Zusammenfassung
Die Anlage eines zentralen Venenkatheters ist unerlässlich für die Versorgung von
kritisch kranken Patienten sowie für Patienten, die eine große Operation benötigen.
Auf der Grundlage von etwa 90 Studien wird ein Gesamtüberblick über die Verwendung
des ZVK gegeben – eine Zusammenfassung über die Anwendung und Pflege, typische Komplikationen,
häufigste Punktionsorte und –techniken.
Abstract
Central venous cannulation is essential for management of patients who are critically
ill or require major surgery. Based on approximately 90 studies, the use and maintainance
of catheters, typical complications, most common puncture sites and techniques were
sighted to give an overview over the state–of–the–art concerning central venous catheters.
Schlüsselwörter:
ZVK - katheterassoziierte Komplikationen - Katheteranlage
Key Words:
central venous catheter - catheter related complication - infection - technique of
insertion
Kernaussagen
-
Indikationen zur Anlage eines ZVK sind u. a. die Gabe von hyperosmolaren Lösungen,
von Katecholaminen und anderen venenreizenden Substanzen, die Langzeit–Infusionstherapie
und die venovenöse Hämofiltration/–dialyse.
-
Weitere Indikationen sind: die Ermittlung der zentralvenösen Sättigung bei schweren
Krankheitsbildern sowie die Bestimmung des systemischen Widerstandes.
-
Keine Indikationen für die Anlage eines zentralen Venekatheters sind das Monitoring
des intravasalen Volumens und die Steuerung des Volumenhaushaltes.
-
Bei der ultraschallgestützten Punktion treten Komplikationen seltener auf als bei
der herkömmlichen Landmark–Methode; zudem spart sie Zeit und Kosten.
-
Bei ca. 15 % der Patienten, die einen Katheter erhalten, kommt es zu Komplikationen:
mechanische Probleme, Infektionen oder thrombotische Komplikationen.
-
Bei der Punktion der V. subclavia muss die Lage des Katheters mittels Röntgenthoraxaufnahme
kontrolliert werden; bei 2 % der Subklavia–Punktionen tritt ein Pneumothorax auf.
-
Die größte Gefahr bei peripher eingebrachten Kathetern sind Thrombophlebitiden.
-
Infektionen treten bei Kathetern, die mit antiinfektiösen Substanzen imprägniert
sind (Chlorhexidin, Silbersulfadiazin, Minocyclin/Rifampicin), seltener auf.
-
Die prophylaktische Gabe von Antibiotika nach der Punktion gehört in Deutschland
nicht zum Standard.
-
Mithilfe der Röntgenthoraxaufnahme können Fehllagen, Katheterbruch, Embolien, das
Pinch–off–Syndrom und ein verspätet aufgetretener Pneumothorax identifiziert werden.
-
Katheter, die länger als 3–4 Tage verbleiben, sollen nicht regelmäßig gewechselt
werden, da das Infektionsrisiko unabhängig von der Verweildauer ist.
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Dr. med. Ursula Szibor–Kriesen
Dr. med. Gernot Rücker
PD Dr. med. Dierk Vagts
Email: dierk.vagts@medizin.uni-rostok.de