Chemical Diversity and Biological Activities of the Artemisia L. Genus Beyond Antimalarial Effects

Abstract

The genus Artemisia L. constitutes one of the largest and most widely distributed groups within the Asteraceae family, renowned for its pharmacological significance. Used in traditional medicine for over two millennia, Artemisia species have been employed to treat a broad spectrum of ailments, with modern pharmacological studies increasingly validating these traditional uses. Interest in the genus surged following the groundbreaking discovery of the antimalarial sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin from Artemisia annua L. Beyond antimalarial activity, Artemisia species exhibit diverse pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties, largely attributed to secondary metabolites such as sesquiterpene lactones, furofuran lignans, polyacetylenes, and methylated flavonoids. This present study covers the bioactivities of extracts, essential oils, and isolated compounds from Artemisia genus reported between 1998 and 2025. Representative compounds from the most characteristic classes of Artemisia secondary metabolites are linked to biological activities, incorporating in vitro and in vivo studies, pharmacokinetics, clinical data, and toxicity profiles, while for each compound species-specific origin is reported.

Keywords

sesquiterpene lactones - furofuran lignans - polyacetylenes - methylated flavonoids - Asteraceae - antimicrobial - anti-inflammatory - cytotoxic

Publication History

Received: 29 August 2025

Accepted after revision: 03 February 2026

Accepted Manuscript online:
08 February 2026

Article published online:
02 March 2026

• References

• 1 Vallès J, McArthur D. Artemisia Systematics and Phylogeny: Cytogenetic and Molecular Insights. In: McArthur ED, Fairbanks DJ, eds. Shrubland Ecosystem Genetics and Biodiversity Proceedings Ogden, UT, USA: 2001: 67-74
• 2 Sharifi-Rad J, Herrera-Bravo J, Semwal P, Painuli S, Badoni H, Ezzat SM, Farid MM, Merghany RM, Aborehab NM, Salem MA, Sen S, Acharya K, Lapava N, Martorell M, Tynybekov B, Calina D, Cho WC. Artemisia spp.: An update on its chemical composition, pharmacological and toxicological profiles. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2022; 2022: 5628601
• 3 Liu NQ, Van der Kooy F, Verpoorte R. Artemisia afra: A potential flagship for African medicinal plants?. S Afr J Bot 2009; 75: 185-195
• 4 Adewumi OA, Singh V, Singh G. Chemical composition, traditional uses and biological activities of Artemisia species. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2020; 9: 1124-1140
• 5 Hussain A. The genus Artemisia (Asteraceae): A review on its ethnomedicinal prominence and taxonomy with emphasis on foliar anatomy, morphology, and molecular phylogeny. Proc Pak Acad Sci B Life Environ Sci 2020; 57: 1-28
• 6 Koul B, Taak P. The Artemisia genus: A Review on traditional uses, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological properties and germplasm conservation. J Glycomics Lipidomics 2018; 7: 1-7
• 7 Wang J, Xu C, Wong YK, Li Y, Liao F, Jiang T, Tu Y. Artemisinin, the magic drug discovered from traditional Chinese medicine. Engineering 2019; 5: 32-39
• 8 World malaria report 2024: Addressing inequity in the global malaria response. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
• 9 Tan RX, Zheng WF, Tang HQ. Biologically active substances from the genus Artemisia . Planta Med 1998; 64: 295-302
• 10 Ickovski JD, Pavlović JLJ, Mitić MN, Palić IR, Kostić DA, Petrović GM, Stojanović GS. Furofuran lignans of Artemisia genus: Isolation, biosynthesis and biological activity. J Serb Chem Soc 2020; 85: 575-600
• 11 Diab MK, Abu-Elsaoud AM, Salama MG, Ghareeb EM. Phytochemical treasure troves–insights into bioactivities, phytochemistry, and uses of Artemisia species. Phytochem Rev 2025;
• 12 Ekiert H, Klimek-Szczykutowicz M, Rzepiela A, Klin P, Szopa A. Artemisia species with high biological values as a potential source of medicinal and cosmetic raw materials. Molecules 2022; 27: 6427
• 13 Devkota HP, Aftab T. Medicinal Plants of the Asteraceae Family: Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities. Singapore: Springer Nature; 2022
• 14 Sharopov F, Zhang H, Wink M, Setzer W. Aromatic medicinal plants from Tajikistan (Central Asia). Medicines 2015; 2: 28-46
• 15 European Medicines Agency. Absinthii herba – herbal medicinal product. European Medicines Agency website. Available at https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/absinthii-herba Accessed November 18, 2025
• 16 Ekiert H, Świątkowska J, Knut E, Klin P, Rzepiela A, Tomczyk M, Szopa A. Artemisia dracunculus (Tarragon): A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12: 653993
• 17 Ekiert H, Pajor J, Klin P, Rzepiela A, Slesak H, Szopa A. Significance of Artemisia vulgaris L. (Common Mugwort) in the history of medicine and its possible contemporary applications substantiated by phytochemical and pharmacological studies. Molecules 2020; 25: 4415
• 18 Ding J, Wang L, He C, Zhao J, Si L, Huang H. Artemisia scoparia: Traditional uses, active constituents and pharmacological effects. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 273: 113960
• 19 Beshay EVN. Therapeutic efficacy of Artemisia absinthium against Hymenolepis nana: In vitro and in vivo studies in comparison with the anthelmintic praziquantel. J Helminthol 2018; 92: 298-308
• 20 Caner A, Döşkaya M, Değirmenci A, Can H, Baykan Ş, Üner A, Başdemir G, Zeybek U, Gürüz Y. Comparison of the effects of Artemisia vulgaris and Artemisia absinthium growing in western Anatolia against trichinellosis (Trichinella spiralis) in rats. Exp Parasitol 2008; 119: 173-179
• 21 Ahmed AH, Ejo M, Feyera T, Regassa D, Mummed B, Huluka SA. In vitro anthelmintic activity of crude extracts of Artemisia herba-alba and Punica granatum against Haemonchus contortus . J Parasitol Res 2020; 2020: 4950196
• 22 Asy AM, Khater H, Elshorbagy M. Anthelmintic activity of the white wormwood, Artemisia herba-alba against Heterakis gallinarum infecting turkey poults. J Med Plant Res 2011; 5: 3946-3957
• 23 Alvar J, Vélez ID, Bern C, Herrero M, Desjeux P, Cano J, Jannin J, de Boer M. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One 2012; 7: e35671
• 24 Majoor A, Michel G, Marty P, Boyer L, Pomares C. Leishmanioses: Stratégies de développement de traitements. Parasite 2025; 32: 18
• 25 Monzote L, Piñón A, Scull R, Setzer WN. Chemistry and leishmanicidal activity of the essential oil from Artemisia absinthium from Cuba. Nat Prod Commun 2014; 9: 1799-1804
• 26 Islamuddin M, Chouhan G, Want MY, Tyagi M, Abdin MZ, Sahal D, Afrin F. Leishmanicidal activities of Artemisia annua leaf essential oil against Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Microbiol 2014; 5: 626
• 27 Khademvatan S, Eskandari K, Nejad BS, Naanaie SY. Cytotoxic effects of Artemisia Dracunculus L. and Heracleum Persicum Desf. extracts on Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum promastigotes using MTT assay. Int J Enteric Pathog 2021; 9: 59-63
• 28 Najm M, Hadighi R, Heidari-Kharaji M, Alipour M, Hajizadeh M, Rafiei-Sefiddashti R, Heidari A, Badirzadeh A. Anti-leishmanial activity of Artemisia persica, A. spicigera, and A. fragrance against Leishmania major . Iran J Parasitol 2021; 16: 464-473
• 29 Karoutzou O, Beteinakis S, Koutsoni O, Kalpoutzakis E, Smirlis D, Halabalaki M, Skaltsounis LA, Mikros E. Discovery of antileishmanial compounds from Artemisia umbelliformis subsp. eriantha using HeteroCovariance approach, HetCA. Bioorg Chem 2025; 163: 108632
• 30 Chen M, Pan S, Lin F, Zhu W, Li B, Zhou B, Zhang G, Feng Z, Yao M. Edible plant Artemisia argyi H.Lév. & Vaniot: An in vitro study on its anti-helicobacter pylori effect. J Funct Foods 2025; 124: 106648
• 31 Shafi PM, Nambiar GMK, Clery RA, Sarma YR, Veena SS. Composition and antifungal activity of the oil of artemisia nilagirica (clarke) pamp. J Essent Oil Res 2004; 16: 377-379
• 32 Ahameethunisa AR, Hopper W. Antibacterial activity of Artemisia nilagirica leaf extracts against clinical and phytopathogenic bacteria. BMC Complement Altern Med 2010; 10: 6
• 33 Mamatova AS, Korona-Glowniak I, Skalicka-Woźniak K, Józefczyk A, Wojtanowski KK, Baj T, Sakipova ZB, Malm A. Phytochemical composition of wormwood (Artemisia gmelinii) extracts in respect of their antimicrobial activity. BMC Complement Altern Med 2019; 19: 288
• 34 Liu Z, Li X, Jin Y, Nan T, Zhao Y, Huang L, Yuan Y. New evidence for Artemisia absinthium as an alternative to classical antibiotics: Chemical analysis of phenolic compounds, screening for antimicrobial activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24: 12044
• 35 Plescia F, Venturella F, Lauricella M, Catania V, Polito G, Schillaci D, Piccionello AP, Giuseppe D, DʼAnneo A, Raffa D. Chemical composition, cytotoxic effects, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of Artemisia arborescens (Vaill.) L. growing wild in the province of Agrigento, Sicily, Italy. Plant Biosyst 2022; 156: 1336-1345
• 36 Militello M, Settanni L, Aleo A, Mammina C, Moschetti G, Giammanco GM, Blàzquez MA, Carrubba A. Chemical composition and antibacterial potential of Artemisia arborescens L. essential oil. Curr Microbiol 2011; 62: 1274-1281
• 37 Lubbe A, Seibert I, Klimkait T, Van Der Kooy F. Ethnopharmacology in overdrive: The remarkable anti-HIV activity of Artemisia annua . J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 141: 854-859
• 38 Nie C, Trimpert J, Moon S, Haag R, Gilmore K, Kaufer BB, Seeberger PH. In vitro efficacy of Artemisia extracts against SARS-CoV-2. Virol J 2021; 18: 182
• 39 Baggieri M, Gioacchini S, Borgonovo G, Catinella G, Marchi A, Picone P, Vasto S, Fioravanti R, Bucci P, Kojouri M, Giuseppetti R, DʼUgo E, Ubaldi F, Dallavalle S, Nuzzo D, Pinto A, Magurano F. Antiviral, virucidal and antioxidant properties of Artemisia annua against SARS-CoV-2. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168: 115682
• 40 Xiao J, Liu P, Hu Y, Liu T, Guo Y, Sun P, Zheng J, Ren Z, Wang Y. Antiviral activities of Artemisia vulgaris L. extract against herpes simplex virus. Chin Med 2023; 18: 21
• 41 Saddi M, Sanna A, Cottiglia F, Chisu L, Casu L, Bonsignore L, De Logu A. Antiherpevirus activity of Artemisia arborescens essential oil and inhibition of lateral diffusion in Vero cells. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2007; 6: 10
• 42 Augustin Y, Staines HM, Krishna S. Artemisinins as a novel anti-cancer therapy: Targeting a global cancer pandemic through drug repurposing. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 216: 107706
• 43 Venables L, Koekemoer TC, Van de Venter M, Goosen ED. Isoalantolactone, a sesquiterpene lactone from Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd and its in vitro mechanism of induced cell death in HeLa cells. S Afr J Bot 2016; 103: 216-221
• 44 Bou Malhab LJ, Harb AA, Eldohaji L, Taneera J, Al-Hroub HM, Abuhelwa A, Alzoubi KH, Abu-Irmaileh B, Hudaib M, Almaliti J, Abdel-Rahman WM, Shanableh A, Semreen MH, El-Huneidi W, Abu-Gharbieh E, Bustanji Y. Exploring the anticancer effect of Artemisia herba-alba on colorectal cancer: Insights from eight colorectal cancer cell lines. Food Sci Nutr 2025; 13: e4715
• 45 Pace L, Ragusa F, Lizzi L, Armillotta MG, Massimi M. Potential antiproliferative and antimetastatic effects of Artemisia eriantha: An in vitro study focused on hepatocarcinoma cells. Biology (Basel) 2024; 13: 985
• 46 Shin JM, Son YJ, Ha IJ, Erdenebileg S, Jung DS, Song DG, Kim YS, Kim SM, Nho CW. Artemisia argyi extract alleviates inflammation in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model and enhances immunomodulatory effects in lymphoid tissues. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22: 64
• 47 Kim SY, Shin DU, Eom JE, Jung SY, Song HJ, Lim KM, Kim GD, Yun SI, Kim MY, Shin HS, Lee SY. Artemisia gmelinii attenuates lung inflammation by suppressing the NF-κB/MAPK pathway. Antioxidants 2022; 11: 568
• 48 Wubuli A, Abdulla R, Zhao J, Wu T, Aisa HA. Exploring anti-inflammatory and antioxidant-related quality markers of Artemisia absinthium L. based on spectrum–effect relationship. Phytochem Anal 2024; 35: 1152-1173
• 49 Numonov S, Sharopov F, Salimov A, Sukhrobov P, Atolikshoeva S, Safarzoda R, Habasi M, Aisa HA. Assessment of artemisinin contents in selected Artemisia species from Tajikistan (Central Asia). Medicines 2019; 6: 1-10
• 50 Ghantous A, Gali-Muhtasib H, Vuorela H, Saliba NA, Darwiche N. What made sesquiterpene lactones reach cancer clinical trials?. Drug Discov Today 2010; 15: 668-678
• 51 Krishna S, Bustamante L, Haynes RK, Staines HM. Artemisinins: Their growing importance in medicine. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2008; 29: 520-527
• 52 Ferreira JFS, Luthria DL, Sasaki T, Heyerick A. Flavonoids from Artemisia annua L. As antioxidants and their potential synergism with artemisinin against malaria and cancer. Molecules 2010; 15: 3135-3170
• 53 Efferth T, Kaina B. Toxicity of the antimalarial artemisinin and its dervatives. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 40: 405-421
• 54 Ivanescu B, Miron A, Corciova A. Sesquiterpene lactones from artemisia genus: Biological activities and methods of analysis. J Anal Methods Chem 2015; 2015: 247685
• 55 Lin X, Chen J. Artemisitene: A promising natural drug candidate with various biological activities needs to confirm the interactional targets. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14: 1-3
• 56 Zhu X, Yang L, Li Y, Zhang D, Chen Y, Kostecká P, Kmoníčková E, Zídek Z. Effects of sesquiterpene, flavonoid and coumarin types of compounds from Artemisia annua L. on production of mediators of angiogenesis. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 65: 410-420
• 57 Wang Y, Huang W, Wang N, Ouyang D, Xiao L, Zhang S, Ou X, He T, Yu R, Song L. Development of arteannuin B sustained-release microspheres for anti-tumor therapy by integrated experimental and molecular modeling approaches. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13: 1236
• 58 Sanz JF, Barbera O, Marco JA. Sesquiterpene lactones from Artemisia hispanica . Phytochemistry 1989; 28: 2163-2167
• 59 Rubiolo P, Matteodo M, Bicchi C, Appendino G, Gnavi G, Bertea C, Maffei M. Chemical and biomolecular characterization of Artemisia umbelliformis Lam., an important ingredient of the alpine liqueur „Genepì“. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57: 3436-3443
• 60 Matsumoto T, Nakashima S, Nakamura S, Hattori Y, Ando T, Matsuda H. Inhibitory effects of cynaropicrin and related sesquiterpene lactones from leaves of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) on induction of iNOS in RAW264.7 cells and its high-affinity proteins. J Nat Med 2021; 75: 381-392
• 61 Butturini E, Cavalieri E, de Prati AC, Darra E, Rigo A, Shoji K, Murayama N, Yamazaki H, Watanabe Y, Suzuki H, Mariotto S. Two naturally occurring terpenes, dehydrocostuslactone and costunolide, decrease intracellular GSH content and inhibit STAT3 activation. PLoS One 2011; 6: e20174
• 62 Li Q, Wang Z, Xie Y, Hu H. Antitumor activity and mechanism of costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone: Two natural sesquiterpene lactones from the Asteraceae family. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125: 109955
• 63 Peng Z, Wang Y, Gu X, Guo X, Yan C. Study on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of costunolide and dehydrocostus lactone in rats by HPLC-UV and UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28: 1325-1334
• 64 Vouillamoz JF, Carlen C, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Pollastro F, Appendino G. The génépi Artemisia species. Ethnopharmacology, cultivation, phytochemistry, and bioactivity. Fitoterapia 2015; 106: 231-241
• 65 Wang M, Yang Y, Ke C, Yao S, Feng Z, Tang C, Ye Y. Sesquiterpene lactones from Artemisia verlotorum and their anti-inflammatory activities. Fitoterapia 2023; 169: 105560
• 66 Zheng B, Wu L, Ma L, Liu S, Li L, Xie W, Li X. Telekin induces apoptosis associated with the mitochondria-mediated pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2013; 36: 1118-1125
• 67 Yang G, Yang L, Xu F. Isoalantolactone: A review on its pharmacological effects. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15: 1453205
• 68 Khan M, Ding C, Rasul A, Yi F, Li T, Gao H, Gao R, Zhong L, Zhang K, Fang X, Ma T. Isoalantolactone induces reactive oxygen species mediated apoptosis in pancreatic carcinoma PANC-1 cells. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8: 533-547
• 69 Xu R, Zhou G, Peng Y, Wang M, Li X. Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of isoalantolactone and alantolactone in rats after oral administration of Radix Inulae Extract. Molecules 2015; 20: 7719-7736
• 70 Litvinov LD, Rudenko BA, Adekenov SM, Mukhametzhanov MN, Kagarlitskii AD, Kupriyanov AN. A new sesquiterpene lactone from Artemisia glabella . Chem Nat Compd 1982; 18: 623-624
• 71 Adekenov SM. Chemical modification of arglabin and biological activity of its new derivatives. Fitoterapia 2016; 110: 196-205
• 72 Wong HF, Brown GD. Germacranolides from Artemisia myriantha and their conformation. Phytochemistry 2002; 59: 529-536
• 73 Wang L, He W, Lai R, Lin Q, Huang Y. Arglabin is a plant sesquiterpene lactone that exerts potent anticancer effects on human oral squamous cancer cells via mitochondrial apoptosis and downregulation of the mTOR/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway to inhibit tumor growth in vivo. J BUON 2018; 23: 1679-1685
• 74 Abderrazak A, Couchie D, Mahmood DFD, Elhage R, Vindis C, Laffargue M, Mateo V, Büchele B, Ayala MR, El Gaafary M, Syrovets T, Slimane MN, Friguet B, Fulop T, Simmet T, El Hadri K, Rouis M. Anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic effects of the NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor arglabin in ApoE2.Ki mice fed a high-fat diet. Circulation 2015; 131: 1061-1070
• 75 Bates RB, Čekan Z, Procházka V, Herout V. The structure of arborescin. Tetrahedron Lett 1963; 4: 1127-1130
• 76 Hbika A, Elbouzidi A, Taibi M, Ouahabi S, Loukili EH, Bouyanzer A, Yahyaoui MI, Asehraou A, El Hachlafi N, Salamatullah AM, Bourhia M, Ibenmoussa S, Addi M, Gharibi E. Isolation of arborescin from Artemisia absinthium L. and study of its antioxidant and antimicrobial potential by use of in vitro and in silico approaches. Separations 2024; 11: 209
• 77 Vega AE, Wendel GH, Maria AOM, Pelzer L. Antimicrobial activity of Artemisia douglasiana and dehydroleucodine against Helicobacter pylori . J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 124: 653-655
• 78 Guardia T, Juarez AO, Guerreiro E, Guzmán JA, Pelzer L. Anti-inflammatory activity and effect on gastric acid secretion of dehydroleucodine isolated from Artemisia douglasiana . J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 88: 195-198
• 79 Wang Z, Li Z, Ji R, Wang W, Li J, Xu W, Li X, Yang X, Du H, Liu D. Sesquiterpene lactone from Artemisia argyi inhibited cancer proliferation by inducing apoptosis and ferroptosis via key cell metabolism enzyme NDUFA4. Phytomedicine 2025; 136: 156312
• 80 Sakipova Z, Wong NSH, Bekezhanova T, Sadykova, Shukirbekova A, Boylan F. Quantification of santonin in eight species of Artemisia from Kazakhstan by means of HPLCUV: Method development and validation. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0173714
• 81 Talmon M, Bosso L, Quaregna M, Lopatriello A, Rossi S, Gavioli D, Marotta P, Caprioglio D, Boldorini R, Miggiano R, Fresu LG, Pollastro F. Anti-inflammatory activity of absinthin and derivatives in human bronchoepithelial cells. J Nat Prod 2020; 83: 1740-1750
• 82 Wang MF, Li TZ, Ma YB, Wang YC, Li QH, Li FJ, Chen JJ. Artemyriantholidimers A–G, undescribed guaiane-type sesquiterpenoid dimers from Artemisia myriantha and their antihepatoma activities. Phytochemistry 2025; 233: 114409
• 83 Chen RK, Li TZ, Ma YB, Wang YC, Chen JJ. Artemselenoids A–H, eight guaiane-type sesquiterpenoid dimers from Artemisia selengensis and their antihepatoma activities. Org Biomol Chem 2025; 23: 3183-3193
• 84 Greger H. Sesamin-type lignans as chemical markers within Artemisia . Biochem Syst Ecol 1981; 9: 165-169
• 85 Bai X, Gou X, Cai P, Xu C, Cao L, Zhao Z, Huang M, Jin J. Sesamin enhances Nrf2-mediated protective defense against oxidative stress and inflammation in colitis via AKT and ERK activation. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019; 2019: 2432416
• 86 Majdalawieh AF, Massri M, Nasrallah GK. A comprehensive review on the anti-cancer properties and mechanisms of action of sesamin, a lignan in sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum). Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 815: 512-521
• 87 Tomimori N, Tanaka Y, Kitagawa Y, Fujii W, Sakakibara Y, Shibata H. Pharmacokinetics and safety of the sesame lignans, sesamin and episesamin, in healthy subjects. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2013; 34: 462-473
• 88 Lee CJ, Jang JH, Lee JY, Lee MH, Li Y, Ryu HW, Choi KI, Dong Z, Lee HS, Oh SR, Surh YJ, Cho YY. Aschantin targeting on the kinase domain of mammalian target of rapamycin suppresses epidermal growth factor-induced neoplastic cell transformation. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36: 1223-1234
• 89 Kwon SS, Kim JH, Jeong HU, Cho YY, Oh SR, Lee HS. Inhibitory effects of aschantin on cytochrome P450 and uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase enzyme activities in human liver microsomes. Molecules 2016; 21: 1-11
• 90 Hausott B, Greger H, Marian B. Naturally occurring lignans efficiently induce apoptosis in colorectal tumor cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2003; 129: 569-576
• 91 Wang F, Wen H, Liu L, Aisa HA, Xin X. A pair of epimers of lignan alleviate neuroinflammatory effects by modulating iNOS/COX-2 and MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways. Inflammation 2025; 48: 361-371
• 92 Ortet R, Prado S, Regalado EL, Valeriote FA, Media J, Mendiola J, Thomas OP. Furfuran lignans and a flavone from Artemisia gorgonum Webb and their in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum . J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 138: 637-640
• 93 Bhuia MS, Wilairatana P, Chowdhury R, Rakib AI, Kamli H, Shaikh A, Coutinho HDM, Islam MT. Anticancer potentials of the lignan magnolin: A systematic review. Molecules 2023; 28: 3671
• 94 Kim NJ, Song WY, Yoo SD, Oh SR, Lee HK, Lee HS. Pharmacokinetics of magnolin in rats. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33: 933-938
• 95 Greger H, Hofer O. New unsymmetrically substituted tetrahydrofurofuran lignans from Artemisia absinthium: Assignment of the relative stereochemistry by lanthanide induced chemical shifts. Tetrahedron 1980; 36: 3551-3558
• 96 Tibiriçá E. Cardiovascular properties of yangambin, a lignan isolated from Brazilian plants. Cardiovasc Drug Rev 2001; 19: 313-328
• 97 Castro MAL, de Lucena MS, Silva CNS, Xavier YS, Filho JB, Teles MRS, Peixoto L, de Souza IA, da Silva EA. Acute toxicity and cytogenotoxicity of yangambin isolated from Ocotea duckei vattimo-gil. Pharmacognosy Res 2020; 12: 444
• 98 de Pascual TJ, Gonzalez MS, Muriel MR, Bellido IS. 2-Methyl-2-hydroxymethylchromenes from Artemisia campestris subsp. glutinosa 1983; 22: 2587-2589
• 99 Wang Y, Toyota M, Krause F, Hamburger M, Hostettmann K. Polyacetylenes from Artemisia borealis and their biological activities. Phytochemistry 1990; 29: 3101-3105
• 100 Grant CV, Cai S, Risinger AL, Liang H, OʼKeefe BR, Doench JG, Cichewicz RH, Mooberry SL. CRISPR-Cas9 genome-wide knockout screen identifies mechanism of selective activity of dehydrofalcarinol in mesenchymal stem-like triple-negative breast cancer cells. J Nat Prod 2020; 83: 3080-3092
• 101 Setzer WN, Green TJ, Whitaker KW, Moriarity DM, Yancey CA. A cytotoxic diacetylene from Dendropanax arboreus . Planta Med 1995; 61: 470-471
• 102 Stig P, Eric L, Christensen LP. Differential effects of falcarinol and related aliphatic c-17-polyacetylenes on intestinal cell proliferation. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57: 8290-8296
• 103 Bernart MW, Cardellina JH, Balaschak MS, Alexander MR, Shoemaker RH, Boyd MR. Cytotoxic Falcarinol Oxylipins from Dendropanax arboreus . J Nat Prod 1996; 59: 748-753
• 104 Wu HB, Guo PX, Ma LH, Li XM, Liu TT. Nematicidal, antifungal and insecticidal activities of Artemisia halodendron extracts: New polyacetylenes involved. Ind Crops Prod 2021; 170: 113825
• 105 Meepagala KM, Sturtz G, Wedge DE. Antifungal constituents of the essential oil fraction of Artemisia dracunculus L. var. dracunculus . J Agric Food Chem 2002; 50: 6989-6992
• 106 Masuda Y, Asada K, Satoh R, Takada K, Kitajima J. Capillin, a major constituent of Artemisia capillaris Thunb. flower essential oil, induces apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Phytomedicine 2015; 22: 545-552
• 107 Ivarsen E, Fretté XC, Christensen KB, Christensen LP, Engberg RM, Grevsen K, Kjaer A. Bioassay-guided chromatographic isolation and identification of antibacterial compounds from Artemisia annua L. that inhibit Clostridium perfringens growth. J AOAC Int 2014; 97: 1282-1290
• 108 Honmore VS, Natu AD, Khedkar VM, Arkile MA, Sarkar D, Rojatkar SR. Two antibacterial spiro compounds from the roots of Artemisia pallens wall: Evidence from molecular docking. Nat Prod Res 2022; 36: 2465-2472
• 109 Yano K, Takahashi S, Furukawa T. Polyacetylene compounds from Japanese mugwort. Phytochemistry 1972; 11: 2577-2579
• 110 Xu Y, Wang Q, Bao W, Pa B. Antihyperlipidemic effect, identification and isolation of the lipophilic components from Artemisia integrifolia . Molecules 2019; 24: 725
• 111 Álvarez ÁL, Habtemariam S, Abdel Moneim AE, Melón S, Dalton KP, Parra F. A spiroketal-enol ether derivative from Tanacetum vulgare selectively inhibits HSV-1 and HSV-2 glycoprotein accumulation in vero cells. Antiviral Res 2015; 119: 8-18
• 112 Kellogg JJ, Alonso MN, Jordan RT, Xiao J, Cafiero JH, Bush T, Chen X, Towler M, Weathers P, Shell SS. An O-methylflavone from Artemisia afra kills non-replicating hypoxic Mycobacterium tuberculosis . J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 333: 118500
• 113 Kim AR, Ko HJ, Chowdhury MA, Chang YS, Woo ER. Chemical constituents on the aerial parts of Artemisia selengensis and their IL-6 inhibitory activity. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 38: 1059-1065
• 114 Sapkota A, Gaire BP, Cho KS, Jeon SJ, Kwon OW, Jang DS, Kim SY, Ryu JH, Choi JW. Eupatilin exerts neuroprotective effects in mice with transient focal cerebral ischemia by reducing microglial activation. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0171479
• 115 Giangaspero A, Ponti C, Pollastro F, Del Favero G, Della Loggia R, Tubaro A, Appendino G, Sosa S. Topical anti-inflammatory activity of eupatilin, a lipophilic flavonoid from mountain wormwood Artemisia umbelliformis Lam. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57: 7726-7730
• 116 Lee BE, Park SJ, Kim GH, Joo DC, Lee MW. Anti-inflammatory effects of eupatilin on Helicobacter pylori CagA-induced gastric inflammation. PLoS One 2024; 19: e0313251
• 117 Wang X, Ren J, Zhu S, Ren G, Wang L, Chen X, Qiu Z, Zhang C. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of eupatilin and its metabolite in rats by an HPLC-MS/MS method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 159: 113-118
• 118 Lan JE, Li XJ, Zhu XF, Sun ZL, He JM, Zloh M, Gibbons S, Mu Q. Flavonoids from Artemisia rupestris and their synergistic antibacterial effects on drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . Nat Prod Res 2021; 35: 1881-1886
• 119 Ding J, Wang L, He C, Zhao J, Si L, Huang H. Artemisia scoparia: Traditional uses, active constituents and pharmacological effects. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 273: 113960
• 120 Choudhary MI, Azizuddin; Jalil S, Nawaz SA, Khan KM, Tareen RB. Atta-ur-Rahman. Antiinflammatory and lipoxygenase inhibitory compounds from Vitex agnus-castus . Phytother Res 2009; 23: 1336-1339
• 121 Rosa A, Isola R, Pollastro F, Nieddu M. Effect of the natural polymethoxylated flavone artemetin on lipid oxidation and its impact on cancer cell viability and lipids. Fitoterapia 2022; 156: 105102
• 122 Chen Y, Men L. Artemetin inhibits cell growth and activates caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death colon cancer HCT-116 cells. Pharmacogn Mag 2025; 21: 1212-1219
• 123 Yahagi T, Yakura N, Matsuzaki K, Kitanaka S. Inhibitory effect of chemical constituents from Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit. on triglyceride accumulation in 3 T3-L1 cells and nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells. J Nat Med 2014; 68: 414-420
• 124 Metoui R, Mighri H, Bouajila J, Znati M, El-Jani H, Akrout A. Artemisia campestris dried leaves extracts: Effects of different extraction methods and solvents on phenolic composition and biological activities. S Afr J Bot 2022; 151: 288-294
• 125 Luo M, Su Z, Gao H, Tan J, Liao R, Yang J, Lin L. Cirsiliol induces autophagy and mitochondrial apoptosis through the AKT/FOXO1 axis and influences methotrexate resistance in osteosarcoma. J Transl Med 2023; 21: 907
• 126 Jiang T, Peng L, Wang Q, Huang B, Peng D, Men L, Jiang Y, Zhu M, Wang M, Lin L, Lv J, Li S. Cirsiliol regulates mitophagy in colon cancer cells via STAT3 signaling. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22: 304
• 127 Zhang B. Cirsiliol suppresses malignant progression of hepatocellular carcinoma via regulation of glutamine metabolism. Am J Transl Res 2025; 17: 2145-2153
• 128 Oliveira AP, Silva ALN, Viana LGFC, Silva MG, Lavor ÉM, Oliveira-Júnior RG, Alencar-Filho EB, Lima RS, Mendes RL, Rolim LA, Anjos DSC, Ferraz LRM, Rolim-Neto PJ, Silva MFS, Pessoa CÓ, Almeida JRGS. β-Cyclodextrin complex improves the bioavailability and antitumor potential of cirsiliol, a flavone isolated from Leonotis nepetifolia (Lamiaceae). Heliyon 2019; 5: e01692
• 129 Lee SJ, Chung HY, Maier CGA, Wood AR, Dixon RA, Mabry TJ. Estrogenic flavonoids from Artemisia vulgaris L. J Agric Food Chem 1998; 46: 3325-3329
• 130 Han HY, Kim HJ, Jeong SH, Kim J, Jeong SH, Kim GC, Hwang DS, Kim UK, Ryu MH. The flavonoid jaceosidin from Artemisia princeps induces apoptotic cell death and inhibits the akt pathway in oral cancer cells. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2018; 2018: 5765047
• 131 Yin Y, Gong FY, Wu XX, Sun Y, Li YH, Chen T, Xu Q. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effect of flavones isolated from Artemisia vestita . J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 120: 1-6
• 132 Woo SM, Kwon TK. Jaceosidin induces apoptosis through Bax activation and down-regulation of Mcl-1 and c-FLIP expression in human renal carcinoma Caki cells. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 260: 168-175
• 133 Lang SJ, Schmiech M, Hafner S, Paetz C, Werner K, El Gaafary M, Schmidt CQ, Syrovets T, Simmet T. Chrysosplenol d, a flavonol from Artemisia annua, induces erk1/2-mediated apoptosis in triple negative human breast cancer cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21: 1-19
• 134 Zhu QC, Wang Y, Liu YP, Zhang RQ, Li X, Su WH, Long F, Luo XD, Peng T. Inhibition of enterovirus 71 replication by chrysosplenetin and penduletin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 44: 392-398