Exploring the Genus Ruta: Traditional Uses, Pharmacology, and Safety Concerns

Abstract

Rue (Ruta spp.) is a medicinal, ornamental, and culinary herb, distinguished by its strong repellent aroma, rich in various bioactive compounds. In addition to different traditional uses, rue shows anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, and antifungal properties. Thus, we aimed to comprehensively review the past and present roles of Ruta spp. in the management of diseases. Accordingly, we systematically reviewed PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library with relevant keywords for ethnopharmacological, pharmacological, pre-clinical, clinical, and toxicological studies to evaluate the efficacy and safety of rue, in addition to its traditional applications. In traditional Indian and Persian Medicine, rue is mostly utilized for tonifying the stomach, managing neural complications, and regulating the menstrual cycle. Ethnopharmacological studies indicated that all parts of rue are used in more than 15 countries for different purposes such as for the diseases of respiratory system, urinary system, gastrointestinal system, and nervous system. In preclinical studies, Ruta spp. are examined in the management of neurologic disorders, endocrine and metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, and neuropsychologic disorders. Human studies mainly included homeopathic formulations in musculoskeletal disorders, oncology, ophthalmology, obesity, and gynecology. Although Ruta spp. show antioxidant effects, their systemic toxicity, cytotoxicity, and photosensitivity effects may be related to the bioactive compounds such as xanthotoxin, psoralenes, and bergapten in high doses. In conclusion, in the usual dose that is used, rue showed the potential of managing different health problems; however, more clinical studies are required.

Keywords

rue - Ruta - traditional medicine - complementary and alternative medicine - integrative medicine - Rutaceae

Publication History

Received: 22 March 2025

Accepted after revision: 15 October 2025

Article published online:
10 November 2025

• References

• 1 WHO. Accessed August 15, 2024 at: https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/traditional-medicine
• 2 Pollio A, De Natale A, Appetiti E, Aliotta G, Touwaide A. Continuity and change in the Mediterranean medical tradition: Ruta spp.(rutaceae) in Hippocratic medicine and present practices. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 116: 469-482
• 3 Daniel M. Medicinal Plants: Chemistry and properties. Enfield: Science publishers; 2006
• 4 Badhusha S, Kumar R, Ajay A, Baby B, Gowda SK, Ramesh B. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and ethanopharmacology of Ruta graveolens Linn: A review. Int J Pharmaceut Drug Anal 2020; 8: 1-4
• 5 Kannan R, Babu U. Identity and pharmacognosy of Ruta graveolens Linn. Anc Sci Life 2012; 32: 16-19
• 6 Cullen J, Knees S, Cubey HS, Shaw JM. editors. The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, Both Out-of-doors and Under Glass. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011
• 7 Pavić V, Flačer D, Jakovljević M, Molnar M, Jokić S. Assessment of total phenolic content, in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Ruta graveolens L. extracts obtained by choline chloride based natural deep eutectic solvents. Plants 2019; 8: 69
• 8 Jiao M, Liu X, Ren Y, Wang Y, Cheng L, Liang Y, Li Y, Zhang T, Wang W, Mei Z. Comparison of herbal medicines used for womenʼs menstruation diseases in different areas of the world. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12: 751207
• 9 Choudhary M, Kumar V, Malhotra H, Singh S. Medicinal plants with potential anti-arthritic activity. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 2015; 4: 147
• 10 Noori M, Jafari M, Azimi H, Node-Farahani ME. Effects of Ruta graveolens total and flavonoids extracts on rat blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and urea comparing synthetic drugs. Nusantara Biosci 2019; 11: 23-29
• 11 Elansary HO, Szopa A, Kubica P, Ekiert H, El-Ansary DO, Al-Mana FA, Mahmoud EA. Polyphenol content and biological activities of Ruta graveolens L. and Artemisia abrotanum L. in northern Saudi Arabia. Processes 2020; 8: 531
• 12 Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, Chou R. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 2021; 372: 1-9
• 13 Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan DJ, McQuay HJ. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary?. Control Clin Trials 1996; 17: 1-12
• 14 Asgarpanah J, Khoshkam R. Phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Ruta graveolens L. J Med Plants Res 2012; 6: 3942-3949
• 15 Abotaleb M, Samuel SM, Varghese E, Varghese S, Kubatka P, Liskova A, Büsselberg D. Flavonoids in cancer and apoptosis. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 11: 28
• 16 Chander M. Anticancer efficacy of some plant Phenolics-a recent scenario. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 2018; 7: 1746-1768
• 17 Nijveldt RJ, Van Nood EL, Van Hoorn DE, Boelens PG, Van Norren K, Van Leeuwen PA. Flavonoids: A review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 74: 418-425
• 18 Szewczyk A, Marino A, Molinari J, Ekiert H, Miceli N. Phytochemical characterization, and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of agitated cultures of three Rue species: Ruta chalepensis, Ruta corsica, and Ruta graveolens . Antioxidants 2022; 11: 592
• 19 Wolf P. Psoralen–ultraviolet A endures as one of the most powerful treatments in dermatology: Reinforcement of this ʼtriple‐product therapyʼby the 2016 British guidelines. British J Dermatol 2016; 174: 11-14
• 20 Hetzel PG, Glanzmann R, Hasler PW, Ladewick A, Bührer C. Coumarin embryopathy in an extremely low birth weight infant associated with neonatal hepatitis and ocular malformations. Eur J Pediatr 2006; 165: 358-360
• 21 Sampaio OM, Vieira LC, Bellete BS, King-Diaz B, Lotina-Hennsen B, Da Silva MF, Veiga TA. Evaluation of alkaloids isolated from Ruta graveolens as photosynthesis inhibitors. Molecules 2018; 23: 2693
• 22 Fredj MB, Marzouk B, Chraief I, Boukef K, Marzouk Z. Analysis of Tunisian Ruta graveolens L. oils from Jemmel. J Food Agr Environ 2007; 5: 52-55
• 23 Li Y, Dong G, Bai X, Aimila A, Bai X, Maiwulanjiang M, Aisa HA. Separation and qualitative study of Ruta graveolens L. essential oil components by prep-GC, GC-QTOF-MS and NMR. Nat Prod Res 2021; 35: 4202-4205
• 24 Bennaoum Z, Benhassaini H, Falconieri D, Piras A, Porcedda S. Chemical variability in essential oils from Ruta species among seasons, and its taxonomic and ecological significance. Nat Prod Res 2017; 31: 2329-2334
• 25 Ardakani MRS, Farjadmand F, Rahimi R. Makhzan al adviyeh and pointing to the scientific names of medicinal plants for the first time in a Persian book. Trad Integr Med 2018; 3: 186-195
• 26 Atarzadeh F, Heydari M, Sanaye MR, Amin G. Avicenna–A pioneer in dermatology. JAMA Dermatol 2016; 152: 1257
• 27 Nezhad GSM, Dalfardi B. Rhazes (865–925 AD), the icon of Persian cardiology. Int J Cardiol 2014; 177: 744-747
• 28 Aghili MH. Makhzan al-Advieh. Tehran: Tehran University of Medical Sciences 1769; 328.
• 29 Parray SA, Bhat JU, Ahmad G, Jahan N, Sofi G, Ifs M. Ruta graveolens: From traditional system of medicine to modern pharmacology: An overview. Am J Pharm Tech Res 2012; 2: 239-252
• 30 Khan M. Muhit-e-Azam (Urdu translation). New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine; 2014
• 31 Al Baghdadi I. Kitab al Mokhtarat Fi Al Tibb. Part 2. New Delhi: Urdu Translation by CCRUM; 2005
• 32 Ali S. Unani Adviah Mufarrada. New Delhi: NCPUL; 1979
• 33 Kabiruddin M. Makhzan al Mufradat. Deoband, India: Faisal Publications; 2023
• 34 Khare C. Indian Medicinal Plants. New York: Springer; 2007
• 35 Dioscorides P. De Materia Medica. Johannesburg: Ibidis Press; 2000
• 36 Baytar I. Al Jami al Mufradat Al Advia wal Aghziya (Urdu translation). New Delhi: CCRUM; 1999
• 37 Khan N. Khazainul Advia. IIIrd Edition. New Delhi: Idara Kitab al Shifa; 2011
• 38 Anonymous Indian Medicinal Plants. Hyderabad: Orient Longman; 1997
• 39 Krishnan Marg K. The Wealth of India. New Delhi: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; 2005
• 40 Kane AM, Al-Darwesh AA, Al-Shammar SM, Abd Al-Ameer IS. Inhibitor properties of Rue (Ruta graveolens L.) on spermatogenesis in guppy Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859. Basrah J Agric Sci 2024; 37: 224-235
• 41 Gandhi M, Lal R, Sankaranarayanan A, Sharma PL. Post-coital antifertility activity of Ruta graveolens in female rats and hamsters. J Ethnopharmacol 1991; 34: 49-59
• 42 Halvaei I, Roodsari HRS, Harat ZN. Acute effects of Ruta graveolens L. on sperm parameters and DNA integrity in rats. J Reprod Infertil 2012; 13: 33-38
• 43 Merghem M, Dahamna S, Samira K, Khennouf S. Effect of chronic oral administration of Rutamontana L. areal part extract on fertility potential in albino rats. Ann Res Rev Biol 2017; 21: 1-8
• 44 Forsatkar MN, HedayatiRad M, Luchiari AC. “Not tonight zebrafish”: The effects of Ruta graveolens on reproduction. Pharm Biol 2018; 56: 60-66
• 45 Nasirinezhad F, Khoshnevis M, Parivar K, Amin G. Antifertility effect of aqueous extract of airal part of Ruta graveolens on immature female Balb/C mice. Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 13: 279-287
• 46 Hoshyari A, Najafi G, Sadrkhanlo R, Roshangar L. Antifertility effect of Ruta graveolens aqueous extract in female mice. J Mazandaran Uni Med Sci 2014; 24: 133-142
• 47 Daradka H, Batiha M. Antiandrogenic activity of Ruta graveolens L. in female albino rats. Asian J Chem 2006; 18: 2280
• 48 Gutiérrez-Pajares JL, Zúñiga L, Pino J. Ruta graveolens aqueous extract retards mouse preimplantation embryo development. Reprod Toxicol 2003; 17: 667-672
• 49 Al-Mahmoud M, Elbetieha A, Al-Muhur R. Anticonceptive and antifertility activities of various Ruta graveolens extracts in femaie rats. Acta Pharm Turc 2003; 45: 203-213
• 50 Gonçalves JP, Potrich FB, Santos ML, Gagosian VS, Rossi GR, Jacomasso T, Mendes A, Nader HB, Winnischofer SM, Trindade ES, De Oliveira CC. In vitro attenuation of classic metastatic melanoma-related features by highly diluted natural complexes: Molecular and functional analyses. Int J Oncol 2019; 55: 721-732
• 51 Ulubelen A, Ertugrul L, Birman H, Yigit R, Erseven G, Olgac V. Antifertility effects of some coumarins isolated from Ruta chalepensis and R. chalepensis var. latifolia in rodents. Phytother Res 1994; 8: 233-236
• 52 Hoshiari A, Najafi G, Zareai L. Evaluation of oxidant effect of aqueous extract of Ruta graveolens on mice ovary. Scientific J Kurdistan Uni Med Sci 2017; 22: 40-48
• 53 Khouri NA, El-Akawi Z. Antiandrogenic activity of Ruta graveolens L in male albino rats with emphasis on sexual and aggressive behavior. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2005; 26: 823-829
• 54 Rahim F, Saki G, Bazrafkan M. Effect of alcohol extracts of the Ruta graveolens L. on the count, motility and in vitro fertilization capacity of ratʼs sperm. Asian J Plant Sci 2010; 9: 63-66
• 55 Sailani M, Moeini H. Effect of Ruta graveolens and Cannabis sativa alcoholic extract on spermatogenesis in the adult wistar male rats. Indian J Urol 2007; 23: 257-260
• 56 Yahya HN, Okhti ZA, Al-Ezzy RM, Ahmed AM, Afnan AA. Protective activity of Ruta chalepensis methanolic extract against nephrotoxicity and testicular damage induced by carbon tetrachloride on albino male mice. Res J Pharm Technol 2021; 14: 6340-6344
• 57 Mills LJ, Chichester C. Review of evidence: Are endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the aquatic environment impacting fish populations?. Sci Total Environ 2005; 343: 1-34
• 58 El Agraa S, El Badwi S, Adam S. Preliminary observations on experimental Ruta graveolens toxicosis in Nubian goats. Trop Anim Health Prod 2002; 34: 271-281
• 59 Heredia LC, Mascher D, Oropeza MA, Farías J, Carbajal CP. Effects of the chronic ingestion of an infusion of Ruta chalepensis on the vasomotor responses of rat aortic rings. Bol Latinoam Caribe Plant Med Aromat 2011; 10: 414-422
• 60 Preethi K, Kuttan G, Kuttan R. Anti-tumour activity of Ruta graveolens extract. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2006; 7: 439
• 61 Diwan R, Shinde A, Malpathak N. Phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential of Ruta graveolens L. in vitro culture lines. J Botany 2012; 2012: 685427
• 62 Molyneux RJ. Handbook of Plant and Fungal Toxicants Edited by J. P. Felix DʼMello (Scottish Agricultural College, Edinburgh, Scotland). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 1997. J Nat Prod 1997; 60: 175-189
• 63 Yang K, Lamprecht SA, Liu Y, Shinozaki H, Fan K, Leung D, Newmark H, Steele VE, Kelloff GJ, Lipkin M. Chemoprevention studies of the flavonoids quercetin and rutin in normal and azoxymethane-treated mouse colon. Carcinogenesis 2000; 21: 1655-1660
• 64 Trovato A, Monforte MT, Rossitto A, Forestieri AM. In vitro cytotoxic effect of some medicinal plants containing flavonoids. Boll Chim Farm 1996; 135: 263-266
• 65 Kato R, Nakadate T, Yamamoto S, Sugimura T. Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced tumor promotion and ornithine decarboxylase activity by quercetin: possible involvement of lipoxygenase inhibition. Carcinogenesis 1983; 4: 1301-1305
• 66 Bohuslavizki KH, Hänsel W, Kneip A, Koppenhöfer E, Niemöller E, Sanmann K. Mode of action of psoralens, benzofurans, acridinons, and coumarins on the ionic currents in intact myelinated nerve fibres and its significance in demyelinating diseases. Gen Physiol Biophys 1994; 13: 309-328
• 67 Forsatkar MN, Nematollahi MA, Brown C. The toxicological effect of Ruta graveolens extract in Siamese fighting fish: A behavioral and histopathological approach. Ecotoxicology 2016; 25: 824-834
• 68 Campanile M, Cuomo O, Brancaccio P, Vinciguerra A, Casamassa A, Pastorino O, Volpicelli F, Gentile MT, Amoroso S, Annunziato L, Colucci-D AL, Pignataro G. Ruta graveolens water extract (RGWE) ameliorates ischemic damage and improves neurological deficits in a rat model of transient focal brain ischemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154: 113587
• 69 Gonzalez-Trujano ME, Carrera D, Ventura-Martinez R, Cedillo-Portugal E, Navarrete A. Neuropharmacological profile of an ethanol extract of Ruta chalepensis L. in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 106: 129-135
• 70 Ahmad A, Amabeoku G. Involvement of gamma aminobutyric acid in the anticonvulsant effect of the leaf methanol extract of Ruta graveolens L.(Rutaceae) in mice. Int J Pharmacol 2013; 9: 134-142
• 71 Keihanian F, Vajari MR, Saeidynia A, Elmieh AR. Effect of Ruta graveolens hydro-alcoholic extract on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure in male mice. J Babol Uni Med Sci 2012; 14: 30-36
• 72 Aguilar-Santamaría L, Tortoriello J. Anticonvulsant and sedative effects of crude extracts of Ternstroemia pringlei and Ruta chalepensis . Phytother Res 1996; 10: 531-533
• 73 González-Trujano ME, Urbina-Trejo E, Santos-Valencia F, Villasana-Salazar B, Carmona-Aparicio L, Martínez-Vargas D. Pharmacological and toxicological effects of Ruta chalepensis L. on experimentally induced seizures and electroencephalographic spectral power in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 271: 113866
• 74 Althaher AR, Oran SA, Awadallah MW, Ameen HH, Shehabi RF, Bourghli LM, Mastinu A. Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of Ruta chalepensis L. ethanolic extract. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21: e202400026
• 75 Tosun F, Kızılay ÇA, Erol K, Kılıç FS, Kürkçüoğlu M, Başer KHC. Anticonvulsant activity of furanocoumarins and the essential oil obtained from the fruits of Heracleum crenatifolium . Food Chem 2008; 107: 990-993
• 76 Łuszczki JJ, Andres-Mach M, Gleńsk M, Skalicka-Woźniak K. Anticonvulsant effects of four linear furanocoumarins, bergapten, imperatorin, oxypeucedanin, and xanthotoxin, in the mouse maximal electroshock-induced seizure model: A comparative study. Pharmacol Rep 2010; 62: 1231-1236
• 77 Naghibi Harat Z, Kamalinejad M, Sadeghi MR, Sadeghipour HR, Eshraghian MR. A review on Ruta graveolens L. its usage in traditional medicine and modern research data. J Med Plants 2009; 8: 1-19
• 78 Khan MM, Ahmad A, Ishrat T, Khuwaja G, Srivastawa P, Khan MB, Raza SS, Javed H, Vaibhav K, Khan A, Islam F. Rutin protects the neural damage induced by transient focal ischemia in rats. Brain Res 2009; 1292: 123-135
• 79 Gentile MT, Russo R, Pastorino O, Cioffi S, Barbieri F, Illingworth EA, Grieco M, Chambery A, Colucci-DʼAmato L. Ruta graveolens water extract inhibits cell-cell network formation in human umbilical endothelial cells via MEK-ERK1/2 pathway. Exp Cell Res 2018; 364: 50-58
• 80 Ayaz M, Sadiq A, Junaid M, Ullah F, Ovais M, Ullah I, Ahmed J, Shahid M. Flavonoids as prospective neuroprotectants and their therapeutic propensity in aging associated neurological disorders. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11: 155
• 81 Singh A, Yau YF, Leung KS, El-Nezami H, Lee JC. Interaction of polyphenols as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds in brain–liver–gut axis. Antioxidants 2020; 9: 669
• 82 Gentile MT, Ciniglia C, Reccia MG, Volpicelli F, Gatti M, Thellung S, Florio T, Melone MA, Colucci-DʼAmato L. Ruta graveolens L. induces death of glioblastoma cells and neural progenitors, but not of neurons, via ERK 1/2 and AKT activation. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0118864
• 83 Hamdiken M, Bouhalit S, Kechrid Z. Effect of Ruta chalepensis on zinc, lipid profile and antioxidant levels in the blood and tissue of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats fed zinc-deficient diets. Can J Diabetes 2018; 42: 356-364
• 84 Al-Okbi SY, El-Sayed EM, Ammar NM, El-Sayed NK, Abou El-Kassem LT. Effect of Ruta graveolens L. and Euphorbia peplus L. anti-inflammatory extracts on nutritional status of rats and the safety of their use. Indian J Exp Biol 2002; 40: 45-48
• 85 Ratheesh M, Helen A. Oral administration of alkaloid fraction from Ruta graveolens inhibits oxidative stress and inflammation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Pharm Biol 2013; 51: 1552-1558
• 86 Ratheesh M, Shyni G, Helen A. Methanolic extract of Ruta graveolens L. inhibits inflammation and oxidative stress in adjuvant induced model of arthritis in rats. Inflammopharmacology 2009; 17: 100-105
• 87 Farid O, Hebi M, Ajebli M, Hidani AE, Eddouks M. Antidiabetic effect of Ruta montana L. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 28: 275-282
• 88 Toserkani A, Razi Jalali M, Najafzaheh H. Changes of lipid profiles, glucose, and hemogram after administration of Ruta graveolens extract in diabetic rats. Comp Clin Pathol 2012; 21: 1587-1592
• 89 Ashour M, Habib D, Hanna R, El-Dabaa MA. Beneficial effects of curcumin and Ruta chalepensis on the antioxidant system and inflammation in hypercholesteromic rats. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 2011; 5: 2562-2567
• 90 Ahmed OM, Moneim AA, Yazid IA, Mahmoud AM. Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects and the probable mechanisms of action of Ruta graveolens infusion and rutin in nicotinamide-streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetol Croat 2010; 39: 15-35
• 91 Hsu CY, Shih HY, Chia YC, Lee CH, Ashida H, Lai YK, Weng CF. Rutin potentiates insulin receptor kinase to enhance insulin‐dependent glucose transporter 4 translocation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58: 1168-1176
• 92 Long M, Qiu D, Li F, Johnson F, Luft B. Flavonoid of Drynaria fortunei protects against acute renal failure. Phytother Res 2005; 19: 422-427
• 93 Ranasinghe R, Mathai M, Zulli A. Cytoprotective remedies for ameliorating nephrotoxicity induced by renal oxidative stress. Life Sci 2023; 318: 121466
• 94 van Acker SA, Tromp MN, Haenen GR, van der Vijgh WJ, Bast A. Flavonoids as scavengers of nitric oxide radical. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 214: 755-759
• 95 Shen SC, Lee WR, Lin HY, Huang HC, Ko CH, Yang LL, Chen YC. In vitro and in vivo inhibitory activities of Rutin, wogonin, and quercetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 446: 187-194
• 96 Pathak S, Multani AS, Banerji P, Banerji P. Ruta 6 selectively induces cell death in brain cancer cells but proliferation in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes: A novel treatment for human brain cancer. Int J Oncol 2003; 23: 975-982
• 97 Rajagopal K, Sasikala K. Antihyperglycaemic and antihyperlipidaemic effects of Nymphaea stellata in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Singapore Med J 2008; 49: 137-141
• 98 Saieed P, Reza RM, Abbas D, Seyyedvali R, Aliasghar H. Inhibitory effects of Ruta graveolens L. extract on guinea pig liver aldehyde oxidase. Chem Pharm Bull 2006; 54: 9-13
• 99 Kacem M, Simon G, Leschiera R, Misery L, ElFeki A, Lebonvallet N. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Ruta chalepensis L. extracts on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51: 128-141
• 100 Essway G, Sobbhy H, El-Bannas H. The hypoglycemic effect of volatile oil of some Egyptian plants. Vet Med J 1995; 43: 167-172
• 101 Al-Sagair O. Persistent hyperinsulinemia as a result of infusion with Ruta chalepensis . J Appl Res 2004; 4: 625
• 102 Jung UJ, Lee MK, Park YB, Kang MA, Choi MS. Effect of citrus flavonoids on lipid metabolism and glucose-regulating enzyme mRNA levels in type-2 diabetic mice. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 38: 1134-1145
• 103 Khlifi D, Sghaier RM, Amouri S, Laouini D, Hamdi M, Bouajila J. Composition and anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities of Artemisia herba-alba, Ruta chalpensis L. and Peganum harmala L. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55: 202-208
• 104 DeFronzo RA. The triumvirate: β-cell, muscle, liver: A collusion responsible for NIDDM. Diabetes 1988; 37: 667-687
• 105 Bahmani M, Golshahi H, Saki K, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Delfan B, Mohammadi T. Medicinal plants and secondary metabolites for diabetes mellitus control. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2014; 4: S687-S692
• 106 Martínez-Pérez EF, Hernández-Terán F, Serrano-Gallardo LB. In vivo effect of Ruta chalepensis extract on hepatic cytochrome 3A1 in rats. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2017; 14: 62-68
• 107 Bekkar NEH, Meddah B, Keskin B, Sonnet P. Oral acute toxicity, influence on the gastrointestinal microbiota and in vivo anti-salmonellosis effect of Zizyphus lotus (L.) and Ruta chalepensis (L.) essential oils. J Appl Biotech Rep 2021; 8: 13-26
• 108 Boughendjioua H. Yield, chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Ruta chalepensis L. essential oil growing spontaneously in Algeria. Pharm Pharmacol Int J 2019; 7: 2989-2996
• 109 Gheth EM, Eldurssi IS, Algassi AA, Abdalla GM, Hamad MA. Histopathological effects of potassium bromate on liver male ratʼs and possible protective role of Ruta chalepensis L.(Rutacae) oil extract. Asian J Pharm Res Dev 2019; 7: 93-97
• 110 Degu A, Kefale B, Alemayehu D, Tegegne GT. Evaluation of the antidiarrheal activity of hydromethanol crude extracts of Ruta chalepensis and Vernonia amygdalina in mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2020; 2020: 8318713
• 111 Gelayee DA, Abdelwuhab M, Asrie AB. In vivo antiplasmodial activity evaluation of the leaves of Ruta chalepensis L.(Rutaceae) against Plasmodium berghei . Discov Phytomed 2017; 4: 1-7
• 112 Moazedi A, Dabir N, Naseri M, Zadkarami MR. Investigated antispasmodic effect of Ruta chalepensis leaf on ratʼs ileum at present of KCl and different concentrations of calcium chloride. J Biol Sci 2009; 9: 159-164
• 113 Tarique M, Siddiqui HH, Khushtar M, Rahman MA. Protective effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Ruta graveolens Linn. leaves on indomethacin and pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer in rats. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2016; 7: 38-43
• 114 Szabo S, Trier JS, Frankel PW. Sulfhydryl compounds may mediate gastric cytoprotection. Science 1981; 214: 200-202
• 115 Loonat F, Amabeoku GJ. Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of the leaf methanol extract of Ruta graveolens L.(Rutaceae) in mice and rats. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2014; 11: 173-181
• 116 Freire R, Borba H, Coelho C. Ruta graveolens L. toxicity in Vampirolepis nana infected mice. Indian J Pharmacol 2010; 42: 345-350
• 117 Al Qaisi YT, Khleifat KM, Alfarrayeh II, Alsarayreh AZ. In vivo therapeutic effect of some medicinal plantsʼ methanolic extracts on the growth and development of secondary hydatid cyst infection. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67: 1521-1534
• 118 Al Qaisi YT, Khleifat KM, Oran SA, Alfarrayeh II, Alsarayreh AZ, Abu-lubad MA, Al-Tarawneh BK. The in vivo preventive effect of some medicinal plant extracts on the development of hydatid cyst infection. Asia Pac J Sci Technol 2023; 28
• 119 Jalil PJ, Shnawa BH, Hamad SM, Hamad BS, Ahmed MH. The efficiency of fabricated Ag/ZnO nanocomposite using Ruta chalepensis L. leaf extract as a potent protoscolicidal and anti-hydatid cysts agent. J Biomater Appl 2023; 38: 629-645
• 120 Patel J, Kumar GS, Qureshi MS, Jena PK. Anthelmintic activity of ethanolic extract of whole plant of Eupatorium odoratum. L. Int J Phytomed 2010; 2: 127-132
• 121 Alfarrayeh I, Pollák E, Czéh Á, Vida A, Das S, Papp G. Antifungal and anti-biofilm effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on different Candida species. Antibiotics 2021; 10: 1359
• 122 Israili ZH, Lyoussi B. Ethnopharmacology of the plants of genus Ajuga. Pakistan J Pharm Sci 2009; 22: 425
• 123 Prereira NA, Pereira BM, Nascimento MC, Parente JP, Mors WB. Pharmacological screening of plants recommended by folk medicine as snake venom antidotes; IV. Protection against Jararaca venom by isolated constituents. Planta Med 1994; 60: 99-100
• 124 Hale AL, Meepagala KM, Oliva A, Aliotta G, Duke SO. Phytotoxins from the leaves of Ruta graveolens . J Agric Food Chem 2004; 52: 3345-3349
• 125 Iauk L, Mangano K, Rapisarda A, Ragusa S, Maiolino L, Musumeci R, Costanzo R, Serra A, Speciale A. Protection against murine endotoxemia by treatment with Ruta chalepensis L., a plant with anti-inflammatory properties. J Ethnopharmacol 2004; 90: 267-272
• 126 al-Said MS, Tariq M, al-Yahya MA, Rafatullah S, Ginnawi OT, Ageel AM. Studies on Ruta chalepensis, an ancient medicinal herb still used in traditional medicine. J Ethnopharmacol 1990; 28: 305-312
• 127 Nicoletti F, Di Marco R, Sacerdote P, Meroni P, Mangano K, Edwards 3rd C, Bartorelli A, Bendtzen K, Panerai A. Prevention and treatment of lethal murine endotoxemia by the novel immunomodulatory agent MFP-14. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45: 1591-1594
• 128 Baumhofer JM, Beinhauer BG, Wang JE, Brandmeier H, Geissler K, Losert U, Philip R, Aversa G, Rogy MA. Gene transfer with IL‐4 and IL‐13 improves survival in lethal endotoxemia in the mouse and ameliorates peritoneal macrophages immune competence. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28: 610-615
• 129 Jayakody J, Ratnasooriya W, Fernando W, Weerasekera KR. Diuretic activity of leaves extract of hot water infusion of Ruta graveolens L. in rats. J Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 6: 525-532
• 130 Yıldırım M, Erşatır M, Değirmenci U, Yigin A, Unal MB, Guldur ME, Demirkol O, Giray ES. Extracts against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity via reduction on apoptotic, DNA damage and oxidative stress markers in mice. Int J Environ Health Res 2023; 33: 1533-1545
• 131 Khan N, Sharma S, Sultana S. Attenuation of potassium bromate-induced nephrotoxicity by coumarin (1, 2-benzopyrone) in Wistar rats: chemoprevention against free radical-mediated renal oxidative stress and tumor promotion response. Redox Rep 2004; 9: 19-28
• 132 Kacem M, Simon G, Elleuch A, Ayadi FM, Boudawara T, Elfeki A. Protective effect of Ruta Chalepensis L. extract on oxidative stress and liver-kidney function induced by polymicrobial sepsis in rats. J Adv Chem 2014; 10: 2146-2161
• 133 Aslam M, Ali M, Dayal R, Javed K. Coumarins and a naphthyl labdanoate diarabinoside from the fruits of Peucedanum grande C. B. Clarke. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci 2012; 67: 580-586
• 134 Al-Qarawi AA. Stimulatory effect of the aqueous extract of Ruta chalepensis on the sex organs and hormones of male rats. J Appl Res 2005; 5: 206-211
• 135 Abdala S, Martin-Herrera D, Benjumea D, Perez-Paz P. Diuretic activity of Smilax canariensis, an endemic Canary Island species. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 119: 12-16
• 136 Durairaj AK, Mazumder UK, Gupta M, Ray SK. Effects of methanolic extract of Oxystelma esculentum on diuresis and urinary electrolytes excretion in rats. Iran J Pharmacol Ther 2007; 6: 207-211
• 137 Lahlou S, Tahraoui A, Israili Z, Lyoussi B. Diuretic activity of the aqueous extracts of Carum carvi and Tanacetum vulgare in normal rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 110: 458-463
• 138 Asgharian S, Hojjati MR, Ahrari M, Bijad E, Deris F, Lorigooini Z. Ruta graveolens and rutin, as its major compound: Investigating their effect on spatial memory and passive avoidance memory in rats. Pharm Biol 2020; 58: 447-453
• 139 Adsersen A, Gauguin B, Gudiksen L, Jäger AK. Screening of plants used in Danish folk medicine to treat memory dysfunction for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 104: 418-422
• 140 Talić S, Dragičević I, Ćorajević L, Martinović Bevanda A. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of extracts from medicinal plants. Bull Chemists Technol Bosne Herceg 2014; 43: 11-14
• 141 Ratheesh M, Shyni G, Sindhu G, Helen A. Inhibitory effect of Ruta graveolens L. on oxidative damage, inflammation and aortic pathology in hypercholesteromic rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2011; 63: 285-290
• 142 Ramalingayya GV, Cheruku SP, Nayak PG, Kishore A, Shenoy R, Rao CM, Krishnadas N. Rutin protects against neuronal damage in vitro and ameliorates doxorubicin-induced memory deficits in vivo in Wistar rats. Drug Des Devel Ther 2017; 11: 1011-1026
• 143 Pinheiro Fernandes FD, Fontenele Menezes AP, de Sousa Neves JC, Fonteles AA, da Silva AT, de Araújo Rodrigues P, Santos do Carmo MR, de Souza CM, de Andrade GM. Caffeic acid protects mice from memory deficits induced by focal cerebral ischemia. Behav Pharmacol 2014; 25: 637-647
• 144 Tao Y, Jiang D, Xu H, Yang XL. Inhibitory effect of Erigeron breviscapus extract and its flavonoid components on GABA shunt enzymes. Phytomedicine 2008; 15: 92-97
• 145 Chiu K, Fung A. The hypotensive effects of green bean (Phaseolus aureus), common rue (Ruta graveolens) and kelp (Laminaria japonica) in rats. Phytother Res 1997; 11: 203-206
• 146 Chiu K, Fung A. The cardiovascular effects of green beans (Phaseolus aureus), common rue (Ruta graveolens), and kelp (Laminaria japonica) in rats. Gen Pharmacol 1997; 29: 859-862
• 147 Ratheesh M, Helen A. Anti-inflammatory activity of Ruta graveolens Linn on carrageenan induced paw edema in Wistar male rats. Afr J Biotech 2007; 6: 1209-1211
• 148 El Ouardi M, Drioiche A, Tagnaout I, Benouahi A, Al Kamaly O, Shahat AA, Fadoua EM, Nadia H, Sahpaz S, Zair T, Belghiti MA. Ruta montana L. from Morocco: comprehensive phytochemical analysis and exploration of its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Front Chem 2025; 13: 1614984
• 149 Park SH, Sim YB, Kim SM, Lee JK, Lim SS, Kim JK, Suh HW. Antinociception effect and mechanism of Ruta graveolens L. in mice. J Korean Soci Appl Biol Chem 2010; 53: 593-597
• 150 Law S, Sanyal S, Chatterjee R, Law A, Law A, Chattopadhyay S. Therapeutic management of peritoneal ascitic sarcomatosis by Ruta graveolens: A study in experimental mice. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214: 1282-1290
• 151 Chatterjee R, Chattopadhyay S, Sanyal S, Daw S, Law S. Pathophysiological scenario of hematopoietic disorders: A comparative study of aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemia in experimental animals. Proc Zool Soc 2016; 69: 114-124
• 152 Sanyal S, Das P, Law S. Effect of chronic pesticide exposure on murine cornea: a histopathological, cytological and flow cytometric approach to study ocular damage by xenobiotics. Cell Biol Toxicol 2016; 32: 7-22
• 153 Sugimoto K, Migita H, Hagishita Y, Yata H, Himeno M. An antigenic determinant on human centromere protein B (CENP-B) available for production of human-specific anticentromere antibodies in mouse. Cell Struct Funct 1992; 17: 129-138
• 154 Dang CV. c-Myc target genes involved in cell growth, apoptosis, and metabolism. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19: 1-11
• 155 Chattopadhyay S, Chaklader M, Chatterjee R, Law A, Law S. Differential expression of mitotic regulators and tumor microenvironment influences the regional growth pattern of solid sarcoma along the cranio-caudal axis. Exp Cell Res 2016; 340: 91-101
• 156 Alyami MH, Hamdan DI, Khalil HMA, Orabi MAA, Aborehab NM, Osama N, Abdelhafez MM, Al-Mahallawi AM, Alyami HS. Preparation and in vivo evaluation of nano sized cubosomal dispersion loaded with Ruta graveolens extracts as a novel approach to reduce asthma-mediated lung inflammation. Saudi Pharma J 2024; 32: 101968
• 157 Sathye S. Effect of homoeopathic preparation of Ruta graveolens on the progression of childhood myopia before, during and after cessation of treatment: A retrospective study. Indian J Res Homoeopathy 2017; 11: 249-256
• 158 Valizadeh E, Ostadrahimi A, Fazli D, Khodaei H, Akbari H. Efficacy of a traditional herbal mixture as an anti-obesity supplement in obese individuals: A randomized controlled trial. J Nutr Sci Diet 2017; 3: 1-8
• 159 Freyer G, You B, Villet S, Tartas S, Fournel-Federico C, Trillet-Lenoir V, Hamizi S, Colomban O, Chavernoz N, Falandry C. Open-label uncontrolled pilot study to evaluate complementary therapy with Ruta graveolens 9c in patients with advanced cancer. Homeopathy 2014; 103: 232-238
• 160 Adel-Mehraban MS, Karimi M, Alipour R, Mirali Z, Ghaem H, Zargaran A, Mirzaei K, Kazemi AH. Effectiveness of acupuncture and a cumin-based herbal formula on anthropometric indices of overweight patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2024; 23: 2329-2341
• 161 Ahmed R, Shameem I, Naz F. Effect of an unani formulation on menstrual cyclicity in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome–An open labelled clinical study. J Herb Med 2024; 44: 100860
• 162 Shahid S, Ghosh S, Chakraborty AS, Maiti S, Sadhukhan S, Koley M, Saha S. Efficacy of individualized homeopathic medicines in plantar fasciitis: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Homeopathy 2022; 111: 022-030
• 163 Karp JC, Sanchez C, Guilbert P, Mina W, Demonceaux A, Curé H. Treatment with Ruta graveolens 5CH and Rhus toxicodendron 9CH may reduce joint pain and stiffness linked to aromatase inhibitors in women with early breast cancer: Results of a pilot observational study. Homeopathy 2016; 105: 299-308
• 164 Deshmukh A, Sunitha K. Efficacy of Ruta 1M in Musculoskeletal Disorders in Female Garment Factory Workers. RGUHS J AYUSH Sci 2021; 8: 27-34
• 165 Sarembaud A. Ruta graveolens, a useful homeopathic medicine for musculoskeletal disorders. Rev Homéopathie 2017; 8: e23-e26
• 166 Fadlalla K, Watson A, Yehualaeshet T, Turner T, Samuel T. Ruta graveolens extract induces DNA damage pathways and blocks Akt activation to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and survival. Anticancer Res 2011; 31: 233-241
• 167 Sunila ES, Kuttan R, Preethi KC, Kuttan G. Dynamized preparations in cell culture. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2009; 6: 257-263
• 168 Sathye S. Annual rate of myopia progression before and after treatment with Ruta graveolens in simple myopia: A controlled clinical study. Asian J Homoeopathy 2016; 10: 42-50
• 169 Brusselmans K, Vrolix R, Verhoeven G, Swinnen JV. Induction of cancer cell apoptosis by flavonoids is associated with their ability to inhibit fatty acid synthase activity. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 5636-5645
• 170 Huong DTT, Takahashi Y, Ide T. Activity and mRNA levels of enzymes involved in hepatic fatty acid oxidation in mice fed citrus flavonoids. Nutrition 2006; 22: 546-552
• 171 Takahashi Y, Kushiro M, Shinohara K, Ide T. Activity and mRNA levels of enzymes involved in hepatic fatty acid synthesis and oxidation in mice fed conjugated linoleic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta 2003; 1631: 265-273
• 172 Moghetti P. Insulin resistance and polycystic ovary syndrome. Curr Pharm Des 2016; 22: 5526-5534
• 173 Logarto Parra A, Silva Yhebra R, Guerra Sardiñas I, Iglesias Buela L. Comparative study of the assay of Artemia salina L. and the estimate of the medium lethal dose (LD50 value) in mice, to determine oral acute toxicity of plant extracts. Phytomedicine 2001; 8: 395-400
• 174 Belhaj S, Chaachouay N, Zidane L. Ethnobotanical and toxicology study of medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes in the High Atlas Central of Morocco. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 2021; 9: 619-662
• 175 Bernstein N, Akram M, Yaniv-Bachrach Z, Daniyal M. Is it safe to consume traditional medicinal plants during pregnancy?. Phytother Res 2021; 35: 1908-1924
• 176 Preethi KC, Nair C, Kuttan R. Clastogenic potential of Ruta graveolens extract and a homeopathic preparation in mouse bone marrow cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2008; 9: 763-769
• 177 Piloto Ferrer J, Vizoso Parra A, Ramos Ruiz A, Lopez AG, Remigio A, Vega Hurtado Y, Gonzalez Sanabria ML, Rodriguez Ferrad C, Carballo C. Medicinal plant. Ten years of genetic toxicological evaluations in the CIDEM. Bol Latinoam Caribe Plant Med Aromat 2009; 8: 428-434
• 178 Coimbra AT, Ferreira S, Duarte AP. Genus Ruta: A natural source of high value products with biological and pharmacological properties. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 260: 113076
• 179 De Freitas TG, Augusto PM, Montanari T. Effect of Ruta graveolens L. on pregnant mice. Contraception 2005; 71: 74-77
• 180 Gad SC. Gad consulting services, Raleigh, North Carolina. In Vitro Toxicol 2000; 187: 186
• 181 Wu TS, Shi LS, Wang JJ, Iou SC, Chang HC, Chen YP, Kuo YH, Chang YL, Tenge CM. Cytotoxic and antiplatelet aggregation principles of Ruta graveolens . J Chinese Chem Soc 2003; 50: 171-178
• 182 Raghav S, Gupta B, Agrawal C, Goswami K, Das HR. Anti-inflammatory effect of Ruta graveolens L. in murine macrophage cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 104: 234-239
• 183 Oliva A, Meepagala KM, Wedge DE, Harries D, Hale AL, Aliotta G, Duke SO. Natural fungicides from Ruta graveolens L. leaves, including a new quinolone alkaloid. J Agric Food Chem 2003; 51: 890-896
• 184 Wahyuni TS, Ilmi H, Kristiaji AS, Dewi MC, Nisa HK, Hafid AF, Widyawaruyanti A. Acute and repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity of Ruta angustifolia Pers. leaves ethanolic extract in Wistar rats. J Pharm Pharmacog Res 2023; 11: 437-447
• 185 Nadia M, Attafi K, Bouhouhou S, Rima A, Bouzidi A. Acute and subacute toxicity of Ruta montana extract to female rats: Effect on liver, kidneys and ovaries. Turkish J Agric Food Sci Technol 2023; 11: 1862-1870
• 186 Bailly C. Ruta angustifolia Pers.(narrow-leaved fringed rue): Pharmacological properties and phytochemical profile. Plants 2023; 12: 827
• 187 Benkhaira N, Koraichi SI, Fikri-Benbrahim K. Ruta montana (L.) L.: an insight into its medicinal value, phytochemistry, biological properties, and toxicity. J Herbmed Pharmacol 2022; 11: 305-319
• 188 Cock I, Luwaca N, Van Vuuren S. The traditional use of Southern African medicinal plants to alleviate fever and their antipyretic activities. J Ethnopharmacol 2023; 303: 115850
• 189 Cock IE, Van Vuuren SF. The traditional use of southern African medicinal plants in the treatment of viral respiratory diseases: A review of the ethnobotany and scientific evaluations. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 262: 113194
• 190 Taibi K, Aït Abderrahim L, Boussaid M, Taibi F, Achir M, Souana K, Benaissa T, Farhi KH, Naamani FZ, Said KN. Unraveling the ethnopharmacological potential of medicinal plants used in Algerian traditional medicine for urinary diseases. Europ J Integr Med 2021; 44: 101339
• 191 Benarba B. Medicinal plants used by traditional healers from South-West Algeria: An ethnobotanical study. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 2016; 5: 320
• 192 Souilah N, Miara MD, Bendif H, Medjroubi K, Snorek J. Traditional ethnobotanical knowledge on medicinal plants used by the populations in Central Russikada (Northeastern Algeria). J Herb Spice Med Plant 2022; 28: 15-35
• 193 Hammiche V, Maiza K. Traditional medicine in Central Sahara: Pharmacopoeia of Tassili Nʼajjer. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 105: 358-367
• 194 Sarri M, Mouyet FZ, Benziane M, Cheriet A. Traditional use of medicinal plants in a city at steppic character (Mʼsila, Algeria). J Pharm Pharmacog Res 2014; 2: 31-35
• 195 Bouasla A, Bouasla I. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in northeastern of Algeria. Phytomedicine 2017; 36: 68-81
• 196 Adli B, Touati M, Yabrir BB, Bezini E, Hachi M, Yousfi I, Dahia M. Consensus level and knowledge of spontaneous medicinal plants used in Algerian central steppe region (DJELFA). Agricul Conspec Sci 2021; 86: 139-152
• 197 Fabbroni M, Flores C, Guzmán Ayarde M, Robbiati F. Traditional uses of medicinal plants in the Calchaquíes Valleys, Salta, Argentina. Bol Soc Argent Bot 2022; 57: 1-34
• 198 Ginko E, Demirović EA, Šarić-Kundalić B. Ethnobotanical study of traditionally used plants in the municipality of Zavidovići, BiH. J Ethnopharmacol 2023; 302: 115888
• 199 Redžić SS. The ecological aspect of ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology of population in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Coll Antropol 2007; 31: 869-890
• 200 de Sa IM, Elisabetsky E. Medical knowledge exchanges between Brazil and Portugal: An ethnopharmacological perspective. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 142: 762-768
• 201 De Queiroz AC, Dias Tde L, Da Matta CB, Cavalcante Silva LH, de Araújo-Júnior JX, de Araújo GB, Moura Fde B, Alexandre-Moreira MS. Antileishmanial activity of medicinal plants used in endemic areas in northeastern Brazil. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2014; 2014: 478290
• 202 Vásquez SPF, de Mendonça MS, Noda SN. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants in riverine communities of the Municipality of Manacapuru, Amazonas, Brasil. Acta Amazon 2014; 44: 457-472
• 203 Barboza Da Silva NC, Delfino Regis AC, Esquibel MA, do Espirito Santo Santos J, de Almeida MZ. Medicinal plants use in Barra II quilombola community–Bahia, Brazil. Bol Latinoam Caribe Plantas Med Aromat 2012; 11: 435-453
• 204 Bezerra JJL, de Oliveira AFM. Exploring the therapeutic potential of Brazilian medicinal plants for anti-arthritic and anti-osteoarthritic applications: A comprehensive review. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 2024; 56: 103064
• 205 Pereira Sousa EA, Mendonca ACAM, Garcia ÍR, Nobre Lisboa MA, Kamdem JP, Cruz GV, Silva MAP, Fernandes GP, Calixto Júnior JT. Ethnoknowledge of medicinal and mystical plants used by healers in Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, Northeast Brazil. Indian J Trad Knowl 2021; 20: 154-166
• 206 Lemos IC, de Araújo Delmondes G, Dos Santos AD, Santos ES, de Oliveira DR, de Figueiredo PR, de Araújo Alves D, Barbosa R, de Menezes IR, Coutinho HD, Kerntopf MR. Ethnobiological survey of plants and animals used for the treatment of acute respiratory infections in children of a traditional community in the municipality of Barbalha, Ceará, Brazil. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2016; 13: 166-175
• 207 Cartaxo SL, de Almeida Souza MM, de Albuquerque UP. Medicinal plants with bioprospecting potential used in semi-arid northeastern Brazil. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 131: 326-342
• 208 da Silva CF, Zank S. Between tradition and modernity: the relationship among healers and medicinal plants in an urban center in southern Brazil. Ethnobot Res Appl 2022; 23: 1-12
• 209 Miguéis GDS, da Silva RH, Damasceno Júnior GA, Guarim-Neto G. Plants used by the rural community of Bananal, Mato Grosso, Brazil: Aspects of popular knowledge. PLoS One 2019; 14: e0210488
• 210 Ribeiro RV, Bieski IGC, Balogun SO, Martins DTO. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by Ribeirinhos in the North Araguaia microregion, Mato Grosso, Brazil. J Ethnopharmacol 2017; 205: 69-102
• 211 Bieski IG, Leonti M, Arnason JT, Ferrier J, Rapinski M, Violante IM, Balogun SO, Pereira JF, Figueiredo RC, Lopes CR, da Silva DR, Pacini A, Albuquerque UP, Martins DT. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants by population of valley of Juruena region, legal Amazon, Mato Grosso, Brazil. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 173: 383-423
• 212 Oliveira DR, Krettli AU, Aguiar AC, Leitão GG, Vieira MN, Martins KS, Leitão SG. Ethnopharmacological evaluation of medicinal plants used against malaria by quilombola communities from Oriximiná, Brazil. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 173: 424-434
• 213 Ribeiro Magno-Silva ER, Teixeira Rocha T, Caldeira Tavares-Martins AC. Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants used in communities of the soure marine extractive reserve, Pará State, Brazil. Bol Latinoam Caribe Plantas Med Aromat 2020; 19: 29
• 214 Palheta IC, Tavares-Martins AC, Lucas FC, Jardim MA. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in urban home gardens in the city of Abaetetuba, Pará state, Brazil. Bol Latinoam Caribe Plantas Med Aromat 2017; 16: 206-262
• 215 Leitão F, da Fonseca-Kruel VS, Silva IM, Reinert F. Etnobotânica urbana em Petrópolis e Nova Friburgo (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil). Rev Bras Farmacog 2009; 19: 333-342
• 216 Santos-Fonseca DJ, Coelho-Ferreira MR. Literature review on the knowledge of the use of medicinal plants in the health care of Brazilian quilombola women. Rev Bras Geogr Fís 2024; 17: 1326-1350
• 217 de Albuquerque UP. The use of medicinal plants by the cultural descendants of African people in Brazil. Acta Farm Bonaer 2001; 20: 139-144
• 218 Barraza F, Calvo C, Silva M, Vinet R, Laurido C, Barrera E, Meza I, Vargas-Rueda S, Martinez JL. Traditional ethnobotanical knowledge and use of medicinal plants in a rural area of the metropolitan region of Chile: Descriptive study. Bol Latinoam Caribe Plantas Med Aromat 2014; 13: 366-374
• 219 Zhao L, Tian S, Wen E, Upur H. An ethnopharmacological study of aromatic Uyghur medicinal plants in Xinjiang, China. Pharm Biol 2017; 55: 1114-1130
• 220 Lardos A. The botanical materia medica of the Iatrosophikon–A collection of prescriptions from a monastery in Cyprus. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 104: 387-406
• 221 Fekadu M, Lulekal E, Tesfaye S, Ruelle M, Asfaw N, Awas T, Balemie K, Asres K, Guenther S, Asfaw Z, Demissew S. The potential of Ethiopian medicinal plants to treat emergent viral diseases. Phytother Res 2024; 38: 925-938
• 222 Teka A, Maryo M. Ethiopian medicinal plants used for respiratory tract disorders: Ethnomedicinal review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2023; 2023: 7612804
• 223 Birhan YS. Medicinal plants utilized in the management of epilepsy in Ethiopia: Ethnobotany, pharmacology and phytochemistry. Chin Med 2022; 17: 129
• 224 Feyisa M, Kassahun A, Giday M. Medicinal plants used in ethnoveterinary practices in Adea Berga District, Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021; 2021: 5641479
• 225 Woldeamanuel MM, Geda MK, Mohapatra S, Bastia TK, Rath P, Panda AK. Ethnobotanical study of endemic and non-endemic medicinal plants used by indigenous people in environs of Gullele botanical garden Addis Ababa, central Ethiopia: A major focus on Asteraceae family. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13: 1020097
• 226 Gebre T, Chinthapalli B. Ethnobotanical study of the traditional use and maintenance of medicinal plants by the people of Aleta-Chuko woreda, South Ethiopia. Pharmacog J 2021; 13: 1097-1108
• 227 Amsalu N, Bezie Y, Fentahun M, Alemayehu A, Amsalu G. Use and conservation of medicinal plants by indigenous people of Gozamin Wereda, East Gojjam Zone of Amhara region, Ethiopia: an ethnobotanical approach. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2018; 2018: 2973513
• 228 Yimam M, Yimer SM, Beressa TB. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in Artuma Fursi district, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Trop Med Health 2022; 50: 85
• 229 Tahir M, Asnake H, Beyene T, Van Damme P, Mohammed A. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Asagirt District, Northeastern Ethiopia. Trop Med Health 2023; 51: 1
• 230 Teklehaymanot T, Giday M, Medhin G, Mekonnen Y. Knowledge and use of medicinal plants by people around Debre Libanos monastery in Ethiopia. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 111: 271-283
• 231 Asfaw A, Lulekal E, Bekele T, Debella A, Abebe A, Degu S. Documentation of traditional medicinal plants use in Ensaro District, Ethiopia: Implications for plant biodiversity and indigenous knowledge conservation. J Herb Med 2023; 38: 100641
• 232 Kebebe D, Fufa FG, Zeleke G, Welde M, Suleman S. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants to treat human illness in Gimbo and Didessa Districts in the southwest of Ethiopia. J Herb Spice Med Plant 2022; 28: 293-308
• 233 Alemu M, Asfaw Z, Lulekal E, Warkineh B, Debella A, Sisay B, Debebe E. Ethnobotanical study of traditional medicinal plants used by the local people in Habru District, North Wollo Zone, Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2024; 20: 4
• 234 Gebre T, Chinthapalli BR, Chitra DV. Ethnobotanical study of the traditional use and maintenance of medicinal plant species and indigenous knowledge by the Konso People, southern Ethiopia. Pharmacog J 2023; 15: 719-731
• 235 Unbushe D, Getaneh S. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of Lake Abaya basin, southern Ethiopia. J Herb Med 2023; 42: 100760
• 236 Giday M, Asfaw Z, Elmqvist T, Woldu Z. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Zay people in Ethiopia. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 85: 43-52
• 237 Kidane B, van Andel T, van der Maesen LJ, Asfaw Z. Use and management of traditional medicinal plants by Maale and Ari ethnic communities in southern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2014; 10: 46
• 238 Meragiaw M, Asfaw Z, Argaw M. The status of ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants and the impacts of resettlement in Delanta, northwestern Wello, northern Ethiopia. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2016; 2016: 5060247
• 239 Mekonen T, Giday M, Kelbessa E. Ethnobotanical study of homegarden plants in Sebeta-Awas district of the Oromia region of Ethiopia to assess use, species diversity and management practices. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2015; 11: 64
• 240 Mekonnen AB, Mohammed AS, Tefera AK. Ethnobotanical study of traditional medicinal plants used to treat human and animal diseases in Sedie Muja District, South Gondar, Ethiopia. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2022; 2022: 7328613
• 241 Dubale S, Abdissa N, Kebebe D, Debella A, Zeynudin A, Suleman S. Ethnomedicinal plants and associated indigenous knowledge for the treatment of different infectious diseases in Ethiopia. J Herb Med 2023; 40: 100669
• 242 Irún LN, Gras A, Parada M, Garnatje T. Plants and mental disorders: The case of Catalan linguistic area. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14: 1256225
• 243 Rigat M, Bonet MÀ, Garcia S, Garnatje T, Vallès J. Studies on pharmaceutical ethnobotany in the high river Ter valley (Pyrenees, Catalonia, Iberian Peninsula). J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 113: 267-277
• 244 Cruz EC, Andrade-Cetto A. Ethnopharmacological field study of the plants used to treat type 2 diabetes among the Cakchiquels in Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 159: 238-244
• 245 Thiel AM, Quinlan MB. Cymbopogon winterianus, Neurolaena lobata, and Ruta chalepensis–Recurring herbal remedies in Guatemalan Maya QʼeqchiʼHomegardens. Ethnobiol Lett 2022; 13: 41-48
• 246 Valle EE, Meza DE, Tabora JL, Elvir ML, Muñoz DS, Castellanos HJ, Hernández JA, Sánchez J, Mejía IR, Herrera-Paz EF. Contributions to the inventory and characterization of medicinal plants of native Lenca people from Intibucá, Honduras. Cuad Antropol 2018; 28: 1-19
• 247 Sharma VK, Diwan RK, Saxena RC, Shrivastava PN, Saxena R. Survey report of medicinal plant used in folk medicine in tribal areas of Pandhurna, District Chhindwara (Madhya Pradesh). Biomed Pharmacol J 2010; 3: 403
• 248 Soudahmini E, Senthil GM, Panayappan L, Divakar MC. Herbal remedies of Madugga tribes of Siruvani forest, South India. Nat Prod Radiance 2005; 4: 492-501
• 249 Pandikumar P, Chellappandian M, Mutheeswaran S, Ignacimuthu S. Consensus of local knowledge on medicinal plants among traditional healers in Mayiladumparai block of Theni District, Tamil Nadu, India. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 134: 354-362
• 250 Sadeghi Z, Kuhestani K, Abdollahi V, Mahmood A. Ethnopharmacological studies of indigenous medicinal plants of Saravan region, Baluchistan, Iran. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 153: 111-118
• 251 Bahmani M, Zargaran A. Ethno-botanical medicines used for urinary stones in the Urmia, Northwest Iran. Eur J Integr Med 2015; 7: 657-662
• 252 Mazzei R, Leonti M, Spadafora S, Patitucci A, Tagarelli G. A review of the antimicrobial potential of herbal drugs used in popular Italian medicine (1850 s–1950 s) to treat bacterial skin diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 250: 112443
• 253 Guarrera PM, Salerno G, Caneva G. Folk phytotherapeutical plants from Maratea area (Basilicata, Italy). J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 99: 367-378
• 254 Maccioni S, Flamini G, Cioni PL, Bedini G, Guazzi E. Ethnobotanical researches in Liguria. The Coast of La Spezia (Eastern Liguria). Atti Soc Tosc Sci Nat Mem B 2008; 115: 77-82
• 255 Alzweiri M, Al Sarhan A, Mansi K, Hudaib M, Aburjai T. Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal herbs in Jordan, the Northern Badia region. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 137: 27-35
• 256 Al-Quraʼn S. Ethnopharmacological survey of wild medicinal plants in Showbak, Jordan. J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 123: 45-50
• 257 Tumėnas V. The codification and transformations of rueʼs image in Lithuanian tradition. Etnografia 2023; 2: 189-214
• 258 Pranskuniene Z, Ratkeviciute K, Simaitiene Z, Pranskunas A, Bernatoniene J. Ethnobotanical study of cultivated plants in Kaišiadorys district, Lithuania: Possible trends for new herbal based medicines. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2019; 2019: 3940397
• 259 La Rosa A, Cornara L, Saitta A, Salam AM, Grammatico S, Caputo M, La Mantia T, Quave CL. Ethnobotany of the Aegadian Islands: Safeguarding biocultural refugia in the Mediterranean. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2021; 17: 47
• 260 Campos-Saldana RA, Solis-Vazquez OO, Velazquez-Nucamendi A, Cruz-Magdaleno LA, Cruz-Oliva DA, Vazquez-Gomez M, Rodriguez-Larramendi LA. Ethnobotanical knowledge, richness and use value of medicinal plants in the community “Monterrey”, Villa Corzo, Chiapas (México). Bol Latinoam Caribe Plantas Med Aromat 2018; 17: 350-362
• 261 Juárez-Vázquez MC, Carranza-Álvarez C, Alonso-Castro AJ, González-Alcaraz VF, Bravo-Acevedo E, Chamarro-Tinajero FJ, Solano E. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants used in Xalpatlahuac, Guerrero, México. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 148: 521-527
• 262 Andrade-Cetto A. Ethnobotanical study of the medicinal plants from Tlanchinol, Hidalgo, México. J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 122: 163-171
• 263 Lara EA, Fernández E, del Valle JM, Lara DJ, Aguilarq A, Van Damme P. Etnomedicina en los altos de Chiapas, México. Bol Latinoam Caribe Plantas Med Aromat 2019; 18: 42-57
• 264 Josabad Alonso-Castro A, Jose Maldonado-Miranda J, Zarate-Martinez A, Jacobo-Salcedo MR, Fernández-Galicia C, Alejandro Figueroa-Zuñiga L, Abel Rios-Reyes N, Angel de León-Rubio M, Andrés Medellín-Castillo N, Reyes-Munguia A, Méndez-Martínez R, Carranza-Alvarez C. Medicinal plants used in the Huasteca Potosina, México. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 143: 292-298
• 265 Camacho-Hernández C, Lagunez-Rivera L, Aguilar-Contreras A, Solano R. Ethnobotany of medicinal flora in two communities of the Mixteca Alta in Oaxaca, Mexico. Bot Sci 2022; 100: 912-934
• 266 García-Hernández KY, Vibrans H, Rivas-Guevara M, Aguilar-Contreras A. This plant treats that illness? The hot–cold system and therapeutic procedures mediate medicinal plant use in San Miguel Tulancingo, Oaxaca, Mexico. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 163: 12-30
• 267 Vargas-Vizuet AL, Lobato-Tapia CA, Tobar-Reyes JR, Solano-De la Cruz MT, Marínez AI, Fernández AR. Medicinal plants used in the region of Teziutlán, Puebla, Mexico. Bol Latinoam Caribe Plantas Med Aromat 2022; 21: 224-241
• 268 Méndez-González ME, Torres-Avilez WM, Dorantes-Euán A, Durán-García R. Medicinal gardens in Yucatán: An alternative for the conservation of medicinal flora of the maya. Rev Fitotec Mex 2014; 37: 97-106
• 269 Najem M, Nassiri L, Ibijbijen J. Vernacular names of plants between diversity and potential risks of confusion: Case of toxic plants used in medication in the central Middle Atlas, Morocco. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 2021; 9: 222-250
• 270 Najem M, Harouak H, Ibijbijen J, Nassiri L. Oral disorders and ethnobotanical treatments: A field study in the central Middle Atlas (Morocco). Heliyon 2020; 6: e04707
• 271 Najem M, Ibijbijen J, Nassiri L. Quantitative ethnobotanical study of toxic plants used in the traditional pharmacopoeia of the central Middle Atlas-Morocco. Ethnobot Res Appl 2019; 18: 1-17
• 272 Tahraoui A, El-Hilaly J, Israili Z, Lyoussi B. Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used in the traditional treatment of hypertension and diabetes in south-eastern Morocco (Errachidia province). J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 110: 105-117
• 273 Teixidor-Toneu I, Martin GJ, Ouhammou A, Puri RK, Hawkins JA. An ethnomedicinal survey of a Tashelhit-speaking community in the High Atlas, Morocco. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 188: 96-110
• 274 Chakit M, El Hessni A, Mesfioui A. Ethnobotanical study of plants used for the treatment of urolithiasis in Morocco. Pharmacog J 2022; 14: 542-547
• 275 El Amrani F, Rhallab A, Alaoui T, El Badaoui KH, Chakir S. Étude ethnopharmacologique de quelques plantes utilisées dans le traitement du diabète dans la région de Meknès-Tafilalet (Maroc). Phytothérapie 2010; 8: 161-165
• 276 Miara MD, Bendif H, Rebbas K, Rabah B, Ait Hammou M, Maggi F. Medicinal plants and their traditional uses in the highland region of Bordj Bou Arreridj (Northeast Algeria). J Herb Med 2019; 16: 100262
• 277 Bussmann RW, Glenn A. Fighting pain. Traditional Peruvian remedies for the treatment of asthma, rheumatism, arthritis and sore bones. Indian J Tradit Knowl 2011; 10: 397-412
• 278 Silva PTM, Silva MAF, Silva L, Seca AML. Ethnobotanical knowledge in sete cidades, azores archipelago: First ethnomedicinal report. Plants 2019; 8: 256
• 279 Neves JM, Matos C, Moutinho C, Queiroz G, Gomes LR. Ethnopharmacological notes about ancient uses of medicinal plants in Trás-os-Montes (northern of Portugal). J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 124: 270-283
• 280 Alemneh D. Ethnobotanical study of plants used for human ailments in Yilmana densa and Quarit districts of west Gojjam Zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia. Biomed Res Int 2021; 2021: 6615666
• 281 Tounekti T, Mahdhi M, Khemira H. Ethnobotanical study of indigenous medicinal plants of Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2019; 2019: 3190670
• 282 Siew YY, Zareisedehizadeh S, Seetoh WG, Neo SY, Tan CH, Koh HL. Ethnobotanical survey of usage of fresh medicinal plants in Singapore. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 155: 1450-1466
• 283 Nortje J, Van Wyk BE. Medicinal plants of the Kamiesberg, Namaqualand, South Africa. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 171: 205-222
• 284 Thring T, Weitz F. Medicinal plant use in the Bredasdorp/Elim region of the Southern Overberg in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 103: 261-275
• 285 Miguel ES. Rue (Ruta L., Rutaceae) in traditional Spain: Frequency and distribution of its medicinal and symbolic applications. Econom Bot 2003; 57: 231-244
• 286 Gras A, Garnatje T, Ibáñez N, López-Pujol J, Nualart N, Vallès J. Medicinal plant uses and names from the herbarium of Francesc Bolòs (1773–1844). J Ethnopharmacol 2017; 204: 142-168
• 287 Abdelgadir AA, Ahmed MEO, Ahmed EM. Traditional uses of herbal medicines in Khartoum and Gezira state (Central Sudan). Arab J Med Aromat Plants 2021; 7: 29-73
• 288 Lans C. Ethnomedicines used in Trinidad and Tobago for reproductive problems. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2007; 3: 13
• 289 Bulut G, Tuzlacı E. Folk medicinal plants of bayramiç (Çanakkale-Turkey). J Fac Pharm Istanbul Univ 2009; 40: 87-99
• 290 Ci ET, Ci GEBET, Bulut GE. Turkish folk medicinal plants, part VII: Ezine (Çanakkale). J Fac Pharm Istanbul Univ 2007; 39: 39-51
• 291 Kültür Ş. Medicinal plants used in Kırklareli province (Turkey). J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 111: 341-364
• 292 Conway GA, Slocumb JC. Plants used as abortifacients and emmenagogues by Spanish New Mexicans. J Ethnopharmacol 1979; 1: 241-261
• 293 Taek MM, EW BP, Agil M. Ethnomedicinal plants used for the treatment of malaria in Malaka, West Timor. J Young Pharm 2018; 10: 187
• 294 Al-Fatimi M. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in central Abyan governorate, Yemen. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 241: 111973
• 295 Bazrafkan M, Panahi M, Saki G, Ahangarpour A, Zaeimzadeh N. Effect of aqueous extract of Ruta graveolens on spermatogenesis of adult rats. Int J Pharmacol 2010; 6: 926-929