Zusammenfassung
Wesentliche Merkmale des ARDS sind ein ausgeprägtes Permeabilitätsödem der Lunge, eine lebensbedrohliche Hypoxämie aufgrund von Perfusions/Ventilationsstörungen, ein pulmonaler Hypertonus, eine Reduktion der Compliance der Lunge, eine Hyperkapnie und eine Belastung besonders des rechten Herzens. Die Prognose wird maßgeblich von der Grunderkrankung bestimmt. Die AECC Kriterien beschreiben den Schweregrad der Erkrankung nur unzureichend. Unterschiedliche epidemiologische Angaben zu Inzidenz und Sterblichkeit und unerwartete Studienergebnisse zur Überprüfung der Wirksamkeit von Interventionen können dadurch begründet sein. Die Vermeidung des Mehrorganversagens steht im Mittelpunkt der Therapie. Die Behandlung in einem spezialisierten Zentrum bietet ein multimodales Konzept (interdisziplinäre Behandlung, aufwendige Infektionsdiagnostik, ECMO, ILA, NO, Prostaglandine, erweitertes Monitoring) [31 ].
Abstract
Despite the implementation of a multimodal concept of treatment, the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is still afflicted with high mortality rates. A reasonable application and combination of possible treatment strategies, such as prone position, positive end–expiratory pressure (PEEP), restrictive volume therapy or nitric oxide (NO), requires pathophysiological and epidemiological knowledge. In the following article we describe basic pathophysiological parameters in development, progression and therapy of ARDS. Furthermore, we try to elucidate possible reasons for considerable limitations of multicentric studies in this field.
Schlüsselwörter
Lungenversagen - ARDS - ALI - Pathophysiologie - Epidemiologie - multizentrische Studien
Keywords
Acute respiratory distress syndrome - ARDS - ALI - pathophysiology - epidemiology - multicentric studies
Kernaussagen
Ein ARDS ist eine generalisierte Entzündungsreaktion der Lunge. Leitsymptom ist ein nicht kardial bedingtes Permeabilitätsödem mit schwerer Hypoxämie. Häufige ARDS–Ursachen sind Pneumonien, Sepsis, Polytraumata, Aspiration von Magensäure sowie Pankreatitiden oder Inhalationstraumata.
Die gestörte pulmonale Vasomotorik und die inhomogene Ausbildung von Dystelektasen und Atelektasen führen zum Missverhältnis von Perfusion und Ventilation („VA /Q – Mismatch”) – und so zum intrapulmonalen Shunting als Ursache der schweren Hypoxämie.
Basis einer erfolgreichen Therapie ist die Beseitigung des auslösenden Agens – beim septischen ARDS insbesondere die Fokussuche und –sanierung.
Nicht nur die Schwere der Hypoxämie, sondern vielmehr das Auftreten sekundärer
Organversagen spielt für die ARDS–Prognose eine Rolle. Neben der Therapie des pulmonalen Ödems darf die intensivmedizinische Schockbehandlung zur Aufrechterhaltung einer adäquaten Organperfusion nicht aus den Augen verloren werden.
Die FiO2 bei der Beatmung von ARDS–Patienten sollte so hoch wie nötig und so gering wie möglich eingestellt werden. Faustregel: Eine arterielle O2 –Sättigung > 90 % gilt als ausreichend. Dies ist immer im Zusammenhang mit dem aktuellen Herzzeitvolumen und dem Hämoglobingehalt (als den 2 weiteren Determinanten des O2 –Angebots) zu beurteilen.
Die AECC–Kriterien beschreiben den Schweregrad der Erkrankung nur unzureichend.
Die gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität nach erfolgreicher ARDS–Therapie wird maßgeblich von psychischen Veränderungen bestimmt – und nicht von eingeschränkter körperlicher Belastbarkeit (z. B. durch bleibende Lungenfunktionsstörungen).
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Dr. med. Maria Deja Prof. Dr. med. Jörg Weimann Dr. med. Christian Lojewski Matthias Hommel Dr. med Mario Menk
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