Zusammenfassung
Die transösophageale Echokardiographie (TEE) ist aufgrund der Einsatzmöglichkeit am
Krankenbett, der hohen Bildqualität, der raschen Verfügbarkeit der diagnostischen
Information sowie einer niedrigen Komplikationsrate (2,6 %) ein äußerst vielseitigen
Verfahren zur Überwachung, Diagnostik sowie Therapiesteuerung von kritisch kranken
Patienten entwickelt. Eine Vielzahl von Studien haben einen hohen diagnostischen (67 %)
und therapeutischen (36 %) Stellenwert der TEE aufgezeigt, insbesondere bei einem
kardiologischen und kardiochirurgischen Patientengut.
Abstract:
TEE is one of the most versatile modalities for diagnosing and guiding treatment of
critically ill patients due to its ease of use at patient bedside, the high quality
imaging, the rapid availability of diagnostic information and its low complication
rate (2,6 %). Numerous studies habe shown a significant diagnostic (67 %) and therapeutic
(36 %) impact on patient management in critically ill patients, particularly in cardiological
and cardiosurgical populations.
Schlüsselwörter:
Transösophageale - Echokardiographie - Intensivmedizin
Key words:
Transesophageal - echocardiography - critical care - intensive care unit
Kernaussagen
-
Die Echokardiografie ist aufgrund der Einsatzmöglichkeit am Krankenbett, der hohen
Bildqualität, der raschen Verfügbarkeit der diagnostischen Information sowie einer
niedrigen Komplikationsrate ein äußerst vielseitiges Verfahren zur Überwachung, Diagnostik
und Therapiesteuerung bei kritisch kranken Patienten.
-
Grundsätzlich ist die TTE wegen fehlender Invasivität das Verfahren der Wahl ist.
-
Doch die TEE bietet bei beatmeten Intensivpatienten technische Vorteile: bessere Darstellung
der Herzstrukturen, keine Interferenzen im Schallfeld durch Lungengewebe, Verbände,
Drainagen, Ödeme usw. sowie die Möglichkeit zum längeren Verweilen der Sonde in unveränderter
Position.
-
Eine Zunahme des Körpergewichtes >10 %, ein PEEP≥15cmH2O, Thoraxdrainagen, Inotropika und Vasopressoren lassen auf inadäquate transthorakale
Beschallungsbedingungen schließen.
-
Die Echokardiografie und die Verfahren eines erweiterten hämodynamischen Monitorings
(Pulmonaliskatheter, transpulmonale Indikatordilution) sind als komplementär und nicht
als kompetitiv anzusehen.
-
Die Mehrzahl der vorliegenden Studien belegt den hohen diagnostischen Stellenwert
der TEE in 44–99 % der untersuchten Fälle (Mittelwert 67 %) und die besondere Bedeutung
der TEE für die Therapie (Gabe von Antibiotika, Inotropika, Vasopressoren oder Infusionen)
bei 10–69 % der echokardiografierten Patienten (Mittelwert 36 %). Hiervon profitieren
in der Intensivmedizin v.a. kardiologische und kardiochirurgische, aber auch gemischt
operative Patientengruppen.
-
Für die Beurteilung der kardialen Funktion, und insbesondere zur Differenzialdiagnose
-
bei einer hämodynamischen Instabilität, ist die (transösophageale) Echokardiografie
gerade auch beim kritisch Kranken die Methode der Wahl.
-
In der Intensivmedizin ist die TEE der TTE bei folgenden Konstellationen bzw. Fragestellungen
überlegen:
-
Eingeschränkte Lagerungsgmöglichkeiten, Bauchlagerung, Verbände, Drainagen etc.
-
Abklärung einer hämodynamischen Instabilität insbesondere nach kardiochirurgischen
Eingriffen an den Herzklappen
-
Ausschlussdiagnostik
-
Thoraxtrauma
-
Myokardkontusion
-
Verletzung der Herzklappen
-
Aortenruptur
-
Derzeit fehlen für die TEE bei kritisch Kranken prospektive randomisierte kontrollierte
Studien mit Endpunkten wie Kosteneffizienz, Morbidität oder Letalität.
-
Bisherige Daten und klinische Erfahrung weisen jedoch auf einen hohen Nutzen durch
den intensivmedizinischen Einsatz der Echokardiografie hin.
-
Die TEE wird daher von den maßgeblichen intensivmedizinischen Fachgesellschaften (European
Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM), Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM))
als ein unverzichtbarer Bestandteil eines modernen intensivmedizinischen Instrumentariums
bewertet. Daher sollte auch der Erwerb echokardiografischer Kenntnisse Teil der intensivmedizinischen
Ausbildungscurricula werden.
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PD Dr. med. Egbert Hüttemann
Prof. Dr. med. Clemens–Alexander Greim
Email: egbert.huettemann@klinikum-worms.de
Email: sek.anaesth@klinikum-fulda.de