Zusammenfassung
Die Unterstützung des Selbstmanagements stellt ein wichtiges Element in der hausärztlichen
Betreuung chronisch kranker Menschen dar. Durch den Erwerb grundlegender Kenntnisse
über die Erkrankung, deren Auswirkungen auf verschiedene Lebensbereiche sowie diesbezügliche
Handlungsoptionen soll der chronisch erkrankte Patient in die Lage versetzt werden,
die Rolle eines aktiven „Krankheitsmanagers” zu übernehmen und informierte Entscheidungen
für sein Leben zu treffen (Selbstmanagement und Empowerment-Konzept). Um diese Fähigkeit
zum Selbstmanagement zu fördern, sind Kompetenzen erforderlich – sowohl aufseiten
der Hausärzte (z. B. patientenzentrierte, verhaltensorientierte Beratung, motivierende
Gesprächsführung), als auch aufseiten der Patienten (z. B. Patientenschulung). Zwar
legen Patientenschulungen hierbei ein Fundament, doch bleibt es weiterhin die Aufgabe
des Hausarztes, die Patienten langfristig zu motivieren und die Kontinuität des Selbstmanagements
zu erhalten. In diesem Artikel werden zwei hausärztliche Instrumente zur Förderung
des Selbstmanagements von Patienten vorgestellt und ausführlich diskutiert: 1) Patientenzentrierte
und verhaltensorientierte Beratung und 2) Patientenschulungen.
Abstract
Supporting chronically ill patients in realizing their self-management activities
is an essential part of care in primary care. We want to enable patients to become
active ‘disease-managers’ and to make well-informed decisions through better understanding
of their illness and its implications for daily life (concept of empowerment and self-management).
While both patients and General Practitioners require skills to support self-management-activities,
it remains the task of the GP to attempt long term motivation and information flow.
‘Patient-oriented and behavior-orientated counseling’ and ‘motivating counseling’
are effective interventions for GP's, patient-education programs have proven beneficial
for chronically ill patients. Two different tools to promote patient self-management
in chronic disease are presented in this article: 1) patient- and behavior-orientated
counseling und 2) patient-education.
Schlüsselwörter
Selbstmanagement - verhaltensorientierte Beratung - Patientenschulung - chronische
Krankheiten
Key words
self-management - behavioral counseling - patient-education-program - chronic illness
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1 Hinwendung vom „alten” Konzept der „Therapietreue=Compliance” zum Konzept der „Konkordanz”,
welches die individuellen Krankheitskonzepte des Patienten in hohem Maße berücksichtigt
und dazu führt, dass Therapieziele gemeinsam von Arzt und Patient entwickelt werden,
wäre wünschenswert, ist in den aktuellen Schulungsprogrammen bisher jedoch nur teilweise
umgesetzt.44
2 Quelle: Ludt S, Joos S. Szecsenyi J. Schulung und Selbstmanagement. Kap. 2.7; Hausarzt
Handbuch Asthma bronchiale und COPD. MED.KOMM. Verlag 2006; modifiziert nach Glasgow
et al.
Korrespondenzadresse
Dr. med. C. KüverMPH
Institut für Allgemeinmedizin
Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf
Martinistr. 52
20246 Hamburg
eMail: c.kuever@uke.uni-hamburg.de