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DOI: 10.1055/a-2577-2504
Schmerztherapie bei Phantomschmerz
Pain Therapy for Phantom PainAuthors

Phantomschmerzen betreffen einen Großteil der amputierten Patienten und stellen eine komplexe interdisziplinäre Herausforderung dar. Dieser Beitrag bietet einen strukturierten Überblick zu Pathophysiologie, Risikofaktoren und differenzialdiagnostischen Aspekten. Im Fokus stehen präventive und therapeutische Maßnahmen – von regionalanästhesiologischen Verfahren über medikamentöse Strategien bis hin zu psychologischen und physikalischen Ansätzen.
Abstract
Phantom pain (PP) is a neuropathic pain syndrome that occurs after limb amputation and is perceived in the absent body part. Its exact pathophysiology remains unclear but involves peripheral nerve lesions, central sensitization, and cortical reorganization. Psychological and social factors also play a significant role in its manifestation. Phantom pain after amputation shows wide variability, affecting up to 82% of patients within the first postoperative year, with lifetime prevalence exceeding 80%, and higher rates observed after proximal or major amputations (e.g., transfemoral). Symptoms are typically described as intermittent, burning, or electric-like pain, often accompanied by non-painful phantom sensations. Diagnosis requires thorough neurological evaluation, detailed pain documentation, and the exclusion of differential diagnoses. Preventive strategies include perioperative nerve blocks and adequate surgical soft tissue coverage. Effective treatment is based on a multimodal approach. Pharmacological options such as morphine and pregabalin have shown efficacy, while others like tramadol or gabapentin appear less effective. Non-pharmacological methods – including mirror therapy and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) – can support pain relief. Psychological interventions, particularly trauma-focused therapy, may be beneficial, especially in patients with post-traumatic stress symptoms. For optimal management, an individualized treatment plan combining pharmacological, physical, and psychological strategies is recommended.
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Phantomschmerz entsteht durch periphere und zentrale Mechanismen sowie psychologische Einflussfaktoren.
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Die Inzidenz von Phantomschmerzen liegt bei über 80% – besonders häufig nach großen und proximalen Amputationen (z. B. Oberschenkelamputation).
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Typisch sind einschießende, brennende Schmerzen, die von Phantomsensationen begleitet sein können.
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Die medikamentöse Behandlung sollte im Rahmen eines multimodalen Ansatzes durch Physiotherapie, Ergotherapie und psychotherapeutische Angebote ergänzt werden.
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Perioperative kontinuierliche Nervenblockaden und eine adäquate chirurgische Weichteildeckung des Amputationsstumpfes können Phantomschmerzen vorbeugen.
Publication History
Article published online:
04 September 2025
© 2025. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
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