Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/a-2706-0520
Endotheliale Dystrophien und Degenerationen der Hornhaut
Endothelial dystrophies and degenerations of the corneaAuthors
Das Hornhautendothel als innerste Schicht der menschlichen Augenhornhaut fungiert einerseits als Barriere zwischen Kammerwasser und Hornhaut sowie andererseits über seine Pumpfunktion als Garant einer kompensierten Hornhaut. Angeborene Dystrophien oder altersbedingte Veränderungen und Degenerationen der Endothelschicht können diese Funktionen beeinträchtigen und werden in diesem Übersichtsartikel dargestellt.
Abstract
The corneal endothelium is the innermost layer of the human cornea and it acts as a barrier between the aqueous humor and the corneal stroma, thus maintaining the hydration of the cornea. Both congenital dystrophies including (1) Fuchs’ endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), (2) posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD), (3) congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED), (4) X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy (XECD) and age-related degenerations like (5) pseudoexfoliation-related (PEX) keratopathy, (6) pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK), (7) iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndromes and endothelial graft rejection after keratoplasty can impair this function and are described in this review article.
-
Die menschliche Hornhaut besteht aus 5 Schichten, wobei das Hornhautstroma den größten Anteil ausmacht.
-
Das Hornhautendothel ist eine einschichtige Zelllage, die durch Barriere- und Pumpfunktion die Transparenz der Hornhaut sichert, jedoch nicht regenerationsfähig ist.
-
Endothelzellzahl und -funktion nehmen altersabhängig ab, was die Hornhaut anfällig für Erkrankungen und Degeneration macht.
-
Angeborene Veränderungen des Hornhautendothels sind:
-
FECD – Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy (endotheliale Hornhautdystrophie nach Fuchs)
-
PPCD – Posterior Polymorphous Corneal Dystrophy (posteriore polymorphe Hornhautdystrophie)
-
CHED – Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy (kongenitale hereditäre endotheliale Hornhautdystrophie)
-
XECD –X-linked Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy (X-chromosomal vererbte endotheliale Hornhautdystrophie)
-
-
Erworbene Veränderungen des Hornhautendothels sind:
-
PBK – Pseudophakic Bullous Keratopathy (pseudophake bullöse Keratopathie)
-
PEX-Keratopathie – Pseudoexfoliation Keratopathy (Pseudoexfoliationskeratopathie)
-
ICE-Syndrome – Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome (iridokorneale Endothelialisierungssyndrome)
-
-
Die endotheliale Hornhautdystrophie nach Fuchs (FECD) ist die häufigste endotheliale Dystrophie, beginnt meist im mittleren Alter und kann über Guttae und Endothelzellverlust zur Hornhautdekompensation führen.
Therapeutisch reichen die Möglichkeiten bei FECD von konservativen Maßnahmen über ROCK-Inhibitoren bis hin zu modernen lamellären Keratoplastikverfahren (vor allem DMEK).
Seltener sind PPCD, CHED und XECD, die sich durch unterschiedliche genetische Ursachen, Manifestationsalter und klinische Verläufe unterscheiden.
Bei erworbenen Endothelerkrankungen spielen insbesondere chirurgische Eingriffe (PBK), Pseudoexfoliation, virale Assoziationen (ICE) und Immunreaktionen nach Transplantation eine Rolle.
Publication History
Article published online:
17 November 2025
© 2025. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
Literatur
- 1 Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Bachmann BO, Tourtas T. et al. Ultrastructure of the posterior corneal stroma. Ophthalmology 2015; 122: 693-699
- 2 Adamis AP, Filatov V, Tripathi BJ. et al. Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy of the cornea. Surv Ophthalmol 1993; 38: 149-168
- 3 Matthaei M, Hribek A, Clahsen T. et al. Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy: clinical, genetic, pathophysiologic, and therapeutic aspects. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2019; 5: 151-175
- 4 Yee RW, Matsuda M, Schultz RO. et al. Changes in the normal corneal endothelial cellular pattern as a function of age. Curr Eye Res 1985; 4: 671-678
- 5 Fuchs E. Dystrophia epithelialis corneae. Graefes Arch Ophthalmol 1910; 478-508
- 6 Weiss JS, Rapuano CJ, Seitz B. et al. IC3D classification of corneal dystrophies–edition 3. Cornea 2024; 43: 466-527
- 7 Afshari NA, Pittard AB, Siddiqui A. et al. Clinical study of Fuchs corneal endothelial dystrophy leading to penetrating keratoplasty: a 30-year experience. Arch Ophthalmol 2006; 124: 777-780
- 8 Gottsch JD, Sundin OH, Liu SH. et al. Inheritance of a novel COL8A2 mutation defines a distinct early-onset subtype of Fuchs corneal dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 1934-1939
- 9 Iwamoto T, DeVoe AG. Electron microscopic studies on Fuchs’ combined dystrophy. I. Posterior portion of the cornea. Invest Ophthalmol 1971; 10: 9-28
- 10 Weiss JS, Afshari NA. Corneal guttae alone do not make a diagnosis of Fuchs’ endothelial corneal dystrophy. Am J Ophthalmol 2024; 264: x-xii
- 11 Krachmer JH, Purcell JJ, Young CW. et al. Corneal endothelial dystrophy. A study of 64 families. Arch Ophthalmol 1978; 96: 2036-2039
- 12 Repp DJ, Hodge DO, Baratz KH. et al. Fuchs’ endothelial corneal dystrophy. Ophthalmology 2013; 120: 687-694
- 13 Wacker K, Baratz KH, Bourne WM. et al. Patient-reported visual disability in Fuchs’ endothelial corneal dystrophy measured by the Visual Function and Corneal Health Status instrument. Ophthalmology 2018; 125: 1854-1861
- 14 Fuchsluger T, Lisch W, Geerling G. et al. [Cornea: endothelial dystrophies and degenerations]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2015; 232: 85-96 quiz 97–98
- 15 Liu JX, Chiang TL, Hung KF. et al. Therapeutic future of Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy: an ongoing way to explore. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2024; 14: 15-26
- 16 Xia X, Atkins M, Dalal R. et al. Magnetic human corneal endothelial cell transplant: delivery, retention, and short-term efficacy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60: 2438
- 17 Kinoshita S, Koizumi N, Ueno M. et al. Injection of cultured cells with a ROCK inhibitor for bullous keratopathy. N Engl J Med 2018; 378: 995-1003
- 18 Melles GRJ, Wijdh RHJ, Nieuwendaal CP. A technique to excise the Descemet membrane from a recipient cornea (Descemetorhexis). Cornea 2004; 23: 286-288
- 19 Price FW, Price MO. Descemet’s stripping with endothelial keratoplasty in 50 eyes: a refractive neutral corneal transplant. J Refract Surg 2005; 21: 339-345
- 20 Gorovoy MS. Descemet-stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty. Cornea 2006; 25: 886-889
- 21 Melles GRJ, Ong TS, Ververs B. et al. Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK). Cornea 2006; 25: 987-990
- 22 Flockerzi E, Turner C, Seitz B. et al. Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty is the predominant keratoplasty procedure in Germany since 2016: a report of the DOG-section cornea and its keratoplasty registry. Br J Ophthalmol 2024; 108: 646-653
- 23 Seitzman GD, Gottsch JD, Stark WJ. Cataract surgery in patients with Fuchs’ corneal dystrophy: expanding recommendations for cataract surgery without simultaneous keratoplasty. Ophthalmology 2005; 112: 441-446
- 24 Krachmer JH. Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy: a disease characterized by epithelial-like endothelial cells which influence management and prognosis. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1985; 83: 413-475
- 25 Rodrigues MM, Phelps CD, Krachmer JH. et al. Glaucoma due to endothelialization of the anterior chamber angle. A comparison of posterior polymorphous dystrophy of the cornea and Chandler’s syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 1980; 98: 688-696
- 26 Guier CP, Patel BC, Stokkermans TJ. et al. Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy. (StatPearls; ). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025
- 27 Rodrigues MM, Waring GO, Laibson PR. et al. Endothelial alterations in congenital corneal dystrophies. Am J Ophthalmol 1975; 80: 678-689
- 28 Berger T, Weiss JS, Lisch W. et al. [The latest IC3D classification of corneal dystrophies – overview and changes of the 3rd edition]. Ophthalmologie 2024; 121: 714-725
- 29 Mehta N, Verma A, Achanta DS. et al. Updates on congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2023; 13: 405-416
- 30 Patel SP, Parker MD. SLC4A11 and the pathophysiology of congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015: 475392
- 31 Siddiqui S, Zenteno JC, Rice A. et al. Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy caused by SLC4A11 mutations progresses to Harboyan syndrome. Cornea 2014; 33: 247-251
- 32 Hemadevi B, Veitia RA, Srinivasan M. et al. Identification of mutations in the SLC4A11 gene in patients with recessive congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy. Arch Ophthalmol 2008; 126: 700-708
- 33 Yang F, Hong J, Xiao G. et al. Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty in pediatric patients with congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy. Am J Ophthalmol 2020; 209: 132-140
- 34 Busin M, Beltz J, Scorcia V. Descemet-stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty for congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy. Arch Ophthalmol 2011; 129: 1140-1146
- 35 Moshirfar M, Drake TM, Ronquillo Y. Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy. StatPearls Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025
- 36 Chiu AM, Mandziuk JJ, Loganathan SK. et al. High throughput assay identifies glafenine as a corrector for the folding defect in corneal dystrophy-causing mutants of SLC4A11. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56: 7739-7753
- 37 Alka K, Casey JR. Ophthalmic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as a therapy for corneal dystrophies caused by SLC4A11 mutation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59: 4258-4267
- 38 Mehta N, Ramappa M. Novel proposed algorithm in congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy. Semin Ophthalmol 2023; 38: 108-115
- 39 Schmid E, Lisch W, Philipp W. et al. A new, X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy. Am J Ophthalmol 2006; 141: 478-487
- 40 Naumann GO, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U. Keratopathy in pseudoexfoliation syndrome as a cause of corneal endothelial decompensation: a clinicopathologic study. Ophthalmology 2000; 107: 1111-1124
- 41 Sacchetti M, Mantelli F, Marenco M. et al. Diagnosis and management of iridocorneal endothelial syndrome. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015: 763093
- 42 Silva L, Najafi A, Suwan Y. et al. The iridocorneal endothelial syndrome. Surv Ophthalmol 2018; 63: 665-676
- 43 Levy SG, McCartney AC, Baghai MH. et al. Pathology of the iridocorneal-endothelial syndrome. The ICE-cell. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995; 36: 2592-2601
- 44 Naumann GOH. Pathologie des Auges. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1980
- 45 Szentmáry N, Goebels S, El-Husseiny M. et al. Immunreaktionen nach Femtosekunden- und Excimerlaser-Keratoplastik. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2013; 230: 486-489
- 46 Anshu A, Price MO, Price FW. Risk of corneal transplant rejection significantly reduced with Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty. Ophthalmology 2012; 119: 536-540
- 47 Abu Dail Y, Daas L, Flockerzi E. et al. PCR testing for herpesviruses in aqueous humor samples from patients with and without clinical corneal endothelial graft rejection. J Med Virol 2024; 96: e29538
