausibilität einzelner Grenzwerte überprüft werden.

Diskussion: Die negativen Einflüsse der chronischen Feinstaubbelastung sind mittlerweile durch eine große Anzahl epidemiologischer und experimenteller Studien belegt. Aus Sicht der Primärprävention kommt der Luftreinhaltung eine wesentliche Bedeutung zu. Dies betrifft sowohl den Bereich der Außenluft mit Feinstaub und anderen Schadstoffen als auch den Bereich der Innenraumluft mit Tabakrauch.

Abstract

Introduction: Air quality is not only important for respiratory health but it also influences the homeostasis of the whole human organism. In the past years numerous violations of European Union particulate matter thresholds have been recorded. Methods: The present study is a selective literature analysis encompassing the epidemiology and pathophysiological effects of particulate matter. Results: Epidemiological studies point to an association between chronic particulate matter exposure and mortality. The most prominent effects on the human body are present in subjects with cardiovascular or respiratory conditions. However, the effects of air pollutants need to be examined critically and the plausibility of thresholds should be evaluated in detail. Discussion: The negative influences of chronic particulate matter exposure have been proven by a multitude of epidemiological and experimental studies. From the viewpoint of primary prevention, air quality plays a crucial role. This encompasses both the outdoor compartment with particulate matter and other pollutants and the indoor compartment with tobacco smoke.

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