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Open Access
CC BY 4.0 · Arch Plast Surg 2025; 52(05): 287-294
DOI: 10.1055/a-2625-9444
Pediatric/Craniomaxillofacial/Head & Neck
Original Article

The Effect of Mouth Breathing on Facial Anthropometry

Wijana Hasansulama 
1   Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran and Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Indonesia
,
Shinta Fitri Boesoirie 
1   Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran and Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Indonesia
,
Fitri Septiani 
1   Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran and Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Indonesia
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Abstract

Background

Breathing can occur either through the nose or mouth. Mouth breathing is the process of breathing through the mouth alone or mostly through the mouth for more than 6 months. Mouth breathing can affect facial development. This study aims to look at the effect of mouth breathing on facial anthropometry.

Methods

This study used a case–control design conducted during March to September 2024 at Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, on subjects aged 7 to 23 years who were divided into two groups, namely mouth breathing and nasal breathing. Data were obtained from filling out the MBD-MBS (Mouth Breathing in Daytime and Mouth Breathing during Sleep) questionnaire, taking lateral cephalometric photographs, and cephalometric measurements using the WebCeph application. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software using the chi-square and Mann–Whitney tests.

Results

There were significant differences in angular parameters between the two groups, namely the Sella-Nasion to Gonion-Gnathion (SN.GoGn) angle (p = 0.029), the Frankfort mandibular angle (FMA; p = 0.023), and the mandibular plane to palatal plane (MP.PP) angle (p = 0.012); the Articulare-Gonion-Menton (ArGoMe) angle was greater in the oral breathing group (p = 0.003). The linear parameter values in both groups were not different (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

Mouth breathing affects facial anthropometry, resulting in an increase in retrognathic mandibular and maxillary angles.

Keywords

mouth breathing - cephalometry - mandibular angle - retrognathic

Authors' Contributions

W.H.: Conceptualized and designed the study, conducted experiments, and wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. S.F.B.: Assisted in methodology development and critically reviewed the manuscript.

F.S.: Collected field data and processed samples.

All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.


Ethical Approval

The study protocol was approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia (number: 300/UN6.KEP/EC/2024).


Patient Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all participants or their legal guardians.




Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 12. Februar 2025

Angenommen: 29. Mai 2025

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
08. Juli 2025

© 2025. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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