Sustainable routes and mechanistic study in pyrazole synthesis using deep eutectic solvents (DESs)

Increasing demand for green and sustainable chemical processes have led to new investigations in organic synthesis. One of the significant groups of heterocyclic compounds, pyrazoles find widespread use in materials science, agrochemicals, and medicines. Pyrazoles have been synthesized using various volatile organic solvents in the conventional methods. Due to its enormous importance, sustainable synthetic methods using various green solvents have been developed by researchers. This work focuses on the recent developments in green chemistry, particularly, for the production of pyrazole derivatives using deep eutectic solvents (DESs). DESs are biodegradable, low toxic, and they have the ability to dissolve a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds. These properties can offer a more environmentally friendly option than the negative effects of traditional synthetic methods. The benefits of DES in pyrazole synthesis are accelerated reaction rates, high selectivity, and minimum solvent reaction conditions in DES. Moreover, we summarized various mechanistic insights, optimization of the reaction, and practical applications of DES in pyrazole chemistry. This review article is designed to give a systematic overview of DES-mediated pyrazoles’ synthetic techniques with insightful information.

Publication History

Received: 18 June 2025

Accepted after revision: 11 August 2025

Accepted Manuscript online:
11 August 2025