Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/a-2761-2185
An Integrative Approach to Functional Neurologic Disorder
Authors
Abstract
There is growing evidence supporting specific approaches to treat functional neurological disorder (FND), which commonly employ a multidisciplinary strategy guided by the biopsychosocial model and holistic perspective. Integrative Medicine and Health is an emerging specialty that brings together conventional and complementary modalities to deliver coordinated and comprehensive care. Although integrative approaches can be incorporated into existing care models, their application in the treatment of FND has not been systematically investigated, and programs employing such approaches to FND remain exceedingly rare. This study outlines the potential role of integrative care in FND. It will characterize the integrative approach and highlight its potential benefits for FND, review current evidence for relevant therapies, propose a potential clinic workflow, and illustrate its application through clinical case vignettes.
Publication History
Received: 30 September 2025
Accepted: 02 December 2025
Accepted Manuscript online:
08 December 2025
Article published online:
18 December 2025
© 2025. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA
-
References
- 1 Hallett M, Aybek S, Dworetzky BA, McWhirter L, Staab JP, Stone J. Functional neurological disorder: new subtypes and shared mechanisms. Lancet Neurol 2022; 21 (06) 537-550
- 2 Finkelstein SA, Adams C, Tuttle M, Saxena A, Perez DL. Neuropsychiatric treatment approaches for functional neurological disorder: a how to guide. Semin Neurol 2022; 42 (02) 204-224
- 3 Aybek S, Perez DL. Diagnosis and management of functional neurological disorder. BMJ 2022; 376: o64
- 4 Mission & Vision - Academic Consortium for Integrative Medicine & Health. Accessed September 27, 2025 at: https://imconsortium.org/page/mission-and-vision
- 5 Integrative Medicine Board Certification | ABPS. Accessed September 28, 2025 at: https://www.abpsus.org/specializations/integrative-medicine/
- 6 Becker MA, Monti DA. Advancing biopsychosocial model and achieving optimal health by incorporating integrative medicine into consultation liaison psychiatry care. J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry 2024; 65 (03) 219-221
- 7 Olaisen RH, Schluchter MD, Flocke SA, Smyth KA, Koroukian SM, Stange KC. Assessing the longitudinal impact of physician-patient relationship on functional health. Ann Fam Med 2020; 18 (05) 422-429
- 8 Lafaver K, Lafrance WC, Price ME, Rosen PB, Rapaport M. Treatment of functional neurological disorder: current state, future directions, and a research agenda. CNS Spectr 2021; 26 (06) 607-613
- 9 Espay AJ, Aybek S, Carson A. et al. Current concepts in diagnosis and treatment of functional neurological disorders. JAMA Neurol 2018; 75 (09) 1132-1141
- 10 Abi-Nahed R, Li J, Carlier J, Birca V, Bérubé AA, Nguyen DK. Outcome of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures following diagnosis in the epilepsy monitoring unit. Front Neurol 2024; 15: 1363459
- 11 McKenzie P, Oto M, Russell A, Pelosi A, Duncan R. Early outcomes and predictors in 260 patients with psychogenic nonepileptic attacks. Neurology 2010; 74 (01) 64-69
- 12 McLoughlin C, Lee WH, Carson A, Stone J. Iatrogenic harm in functional neurological disorder. Brain 2025; 148 (01) 27-38
- 13 Carson A, Lehn A, Ludwig L, Stone J. Explaining functional disorders in the neurology clinic: a photo story. Pract Neurol 2016; 16 (01) 56-61
- 14 Stone J. Functional neurological disorders: the neurological assessment as treatment. Pract Neurol 2016; 16 (01) 7-17
- 15 Wells RE, Phillips RS, Schachter SC, McCarthy EP. Complementary and alternative medicine use among US adults with common neurological conditions. J Neurol 2010; 257 (11) 1822-1831
- 16 Treat L, Liesinger J, Ziegenfuss JY, Humeniuk K, Prasad K, Tilburt JC. Patterns of complementary and alternative medicine use in children with common neurological conditions. Glob Adv Health Med 2014; 3 (01) 18-24
- 17 Purohit MP, Zafonte RD, Sherman LM. et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and expenditure on complementary and alternative medicine. J Clin Psychiatry 2015; 76 (07) e870-e876
- 18 Soto-Lara M, Silva-Loredo M, Monroy-Córdoba JR, Flores-Ordoñez P, Cervera-Delgadillo NG, Carrillo-Mora P. Alternative medicine therapies in neurological disorders: prevalence, reasons and associated factors. A systematic review. Complement Ther Med 2023; 73: 102932
- 19 Sandoval Karamian AG, Yeh AM, Wusthoff CJ. Integrative medicine in child neurology: what do physicians know and what do they want to learn?. J Child Neurol 2020; 35 (10) 654-661
- 20 Chan E, Rappaport LA, Kemper KJ. Complementary and alternative therapies in childhood attention and hyperactivity problems. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2003; 24 (01) 4-8
- 21 Kenney D, Jenkins S, Youssef P, Kotagal S. Patient use of complementary and alternative medicines in an outpatient pediatric neurology clinic. Pediatr Neurol 2016; 58: 48-52.e7
- 22 Saxena A, Paredes-Echeverri S, Michaelis R, Popkirov S, Perez DL. Using the biopsychosocial model to guide patient-centered neurological treatments. Semin Neurol 2022; 42 (02) 80-87
- 23 Hope Note - Healing Works Foundation. Accessed September 28, 2025 at: https://healingworksfoundation.org/resources/hope-note/
- 24 Foley H, Steel A, Cramer H, Wardle J, Adams J. Disclosure of complementary medicine use to medical providers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2019; 9 (01) 1573
- 25 Rakel DP, Minichiello V. Integrative Medicine - 5th Edition | Elsevier Shop. 5th ed.. ( Rakel DP, Minichiello V. eds.).; 2022
- 26 National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. . Accessed September 28, 2025 at: https://www.nccih.nih.gov/
- 27 Krause B, Lavretsky H, Dunn LB. Ethical Challenges in Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Accessed December 9, 2025 at: https://www.fda.gov/
- 28 LaFrance WCurt. Wincze Jeffery. Treating Nonepileptic Seizures: Therapist Guide. Oxford University Press; 2015
- 29 Reiter JM, Andrews D, Reiter C, LaFrance Jr WC. Taking Control of Your Seizures: Workbook. Oxford University Press; 2015.
- 30 Goldstein LH, Lafrance WC, Mellers JDC, Chalder T. Cognitive Behavioral Based Treatments for Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures. In: Gates and Rowan's Nonepileptic Seizures. Cambridge University Press; 2018: 300-309
- 31 Cope SR, Smith JG, Edwards MJ, Holt K, Agrawal N. Enhancing the communication of functional neurological disorder diagnosis: a multidisciplinary education session. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28 (01) 40-47
- 32 McLoughlin C, McWhirter L, Pisegna K. et al. Stigma in functional neurological disorder (FND) – a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2024; 112: 102460
- 33 McLoughlin C, McGhie-Fraser B, Carson A, Olde Hartman T, Stone J. How stigma unfolds for patients with functional neurological disorder. J Psychosom Res 2024; 181: 111667
- 34 Staton A, Dawson D, Merdian H, Tickle A, Walker T. Functional neurological disorder: a qualitative study exploring individuals' experiences of psychological services. Psychol Psychother 2024; 97 (01) 138-156
- 35 Miller WR. The evolution of motivational interviewing. Behav Cogn Psychother 2023; 51 (06) 616-632
- 36 Tait L, Birchwood M, Trower P. Predicting engagement with services for psychosis: insight, symptoms and recovery style. Br J Psychiatry 2003; 182 (FEB): 123-128
- 37 Somanathan R, Gandhi S, Sivakumar T, Manjunatha N. Nurse-led treatment engagement interventions for persons with severe mental illnesses in community settings. World J Psychiatry 2025; 15 (09) 107720
- 38 Tolchin B, Baslet G, Martino S. et al. Motivational interviewing techniques to improve psychotherapy adherence and outcomes for patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 32 (02) 125-131
- 39 Marker I, Norton PJ. The efficacy of incorporating motivational interviewing to cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety disorders: a review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2018; 62: 1-10
- 40 Fu Y, Zhang Y, Deng Q. et al. The effect of motivational interviewing on patients with early post-stroke depression: a quasi-experimental study. BMC Psychiatry 2025; 25 (01) 248
- 41 Bourke M, Wang HFW, McNaughton SA. et al. Clusters of healthy lifestyle behaviours are associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and psychological distress: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Clin Psychol Rev 2025; 118: 102585
- 42 Zhu S, Sinha D, Kirk M. et al. Effectiveness of behavioural interventions with motivational interviewing on physical activity outcomes in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2024; 386: e078713
- 43 National Board Certified Health & Wellness Coaches | NBHWC. . Accessed September 28, 2025 at: https://nbhwc.org/
- 44 Matthews SM. Positive psychology and health behavior change in lifestyle medicine: a narrative review. Am J Lifestyle Med 2025;15598276251367691
- 45 Ahmann E, Saviet M, Conboy L, Smith K, Iachini B, DeMartin R. Health and wellness coaching and sustained gains: a rapid systematic review. Am J Lifestyle Med 2023; 18 (02) 162-180
- 46 Boylan KA, Dworetzky BA, Baslet G, Polich G, Angela O'Neal M, Reinsberger C. Functional neurological disorder, physical activity and exercise: what we know and what we can learn from comorbid disorders. Epilepsy Behav Rep 2024; 27: 100682
- 47 Dallocchio C, Arbasino C, Klersy C, Marchioni E. The effects of physical activity on psychogenic movement disorders. Mov Disord 2010; 25 (04) 421-425
- 48 Noetel M, Sanders T, Gallardo-Gómez D. et al. Effect of exercise for depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2024; 384: e075847
- 49 Heissel A, Heinen D, Brokmeier LL. et al. Exercise as medicine for depressive symptoms? A systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57 (16) 1049-1057
- 50 Liu Y, Zhao G, Guo J, Qu H, Kong L, Yue W. The efficacy of exercise interventions on depressive symptoms and cognitive function in adults with depression: an umbrella review. J Affect Disord 2025; 368: 779-788
- 51 Ramos-Sanchez CP, Schuch FB, Seedat S. et al. The anxiolytic effects of exercise for people with anxiety and related disorders: an update of the available meta-analytic evidence. Psychiatry Res 2021; 302: 114046
- 52 Singh B, Bennett H, Miatke A. et al. Systematic umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis: effectiveness of physical activity in improving depression and anxiety in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2025 ;S0890-8567(25)00208-4
- 53 Wang P, Chen Y, Zhang A, Xie C, Wang K. Comparative efficacy of exercise modalities on sleep architecture in adults with sleep disorders: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sleep Med 2025; 134: 106680
- 54 Wakaizumi K, Shinohara Y, Kawate M. et al. Exercise effect on pain is associated with negative and positive affective components: a large-scale internet-based cross-sectional study in Japan. Sci Rep 2024; 14 (01) 7649
- 55 Ray BM, Kelleran KJ, Eubanks JE, Nan N, Ma C, Miles D. Relationship between physical activity and pain in U.S. adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55 (03) 497-506
- 56 Janssen-Aguilar R, la Portilla JG, Martínez-Juárez IE. et al. The impact of ketogenic diet on the frequency of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES): a feasibility randomized pilot study. Epilepsia Open 2025; 10 (02) 602-608
- 57 Yannakoulia M, Scarmeas N. Diets. N Engl J Med 2024; 390 (22) 2098-2106
- 58 Chen H, Dhana K, Huang Y. et al. Association of the Mediterranean dietary approaches to stop hypertension intervention for neurodegenerative delay (MIND) diet with the risk of dementia. JAMA Psychiatry 2023; 80 (06) 630-638
- 59 Lassale C, Batty GD, Baghdadli A. et al. Healthy dietary indices and risk of depressive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24 (07) 965-986
- 60 Fond G, Young AH, Godin O. et al. Improving diet for psychiatric patients: high potential benefits and evidence for safety. J Affect Disord 2020; 265: 567-569
- 61 Zhang L, Chen Z, Xiao Z. et al. Association between healthy eating Index-2020 and anxiety: insights from NHANES highlighting fruit and vegetable intake. J Affect Disord 2025; 385: 119421
- 62 Lee MF, Orr R, Marx W. et al. The association between dietary exposures and anxiety symptoms: a prospective analysis of the Australian longitudinal study on women's health cohort. J Affect Disord 2025; 389: 119651
- 63 Camprodon-Boadas P, Gil-Dominguez A, De La Serna E, Sugranyes G, Lázaro I, Baeza I. Mediterranean diet and mental health in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2025; 83 (02) e343-e355
- 64 Godos J, Grosso G, Castellano S, Galvano F, Caraci F, Ferri R. Association between diet and sleep quality: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 57: 101430
- 65 Arab A, Lempesis IG, Garaulet M, Scheer FAJL. Sleep and the Mediterranean diet: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2025; 80: 102071
- 66 Field R, Pourkazemi F, Turton J, Rooney K. Dietary interventions are beneficial for patients with chronic pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Pain Med 2021; 22 (03) 694-714
- 67 Delgado-Velandia M, Ortolá R, García-Esquinas E. et al. Adherence to a mediterranean lifestyle and changes in frequency, severity, and localization of pain in older adults. Mayo Clin Proc 2022; 97 (07) 1282-1293
- 68 Firth J, Teasdale SB, Allott K. et al. The efficacy and safety of nutrient supplements in the treatment of mental disorders: a meta-review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. World Psychiatry 2019; 18 (03) 308-324
- 69 Ye M, Yang X, Yan J. et al. Causal relationship between B vitamins and neuropsychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2025; 170: 106068
- 70 Rucklidge JJ, Bruton A, Welsh A, Ast H, Johnstone JM. Annual research review: micronutrients and their role in the treatment of paediatric mental illness. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2025; 66 (04) 477-497
- 71 Cryan JF, O'Riordan KJ, Cowan CSM. et al. The microbiota-gut-brain axis. Physiol Rev 2019; 99 (04) 1877-2013
- 72 Zhang F, Ding K, Zhang LM. et al. The role of the gut microbiota in neuropsychiatric disorders and therapy. Ageing Res Rev 2025; 112: 102894
- 73 Hölzel BK, Lazar SW, Gard T, Schuman-Olivier Z, Vago DR, Ott U. How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspect Psychol Sci 2011; 6 (06) 537-559
- 74 Sezer I, Pizzagalli DA, Sacchet MD. Resting-state fMRI functional connectivity and mindfulness in clinical and non-clinical contexts: a review and synthesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135: 104583
- 75 Weber S, Bühler J, Loukas S. et al. Transient resting-state salience-limbic co-activation patterns in functional neurological disorders. Neuroimage Clin 2024; 41: 103583
- 76 Creswell JD. Mindfulness interventions. Annu Rev Psychol 2017; 68: 491-516
- 77 Baslet G, Ehlert A, Oser M, Dworetzky BA. Mindfulness-based therapy for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 103 (Pt A): 106534
- 78 Baslet G, Ridlon R, Raynor G, Gonsalvez I, Dworetzky BA. Sustained improvement with mindfulness-based therapy for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 126: 108478
- 79 Kraemer KM, Jain FA, Mehta DH, Fricchione GL. Meditative and mindfulness-focused interventions in neurology: principles, science, and patient selection. Semin Neurol 2022; 42 (02) 123-135
- 80 Fortes PP, Dos Santos-Ribeiro S, de Salles-Andrade JB. et al. Mindfulness interventions and quality of life in anxiety-related disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2025; 373: 383-393
- 81 Reangsing C, Lauderman C, Schneider JK. Effects of mindfulness meditation intervention on depressive symptoms in emerging adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Integr Complement Med 2022; 28 (01) 6-24
- 82 Garland EL, Brintz CE, Hanley AW. et al. Mind-body therapies for opioid-treated pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2020; 180 (01) 91-105
- 83 Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM. et al; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: A clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 2017; 166 (07) 514-530
- 84 Liao YC, Chen WS, Restya WPD, Liao YC, Lin YC, Lin RT. Effectiveness and influence of mindfulness-based intervention on migraine patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res 2025; 197: 112366
- 85 Rusch HL, Rosario M, Levison LM. et al. The effect of mindfulness meditation on sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1445 (01) 5-16
- 86 Vanhaudenhuyse A, Laureys S, Faymonville ME. Neurophysiology of hypnosis. Neurophysiol Clin 2014; 44 (04) 343-353
- 87 Coogle J, Coogle B, Quezada J. Hypnosis in the treatment of pediatric functional neurological disorder: the magic glove technique. Pediatr Neurol 2021; 125: 20-25
- 88 Bicego A, Rousseaux F, Faymonville ME, Nyssen AS, Vanhaudenhuyse A. Neurophysiology of hypnosis in chronic pain: a review of recent literature. Am J Clin Hypn 2022; 64 (01) 62-80
- 89 Penazzi G, De Pisapia N. Direct comparisons between hypnosis and meditation: a mini-review. Front Psychol 2022; 13: 958185
- 90 Connors MH, Quinto L, Deeley Q, Halligan PW, Oakley DA, Kanaan RA. Hypnosis and suggestion as interventions for functional neurological disorder: a systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2024; 86: 92-102
- 91 Ruddy R, House A. Psychosocial interventions for conversion disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 19 (04) CD005331
- 92 Souza FL, Moura MS, Vieira Almeida Silva J, Elkins G. Hypnosis for depression: systematic review of randomized clinical trials with meta-analysis. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2024; 57: 101913
- 93 Sine H, Achbani A, Filali K. The effect of hypnosis on the intensity of pain and anxiety in cancer patients: a systematic review of controlled experimental trials. Cancer Invest 2022; 40 (03) 235-253
- 94 Langlois P, Perrochon A, David R. et al. Hypnosis to manage musculoskeletal and neuropathic chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135: 104591
- 95 Chamine I, Atchley R, Oken BS. Hypnosis intervention effects on sleep outcomes: a systematic review. J Clin Sleep Med 2018; 14 (02) 271-283
- 96 Lam TH, Chung KF, Yeung WF, Yu BYM, Yung KP, Ng THY. Hypnotherapy for insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complement Ther Med 2015; 23 (05) 719-732
- 97 Mamoune S, Mener E, Chapron A, Poimboeuf J. Hypnotherapy and insomnia: a narrative review of the literature. Complement Ther Med 2022; 65: 102805
- 98 Kondo K, Noonan KM, Freeman M, Ayers C, Morasco BJ, Kansagara D. Efficacy of biofeedback for medical conditions: an evidence map. J Gen Intern Med 2019; 34 (12) 2883-2893
- 99 Fernández-Alvarez J, Grassi M, Colombo D. et al. Efficacy of bio- and neurofeedback for depression: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2022; 52 (02) 201-216
- 100 Blase K, Vermetten E, Lehrer P, Gevirtz R. Neurophysiological approach by self-control of your stress-related autonomic nervous system with depression, stress and anxiety patients. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18 (07) 3329
- 101 Sielski R, Rief W, Glombiewski JA. Efficacy of biofeedback in chronic back pain: a meta-analysis. Int J Behav Med 2017; 24 (01) 25-41
- 102 Bullock K, Won AS, Bailenson J, Friedman R. Virtual reality-delivered mirror visual feedback and exposure therapy for FND: a midpoint report of a randomized controlled feasibility study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 32 (01) 90-94
- 103 Dutta A, Das A. Platform technology for VR biofeedback training under operant conditioning for functional limb weakness: a proposal for co-production of at-home solution (REACT2HOME). JMIR Res Protoc
- 104 Maa E, Applegate M, Keniston A. Auricular acupuncture for the treatment of nonepileptic seizures: a pilot study. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 111: 107329
- 105 Zhang A, Song Z, Di A, Zhou Z, Zheng L, Zhuang L. Acupuncture for the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med 2024; 80: 103020
- 106 Tu CH, MacDonald I, Chen YH. The effects of acupuncture on glutamatergic neurotransmission in depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease: a review of the literature. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10 (FEB): 14
- 107 Vickers AJ, Vertosick EA, Lewith G. et al; Acupuncture Trialists' Collaboration. Acupuncture for chronic pain: update of an individual patient data meta-analysis. J Pain 2018; 19 (05) 455-474
- 108 Mu J, Furlan AD, Lam WY, Hsu MY, Ning Z, Lao L. Acupuncture for chronic nonspecific low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 12 (12) CD013814
- 109 Feise RJ, Mathieson S, Kessler RS, Witenko C, Zaina F, Brown BT. Benefits and harms of treatments for chronic nonspecific low back pain without radiculopathy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Spine J 2023; 23 (05) 629-641
- 110 Chen WG, Iversen JR, Kao MH. et al. Music and brain circuitry: strategies for strengthening evidence-based research for music-based interventions. J Neurosci 2022; 42: 8498-8507
- 111 Blasi V, Rapisarda L, Cacciatore DM. et al. Structural and functional neuroplasticity in music and dance-based rehabilitation: a systematic review. J Neurol 2025; 272 (05) 329
- 112 Koelsch S, Bradt J. A neuroscientific perspective on pain-reducing effects of music: implications for music therapy and mental well-being. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2025; 1550 (01) 71-76
- 113 Chen S, Yuan Q, Wang C, Ye J, Yang L. The effect of music therapy for patients with chronic pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychol 2025; 13 (01) 455
- 114 Lu G, Jia R, Liang D, Yu J, Wu Z, Chen C. Effects of music therapy on anxiety: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychiatry Res 2021; 304: 114137
- 115 Chen CT, Tung HH, Fang CJ. et al. Effect of music therapy on improving sleep quality in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 2021; 69 (07) 1925-1932
- 116 Jenabi E, Bashirian S, Ayubi E, Rafiee M, Bashirian M. The effect of the art therapy interventions on depression symptoms among older adults: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2023; 36 (03) 185-192
- 117 Zhang B, Yang L, Sun W, Xu P, Ma H, Abdullah AB. The effect of the art therapy interventions to alleviate depression symptoms among children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2025; 80: 100683
- 118 Huang W, Luan T, Li L. et al. The effects of visual art therapy on improving anxiety symptoms in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2025; 32 (05) 1197-1210
- 119 Maddox GA, Bodner GE, Christian MW, Williamson P. On the effectiveness of visual arts therapy for traumatic experiences: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Psychother 2024; 31 (04) e3041
- 120 Steininger MO, White MP, Lengersdorff L. et al. Nature exposure induces analgesic effects by acting on nociception-related neural processing. Nat Commun 2025; 16 (01) 2037
- 121 Yeon PS, Jeon JY, Jung MS. et al. Effect of forest therapy on depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18 (23) 12685
- 122 Grassini S. A systematic review and meta-analysis of nature walk as an intervention for anxiety and depression. J Clin Med 2022; 11 (06) 1731
- 123 Gelkopf M, Hasson-Ohayon I, Bikman M, Kravetz S. Nature adventure rehabilitation for combat-related posttraumatic chronic stress disorder: a randomized control trial. Psychiatry Res 2013; 209 (03) 485-493
- 124 Lee MJ, Pradeep A, Lobner K, Badaki-Makun O. The effect of nature exposure on pain experience and quality of life in patients with chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. PLoS One 2023; 18 (09) e0291053
- 125 Kaleta B, Campbell S, O'Keeffe J, Burke J. Nature-based interventions: a systematic review of reviews. Front Psychol 2025; 16: 1625294