Abstract
Today cancer treatment is not only a question of eliminating cancer cells by induction
of cell death. New therapeutic strategies also include targeting the tumour microenvironment,
avoiding angiogenesis, modulating the immune response or the chronic inflammation
that is often associated with cancer. Furthermore, the induction of redifferentiation
of dedifferentiated cancer cells is an interesting aspect in developing new therapy
strategies. Plants provide a broad spectrum of potential drug substances for cancer
therapy with multifaceted effects and targets. Pentacyclic triterpenes are one group
of promising secondary plant metabolites. This review summarizes the potential of
triterpenes belonging to the lupane, oleanane or ursane group, to treat cancer by
different modes of action. Since Pisha et al. reported in 1995 that betulinic acid
is a highly promising anticancer drug after inducing apoptosis in melanoma cell lines
in vitro and in vivo, experimental work focused on the apoptosis inducing mechanisms of betulinic acid
and other triterpenes. The antitumour effects were subsequently confirmed in a series
of cancer cell lines from other origins, for example breast, colon, lung and neuroblastoma.
In addition, in the last decade many studies have shown further effects that justify
the expectation that triterpenes are useful to treat cancer by several modes of action.
Thus, triterpene acids are known mainly for their antiangiogenic effects as well as
their differentiation inducing effects. In particular, lupane-type triterpenes, such
as betulin, betulinic acid and lupeol, display anti-inflammatory activities which
often accompany immune modulation. Triterpene acids as well as triterpene monoalcohols
and diols also show an antioxidative potential. The pharmacological potential of triterpenes
of the lupane, oleanane or ursane type for cancer treatment seems high; although up
to now no clinical trial has been published using these triterpenes in cancer therapy.
They provide a multitarget potential for coping with new cancer strategies. Whether
this is an effective approach for cancer treatment has to be proven. Because various
triterpenes are an increasingly promising group of plant metabolites, the utilisation
of different plants as their sources is of interest. Parts of plants, for example
birch bark, rosemary leaves, apple peel and mistletoe shoots are rich in triterpenes
and provide different triterpene compositions.
Key words
pentacyclic triterpenes - multifunctional agent - cancer treatment
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Dr. Melanie N. Laszczyk
Betulin-Institut
Blumenstr. 25
64297 Darmstadt
Germany
Phone: + 49 72 33 82 93 71
Email: m.laszczyk@betulin-institut.de
