Zusammenfassung
Die Entwicklung der Gedächtnisforschung ist untrennbar mit dem Schicksal des Patienten
HM verbunden. Anlässlich seines Todes wird an die Umstände erinnert, die 1953 bei
ihm zu der beidseitigen Entfernung von Teilen des mediotemporalen Kortex führten;
ferner wird die Bedeutung der nachfolgenden mehr als 50-jährigen Erforschung seiner
postoperativen amnestischen Störungen und seiner verbliebenen Lern- und Gedächtnisleistungen
beschrieben. Die ersten Untersuchungsergebnisse gaben den Anstoß dafür, durch tierexperimentelle
Forschung in enger Interaktion mit klinischen Studien an weiteren Patienten die damals
vorherrschende antilokalisationistische Vorstellung von Gehirnfunktionen aufzugeben;
denn es wurde unwiderruflich klar, dass das Gedächtnis unabhängig von anderen kognitiven
Funktionen beschädigt werden konnte. Spätere Untersuchungen führten dazu, auch das
Gedächtnis selbst nicht mehr als ein einheitliches Phänomen betrachten zu können.
Vielmehr war man gezwungen, es mehr und mehr aufzugliedern und in differenzierter
Weise bestimmten neuroanatomischen Strukturen zuzuordnen. Es wird eine zusammenfassende
vereinfachte Darstellung aktueller Vorstellungen von den Systemen des deklarativen
Gedächtnisses gegeben, deren neuroanatomisches Substrat in mediotemporalen, dienzephalen
und frontal-kortikalen Strukturen gesehen wird. Schließlich wird versucht, sich der
Frage zu nähern, was es für den Menschen HM bedeutet haben mag, wenn er seit seinem
27. Lebensjahr keine neuen, bewusst abrufbaren Erinnerungen mehr zur Verfügung hatte
und sein Leben bis zu seinem Tode mit 82 Jahren gewissermaßen nur aus Kindheits- und
Jugenderinnerungen sowie dem jeweils augenblicklichen Moment bestand.
Abstract
The development of memory research is inextricably bound to the fate of patient HM.
On the occasion of his death, the circumstances are remembered, which lead to the
bilateral removal of parts of his medio-temporal cortex in 1953. And the importance
of the subsequent more than a half-century of research about his postoperative amnesic
deficits as well as remaining learning and memory functions are outlined. The early
reports triggered improved animal research which together with parallel investigations
on HM and patients with similar deficits eventually lead to the downfall of the up
until then dominating antilocalisationist view of brain functions. This was the result
of having convincingly shown that memory could be severely impaired without major
changes in other cognitive functions. Later investigations lead to question the unity
of memory itself and forced a more and more differentiated description of different
kinds of memory and their associations with separate neuroanatomical structures. A
simplified summary of the resulting recent ideas of declarative memory systems is
presented together with an outline of connections to their supporting medio-temporal,
diencephalic and frontal-cortical structures. Finally, an attempt is made to address
the question about the impact on the person HM of not having been able to form consciously
retrievable memories from age 27 until his death at age of 82, thus having to rely
for a reconstruction of his life on memories from child- and young adulthood as well
as single momentary short-lived experiences.
Schlüsselwörter
Lernen - Gedächtnis - Amnesie - Hippokampus - Patient HM
Key words
learning - memory - amnesia - hippocampus - patient HM
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Dr. Bruno Preilowski, M.Sc., Ph.D., Universitäts-professor a.D.
Karl-Erb-Ring 5
88213 Ravensburg
Email: preilowski@uni-tuebingen.de